Global ETD Search

11	Cross-scale habitat selection by terrestrial and marine mammals Fisher, Jason Thomas 02 November 2011 (has links) Ecology has been devoted to defining the content of a species’ environment. Defining the extent, or size, of a species’ environment is also pivotal to elucidating species-habitat relationships. More than a home range, this extent integrates an individual’s lifetime experiences with resources, competition, and predators. I theorised that a species’ habitat extent is identifiable from its characteristic spatial scale of habitat selection, which in turn is predicted by body size. I reviewed scale-dependent mammalian habitat selection studies and found that a characteristic scale was typically not identified, but identifiable. Of several ecological predictors tested, only body mass was a significant predictor of the relative size of a species’ characteristic habitat selection scale. Tests of existing data are confounded by differing approaches, so I empirically tested the scale-body mass hypothesis using a standardised survey of 12 sympatric terrestrial mammal species from the Canadian Rocky Mountains. For each species, support for habitat models varied across 20 scales tested. For six species, I found a characteristic selection scale, which was best predicted by species body mass in a quadratic relationship. Occurrence of large and small species was explained by habitat measured at large scales, whereas medium- sized species were explained by habitat measured at small scales. The relationship between body size and habitat selection scale is congruent with the textural-discontinuity hypothesis, and implies species’ evolutionary adaptation to landscape heterogeneity as the driver of scale-dependent habitat selection. I applied this principle to examine wolverine habitat selection, and found that anthropogenic fragmentation of the landscape influences that species’ occurrence in space at large spatial scales. Finally, I contended that the prevailing paradigm equating habitats to resources omits interspecific interactions that are key predictors of a species’ occurrences. I examined habitat selection of martens and fishers in terrestrial environments, and sea otters in marine coastal environments, and tested whether the presence of heterospecifics could explain spatial occurrence beyond landscape structure and resources. In both cases, the presence of heterospecifics explained species occurrence beyond simple resource selection. Interspecific interactions are key drivers of a species’ distribution in space; this is the spatial expression of the concepts of fundamental and realized niches. Body size interacts with landscape structure to determine the scale of a species’ response to its environment, and within this habitat extent, interspecific interactions affect the species’ pattern of occurrence and distribution. / Graduate habitat relationships spatial scale scaling allometry landscape competition interspecific martens fishers sea otters
12	The Influence of Forest Fragmentation and Landscape Pattern on American Martens and Their Prey Hargis, Christina D. 01 May 1996 (has links) Habitat fragmentation occurs when large tracts of an orginal habitat are replaced by smaller patches of two or more habitat types, largely through human activities. I studied the behavior of six measures of landscape pattern that seemed appropriate for quantifying fragmentation, and used these measures to investigate the effects of forest fragmentation on American martens (Martes americana) and their prey. The measures I selected were edge density, contagion, mean nearest neighbor distance between patches, mean proximity index, perimeter-area fractal dimension, and mass fractal dimension. To test the behavior of these measures with a variety of landscape patterns, I used a computer program to create nine series of increasingly fragmented landscapes that differed in the size and shape of patches, and in the way fragmentation was allowed to increase. Patch size changed the range of attainable values for all measures examined, and patch shape affected all measures except nearest neighbor distance and mean proximity index. The method in which fragmentation increased within each landscape series also affected all measures. None of the measures was able to differentiate between different spatial distributions of patches. To investigate the effects of forest fragmentation on martens and their prey, I selected 18 areas of mature forest habitat in Utah that differed in the amount of landscape heterogeneity due to natural openings and timber clearcuts. I conducted a live-trap survey of martens within each site over three summers from 1991-1993, and a 7-week snap-trap survey of small mammals within 12 of the sites in 1992. Martens were negatively correlated with increasing fragmentation, and mean proximity index was the strongest correlate with reductions in marten captures across sites (x2= 9.48, df= 1, P = 0.04). Capture rates of red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) also declined with increasing fragmentation (x2 = 4.66, df = 1, P = 0.03), while deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) capture rates increased (x2 = 6.12, df= 1, P = 0.01). Martens and voles both appeared sensitive to landscape pattern, with low numbers in areas having large, closely spaced patches of unforested habitat. forest fragmentation landscape pattern american martens prey habitat Animal Sciences Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Environmental Sciences
13	Gray Sealed Chamber Osborn, Nicholas Edward Martens 30 April 2020 (has links) No description available. Music Composition Gray Sealed Chamber Nicholas Edward Martens Osborn orchestra score musical score anxiety
14	Estudo da viabilidade t?cnica para obten??o de superf?cie duplex em a?o inoxid?vel martens?tico AISI 410 atrav?s do processo de deposi??o a plasma por gaiola cat?dica / Technique feasibility study for obtaining duplex surface in AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel through the plasma deposition process by cathodic cage Santos, Poliana Rochele F?lix dos 01 March 2013 (has links) Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PolianaRFS_DISSERT.pdf: 3998823 bytes, checksum: e0480a4a5d6b04450e748434898535a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The technique of plasma nitriding by the cathode cage mainly stands out for its ability to produce uniform layers, even on parts with complex geometries. In this study, it was investigated the efficiency of this technique for obtaining duplex surface, when used, simultaneously, to nitriding treatment and thin film deposition at temperatures below 500?C. For this, were used samples of AISI 41 0 Martensitic Stainless Steel and performed plasma treatment, combining nitriding and deposition of thin films of Ti and/or TiN in a plasma atmosphere containing N2-H2. It was used a cathodic cage of titanium pure grade II, cylindrical with 70 mm diameter and 34 mm height. Samples were treated at temperature 420?C for 2 and 12 hours in different working pressures. Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with micro-analysis by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and analysis of Vickers Microhardness were used to investigate coating properties such as homogeneity and surface topography, chemical composition, layer thickness, crystalline phase, roughness and surface microhardness. The results showed there is a direct proportionality between the presence of H2 in plasma atmosphere and the quantity of titanium in surface chemical composition. It was also observed that the plasma treatment at lowpressure is more effective in formation of TiN thin film / A t?cnica de nitreta??o a plasma por gaiola cat?dica vem se destacando, principalmente, pela sua capacidade de produzir camadas uniformes mesmo em pe?as com geometria complexa. Neste trabalho, investigou-se a efici?ncia desta t?cnica para obten??o de superf?cie duplex, quando utilizada, simultaneamente, para tratamento de nitreta??o e deposi??o de filmes finos em temperaturas inferiores a 500?C. Para tal, foram utilizadas amostras do a?o inoxid?vel martens?tico AISI 410 e realizados tratamentos a plasma, combinando a nitreta??o e deposi??o de filmes finos de Ti e/ou TiN, em uma atmosfera contendo N2-H2. Foi utilizada uma gaiola cat?dica de tit?nio puro grau II em forma cil?ndrica, com 70 mm de di?metro e 34 mm de altura. As amostras foram tratadas numa temperatura de 420?C, com dura??o de 2 e 12 horas e em diferentes press?es de trabalho. Microscopia ?ptica (MO), Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura (MEV) com microan?lise por Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (EDS), Difra??o de Raios-X (DRX), Microscopia de For?a At?mica (MFA) e ensaio de Microdureza Vickers foram empregados para investigar as propriedades do revestimento, tais como homogeneidade e topografia superficial, composi??o qu?mica, espessura da camada, fases cristalinas, rugosidade e microdureza superficial. Os resultados mostraram existir uma proporcionalidade direta entre a presen?a de H2 na atmosfera do plasma e a quantidade do elemento qu?mico tit?nio na composi??o qu?mica superficial. Observou-se, tamb?m, que o tratamento a plasma em baixa press?o ? mais eficaz na forma??o do filme fino de nitreto de tit?nio
15	Les effets juridiques des massacres commis contre les Armeniens en 1915 et leurs modes de resolutions judiciaires et extrajudiciaires possibles / The legal effects of the massacre committed against the armenians in 1915 and its possible judicial and extra-judicial resolution modes. Dakessian, Rodney 14 December 2012 (has links) Ma thèse vise en premier ressort à étudier toutes les questions juridiques concernant la ‘question arménienne’.D’abord, le sujet de l’existence des éléments du crime de génocide en 1915 au niveau du droit international conventionnel a été notre première question à étudier. Ensuite, il était indispensable d’étudier la nature du crime commis envers les Arméniens ottomans en 1915.En plus, est-ce que l’Etat Turc actuel peut-il être responsable d’un crime commis par l’Empire ottoman, selon le principe de la succession d’Etats en droit international, surtout que l’Etat Turc n’était créé qu’en 1923 ? Et en cas de l’existence de cette responsabilité, est-ce que l’Arménie a droit à l’action en responsabilité, surtout qu’au moment de la perpétration du crime, il n’y avait pas un Etat Arménien ? Les victimes étaient des ressortissants de l’Empire ottoman mais d’origine arménienne. Donc il faudra étudier la qualité de l’Arménie pour agir en justice, par des moyens judiciaires ou extrajudiciaires, vis-à-vis surtout du principe de la non-rétroactivité des traités, surtout que dans notre cas, le crime a été perpétré en 1915, alors que la Convention sur le génocide n’a été promulguée qu’en 1948.En fait, notre thèse vise en dernier ressort à rapprocher les deux pays et mettre fin réellement au conflit entre eux, à percevoir ce qui les rassemblent et non ce qui les divisent, et trouver une solution équitable et objective pour les deux pays afin de contribuer à mettre fin à leur litige historique, et cela à travers une étude réaliste, impartiale et basée sur la logique et la nature des choses et des circonstances du fait existantes. / The main purpose of my thesis is to study all the legal issues concerning the 'Armenian question'.First, the existence of the elements of the crime of genocide in 1915 at the conventional international law, made our first question to consider. Then, it was necessary to study the nature of the crime committed against the Ottoman Armenians in 1915.In addition, can Turkey be responsible for a crime committed by the Ottoman Empire, according to the principle of succession of States in international law, especially that the Turkish state was created in 1923?And in case of such responsibility, has Armenia the right to maintain a lawsuit against Turkey, especially at the time of the crime, there was no Armenian state?The victims were citizens of the Ottoman Empire but of Armenian descent.Also, the quality of Armenia to take legal action, by judicial or extrajudicial processes, must be studied, regarding especially to the principle of non-retroactivity of treaties, especially that in our case, the crime was committed in 1915, while the Genocide Convention was enacted in 1948.In fact, our thesis aims ultimately to bring the two countries closer and actually try to help reach the end of the conflict between them, perceive what gather them and not what divides them, and find a fair and objective solution for both countries, in order to help put an end to their historic dispute, and that through a realistic and impartial study, based on logic and the nature of things and the circumstances of the existing. Clause de Martens Traité de Sèvres Droit international coutumier Droit international humanitaire Droit pénal international Cour internationale de Justice Droits de l'homme Succession d'Etats Responsabilité erga omnes Responsabilité internationale Crime de génocide Génocide arménien Massacres arméniens Arménie Turquie Azerbaïdjan Région du Haut-Karabah Empire ottomann Non-rétroactivité des traités Imprescriptibilité Loi française du 29 janvier 2001 Martens Clause Treaty of Sevres Customary international lax International humanitarian lax International criminal lax International Court of Justice Human rights Succession of states Responsability erga omnes International responsability Crime of genocide Armenian genocide Armenian massacres Armenia Turkey Azerbaijan Nagorny karabagh Ottoman empire Genocide convention of 1948 Non-retroactivity of treaties Imperscriptibility French law of 29 january 2001

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