Identifying forces that affect population dynamics can allow us to better understand the distribution and abundance of animals. Both top-down and bottom-up factors can significantly influence animal populations. Mason bees (members of the genus Osmia; Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) are important pollinators for agricultural systems and are vulnerable to exploitation by brood parasites, such as kleptoparasitic wasps. High levels of nesting density have the potential to increase rates of brood parasitism by attracting larger numbers of parasites to areas with aggregations of nests. I conducted a field study in subalpine meadows at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Colorado, USA, to assess whether mason bees suffer increased brood parasitism as the size of nesting aggregations increases. Mason bees were allowed to nest in artificial nest boxes and establish natural variations in numbers of nesting individuals within nest boxes. Nest cells constructed by bees were then checked for the presence of kleptoparasite larvae shortly after they were completed. Overall, nest cells constructed in blocks containing multiple active bees were significantly more likely to be oviposited in by brood parasites compared to cells constructed in blocks with fewer active nesting bees. This suggests that gathering in large aggregations for nesting can negatively affect populations of mason bees, given the high levels of brood parasitism observed in areas of high nesting density. In addition, the last nest cell in mason bee nests was significantly more likely to be parasitized than inner cells, suggesting bees may be abandoning nests that are parasitized, representing a potential defensive response of bees to brood parasitism. These results have implications for the management of mason bees as agricultural pollinators, as cultivating them in large groups could reduce their survival.

Identifying the resources that limit bee populations is essential both for bee conservation and pollination management in agroecosystems. Land-use change typically leads to decreased habitat availability for wild pollinators including loss of nesting habitat, which is an essential but often-overlooked resource for wild bees. Cavity-nesting bees, such as many Osmia spp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), occupy holes in wood or reeds to build their nests; due to their nesting habits, they are frequently scarce in agricultural settings, although, under the right circumstances, these bees can be ideal pollinators of apple and other orchard crops. Artificial nesting structures (“bee hotels”, “trap nests”, or “nest boxes”) are used to study cavity-nesting bees and have been posited as solutions for promoting bee conservation. To evaluate the effects of additional nesting habitat on the local abundance of Osmia spp., and on bees more generally, artificial nesting structures for cavity-nesting bees were installed at 24 sites in apple orchards around Ottawa in 2021 and 2022. Each site had two treatments: one with nest boxes, and one without (control). Transect walks were conducted to measure overall bee contact (including contact by Osmia spp.) with apple blossoms and, after the end of apple bloom, with flowers in the undergrowth and/or in shrubs. Numbers of apple buds and developing fruit were also recorded. Osmia spp. and overall bee numbers were both significantly higher in the treatment with nest boxes (44% and 15% higher, respectively, in 2021, and 113% and 47% higher, respectively, in 2022); however, there was no difference in fruit set (apple count/bud count) between the two treatments. Thus, nest boxes seem to locally increase Osmia spp. numbers as well as total bee numbers, but they have no apparent effect on apple yield, likely because apple production was not pollinator limited in the years of this study. These findings suggest that bee populations in apple orchards are limited by nesting resources, which has important implications for orchard management practices and bee conservation policy.

Repeated cold exposures and warmer winter temperatures might negatively affect insects by depleting stored fuel reserves. I researched the effects of fluctuating thermal regimes on two species of solitary mason bees (Osmia albiventris and O. lignaria) by quantifying mass loss and reserves of lipids, free sugars, and glycogen after experimental temperature treatments during early spring. In a second season, I quantified mass loss, time to emergence, and time to recover from chill coma after bees had been exposed to one of two spring-time temperature regimes. I found that warmer temperatures in combination with greater temperature variability increases mass loss and the depletion of fuel reserves. Additionally, my results suggest that accelerated bee emergence helps to mitigate mass loss. Overall, these bees appear resilient in the face of changing spring temperatures. Résumé: On sait peu sur la façon dont la variabilité environnementale affecte les abeilles solitaires sauvages. Ma recherche a étudié la façon dont les régimes thermiques fluctuants affectent la vigueur de deux espèces d'abeilles solitaires (Osmia albiventris et O. lignaria) en quantifiant la perte de masse ainsi que les réserves métaboliques (lipides, sucres libres, et glycogène) des abeilles suite à des manipulations expérimentales de la température printanière. Dans une deuxième saison, j’ai quantifié la perte de masse, le temps de l'émergence et le temps pour récupérer du coma froid après que les abeilles avaient été exposées à l'un de deux régimes de températures printanières. Mes résultats indiquent que les températures plus chaudes ont tendance à augmenter la perte de masse et des réserves métaboliques lorsqu'elles sont combinées avec une plus grande variabilité. De plus, mes résultats suggèrent que ces abeilles sont résilientes face aux températures printanières changeantes.