Many geochemical processes involve the reaction of an aqueous phase with minerals with which the aqueous phase is not in equilibrium. Prediction of the change in the composition and in the number of moles of phases and of aqueous species as the system proceeds toward overall equilibrium is made possible by differential equations formed from mass balance, mass action, ionic strength and activity of water equations. The equations developed by Helgeson, Brown, Nigrini and Jones (1970) have been examined and alternate forms of the differential equations which constrain reaction progress have been proposed. These new equations include correct terms for the change in the mass of water, the change in the activity of water and the change in the number of moles of each endmember of the solid solution phases. The equations have been formulated to allow a more efficient algorithm for numerical evaluation. General forms for all equations are presented. A FORTRAN program for the calculation of mass transfer in an isothermal and isobaric system and a description of the program are given. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The primary intent of this research has been the analysis of network television newscasts, with the purpose of understanding the relationship between the network organization and the news product, specifically in times of institutional change. This study focuses on the years 1984-87, which represent a period of virtual transformation of the American broadcast industry. As all three networks came under new management, there were major changes at the news divisions and accompanying responses were anticipated in the newscasts. The present investigation was designed to examine the behavior of the nightly network newscasts which accompanied the shifts in the network organizations. A systematic content analysis was designed to measure components of the network nightly newscasts for the four years from 1984-87. Using the Vanderbilt News Abstracts, almost 40,000 news stories were coded on forty-five different format and content variables. By measuring each of these variables, it was possible to describe the behavior of the network news system at given points and track its evolution over time, thereby leading to answers about the impact of organizational change on network news. Major findings include the trend toward fewer, longer stories and reports in the average newscast. The anchors did fewer tell stories, but conducted more interviews. Domestic news was sacrificed for increased coverage of international news, and the biggest cuts came from local news. The networks used fewer correspondents and expanded their use of 'remote' correspondents covering news from a secondary location. The newscasts increased the number of sources speaking on-camera and all but eliminated network commentary. There was no significant change in the coverage of story topics or the proportion of government-related news. In conclusion, there were clear changes in the newscasts which correlate with the events of the four years of the study.

The study of alternative video has been characterized by micro analyses of individual experiences and a proliferation of imprecise terms. This dissertation is a macro level study of the phenomenon of alternative video, based on the analysis of 72 organizations, accessed through documents and interviews with 42 representatives of organizations and leaders from around the world. The relationship between video technology and progressive social practices is theorized. The various concepts being used in the alternative video literature and their corresponding practices are defined and systematized. The development of the alternative video movement worldwide is described and analyzed. Appendices present a detailed listing of the different types of alternative video organizations studied, a systematization of the distinct practices which make up alternative video, and a listing of national, regional, and global alternative video organizations and organizational structures. This dissertation argues that video's potential to mediate time, if actualized, is key to the development of collective praxis. The concept of extended participation is advanced, and the concepts of video process and video product are redefined. Popular video and alternative video are theorized in relation to grassroots struggles, the opposition to mainstream commercial television, and the development of a social project against hegemony. It is argued that a global movement of alternative video is forming, and that this movement is standing at a crossroads between two strategies. The first is a participatory strategy based on uses of video articulated with grassroots struggles. The second is a mass video strategy based on video tactics seeking infiltration into existing structures of television. This dissertation recommends a third videotelevision strategy combining principles of popular participation with the widespread reach necessary for the development of an anti-hegemonic project of society. The dissertation concludes that the alternative video movement suggests the possibility of a global alternative to hegemonic global forces.

This dissertation is a genealogy of the discursive mechanisms of censorship that govern newsmedia representations of Indigenous peoples on national television news in Australia. Beginning with a discussion of the colonial constitution of Australian nationalism, its spatiotemporal predications, and the contestation of this colonial nationalism in the struggle for Indigenous rights, this dissertation traces an analytic of the relations of power that inform national television news discourses of Aboriginality in Australia. Based on this analytic, this dissertation maps a genealogy of the discursive mechanisms of censorship that have governed national television newsmedia representations of three newsevents (1996–1999): the Port Arthur massacre, Mirrar opposition to mining at Jabiluka, and the Wik debate. Readings of these newsevents point to a need for the articulation of intellectual and cultural property rights in the formulation of policies regarding Indigenous access to communications technologies in Australia.

Gay marketing has been both welcomed as offering increased gay visibility and criticized as risking the assimilation of gay subcultures into the mainstream. Using interviews with marketers, presentations on the gay market, articles from the marketing trade and popular press, and other documents, I analyze how the gay market came to acquire its particular contours, in what contexts, and with what effects. In my historical overview, I compare the formation of the gay market with that of the African American market decades earlier, arguing that marketers built upon earlier experiences of market formation to produce a respectable and profitable gay market. I look at gay-identified marketers' professional culture, assessing the importance of gay-specific expertise and a “polite politics” in protecting their employment. I outline the venues in which gay marketing appears, arguing that marketers must navigate between producing recognizably “gay” appeals while resisting offensive stereotypes. I address marketers' working model of gay consumers as usually urban, trendsetting, affluent, white men, how recent research has challenged this view, and how responses from gay and other audiences of gay advertising have helped to shape marketers' appeals. I delve into the gender specificity of the gay market, arguing that lesbians have been largely ignored by marketers because of the difficulty of reaching them in sufficient numbers, but also because of the failure of dominant discourses to imagine lesbian desire. Yet, conversely, since overt queer sexuality is seen as incompatible with gay marketing, the stereotype of the hypersexual gay man has required a rigorous curtailment of eroticism in gay publications. I look at the relation between sex, class, and consumption, arguing that in order to produce a profitable gay market, marketers have emphasized only the most sexually and class-respectable elements of gay subcultures and have disavowed their more politically, culturally, and erotically challenging aspects. I conclude that gay marketing is problematic not because it erases distinctions between gays and heterosexuals, as critics of assimilationism fear, but because it emphasizes the distinctions between privileged gays and others. Affluent, apolitical, sexually respectable gays increasingly represent “gayness” in marketing and elsewhere.

One hundred and sixty-six parents of children ranging from three to eleven years of age completed the questionnaire designed for this research project to investigate parental perceptions of their own children compared to other children in order to examine the Third Person Effect. Quantitative results reveal that parents hold third person perceptions in regard to certain types of media content, specifically television violence and sexually explicit content, but not television commercials. Evidence for the social distance corollary was also found in relation to both television violence and sexually explicit content, as parental respondents perceived their own children as less affected in relation to other children at increasing social distances. Findings also indicate that parents hold first person perceptions, perceiving their own children to be more influenced by education television programming than other children in general. These results lend support for the self-enhancement hypothesis, providing evidence that parents extend their own self-enhancing tendencies onto their children. The research also revealed interesting findings in relation to race and socioeconomic status. Specifically, Caucasian respondents reported greater prejudiced views regarding perceptions of influence from television violence than did non-white respondents. Additionally, respondents earning lower annual incomes reported that children from poor or working class families were more likely to be influenced by all three types of negative media content than did higher earning respondents. Parental rulemaking practices as well as support for government regulation of media content were also examined, yet third person perceptions did not significantly contribute to these behaviors.

The rapid growth of hedge funds in recent years has been accompanied by cases of severe failure. Since the aftermath of Long Term Capital Management (LTCM), investors recognize that hedge funds may provide high expected returns but they might be exposed to a huge downside risk that is not easily detected by traditional risk measures. My dissertation consists of three essays on the risk of hedge funds. In the first essay, I use a cross-sectional approach to analyze the risk-return trade-off. I compare semi-deviation, value-at-risk (VaR), Expected Shortfall (ES) and Tail Risk (TR) with standard deviation. Using the Fama and French (1992) methodology and TASS data, I find that the left-tail risk captured by Expected Shortfall (ES) explains the cross-sectional variation in hedge fund returns very well, while the other risk measures provide insignificant results. During 1995–2004, hedge funds with high ES outperform those with low ES by an annual return difference of 7%. In the second essay, I implement a survival analysis based on the Cox proportional hazard (PH) model to compare downside risk measures with standard deviation in predicting hedge fund failure. I find that funds with high ES have a high hazard rate when controlling for the style effect, performance, fund age, size, lockup, high-water mark (HWM) provision, and leverage. Standard deviation, however, loses the explanatory power when the other explanatory variables are included. As I find that liquidation does not necessarily mean failure in the hedge fund universe, I suggest simple criteria such as the last six-month return and change in fund size rather than the stated drop reasons to calibrate hedge fund failure. I reexamine the attrition rate of hedge funds based on these findings and argue that the real failure rate of hedge funds (3.1%) is lower than the attrition rate (8.7%). In the third essay, I focus on the liquidity risk premium. I examine the relationship between hedge fund share restrictions and liquidity premium by comparing offshore and onshore hedge funds. Due to tax provisions, offshore and onshore hedge funds have different legal structures, which lead to differences in share restrictions. On average, offshore funds impose less share restrictions, hence they underperform their onshore counterparts due to illiquidity premium, consistent with Aragon (2007). However, I find that once offshore funds impose share restrictions the illiquidity premium is higher because of a tighter relation between share illiquidity and asset illiquidity in offshore funds. Introducing the lockup provision increases the abnormal return by 4.4% per year for offshore funds compared with only 2.7% for onshore funds. I also find that share illiquidity premium becomes lower when an offshore fund is affected by its onshore equivalence through a master-feeder structure.

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The Internet has a hidden history. It is revealed by application of social history and Cultural Studies theories of media technology development. Perspectives from resistance studies and the critical international political economy of communication must be applied to understanding Internet history. In this context there have been four precursor domains to the Internet of the twenty-first century: public/government; corporate; civil society; social movement. Public Cyberspace was evolved from cold war necessities and gifted to the commercial sector. Corporate Cyberspace evolved from access to public research and grew through the finance industry. Civil Society Cyberspace emerged from attempts to deliver public cyberspace to all taxpayers. Social Movement Cyberspace emerged from non-governmental organization attempts to use the medium for advocacy action. In the case of Social Movement Cyberspace, there were two initial phases. Between 1981 and 1990 non-governmental organizations from North America, Western Europe, Africa, Latin America and Asia implemented an international protocol called the Velletri Agreement and formed Interdoc as a vehicle fostering the first global Social Movement computer networks. In a second period between 1991 and 1993 groups from throughout the world of NGOs agreed to support a global network dedicated to activism, Association for Progressive Communications.

Abstract not available