Orientador: Francisco Maugeri Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T02:08:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlvaradoHuallanco_MonicaBeatriz_D.pdf: 1075413 bytes, checksum: f34b7681cc54bc046c7344d2601d8d16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Os frutooligossacarídeos são considerados prebióticos, uma vez que promovem seletivamente o crescimento de micro-organismos probióticos como Lactobacillus acidophillus e Bifidobacterium bifidus. Novas enzimas, na forma livre ou imobilizada, representam uma das possibilidades para síntese destes compostos. Neste trabalho procedeu-se ao estudo da modelagem cinética e simulação da síntese de frutooligossacarídeos a partir de sacarose em diferentes tipos de reatores, pela enzima frutosiltransferase produzida pela levedura do gênero Rhodotorula, isolada em trabalhos prévios. Os estudos foram realizados sob condições de pH 4,5, 50°C e 5 UTF/mL de concentração da enzima. Tanto a enzima livre quanto a imobilizada mostraram seguir a cinética de Michaelis-Menten com inibição pelo substrato para concentrações acima de 70% e 60% (p/v), respectivamente. Observou-se inibição competitiva da glicose para os substratos sacarose, kestose e nistose. Por outro lado, considerou-se significativa a atividade hidrolítica da nistose, sendo incluída no modelo. Após a análise de sensibilidade dos parâmetros cinéticos, estes foram ajustados por simulação, e determinou-se seus valores intrínsecos. O modelo mostrou-se válido com desvios menores que 4% para a enzima livre (57% de FOS) e de 5% para enzima imobilizada (46% de FOS), indicando que ele pode ser utilizado no desenvolvimento e controle de biorreatores. No caso da enzima imobilizada incluiu-se no balanço de massa o efeito da resistência à transferência de massa externa. Devido ao suporte ser um sólido compacto, com porosidade interna desprezível, desprezou-se a difusão intraparticular, considerando-se que a imobilização da enzima foi somente na superfície da partícula. A otimização do processo em reator de cesto em batelada, tanto quanto na do reator de cesto contínuo, foi realizada segundo delineamentos do tipo composto central rotacional (DCCR), nas condições de 50% de sacarose, 50?C e pH 4,5. As condições ótimas para o processo em batelada, foram de 14 Ui/mL para a enzima imobilizada e 45 rpm para a agitação, sendo o rendimento de FOS igual a 50,60% após 24 horas de síntese. Para o reator de cesto contínuo as variáveis otimizadas foram de 15 Ui/mL para a enzima imobilizada e 45 rpm para a agitação, com rendimentos de FOS de 32,1% e produtividade de 5,0 g?L.h, com tempo de residência de 32 h. Neste último caso, o componente principal de FOS foi o GF4 (25%). Os resultados mostraram que a atividade biocatalítica e o coeficiente de transferência de massa tiveram influência significativa no curso da reação e no rendimento de produção de FOS e que o melhor processo foi o de batelada em reator de cesto / Abstract: Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are considered prebiotics, since selectively promote the growth of microorganisms as probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bifidus acidophillus. New enzymes, in its free or immobilized form, represent one of the possibilities for this development. In this work, the kinetic modeling and simulation of the synthesis of FOS from sucrose in different types of reactors were carried out. The enzyme utilized was the fructosyltransferase from Rhodotorula sp., a microorganism isolated in a previous study. The studies were performed under conditions of pH 4.5, 50°C and 5 UFT/mL concentration of enzyme. Both free and immobilized enzymes showed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics with substrate inhibition, at concentrations above 70% and 60% (w/v), respectively. Additionally, it was shown that there is competitive inhibition of glucose over sucrose, kestose and nystose uptake. Moreover, the hydrolytic activity on nystose was considered significant, therefore, it was included in the model. After the parameter sensitivity analysis the intrinsic kinetic parameters were determined and the model was validated against experimental data for sucrose concentrations of 50 and 70%. The model proved to be valid with deviations of less than 4% for the free enzyme (57% FOS) and 5% for immobilized enzyme (46% FOS), indicating that it can be used in the development and control of bioreactors. The enzyme immobilization was by adsoption on the surface of a niobium ore, which is a compact solid with negligible internal porosity. For the batch and continuous basket reactor processes, the optimization experiments were simulated in two central composite rotatable designs (DCCR), using 50% of sucrose concentration, 50?C and pH 4.5. The optimum conditions for the batch reactor were: 14 Ui/mL for the activity of immobilized enzyme and agitation speed of 45 rpm, with yield of 50.60% of FOS, after 24 hours of synthesis. For the continuous basket reactor, the optimum conditions were: an activity of immobilized enzyme of 15 Ui/mL and an agitation speed of 45 rpm, performing a FOS yield of approximately 32.1% and produtivity of 5.0 g?L.h, with a residence time of 32 h. In the latter case of the main FOS fraction was the GF4, with about 25% of the total, a result very different from those obtained with other types of reactors. The results showed that the immobilized enzyme activity and the coefficient of mass transfer had a significant influence on the course of the reaction and the yield of FOS and that the best process for FOS production is the batch basket reactor / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

Three dimensional flow regimes are encountered in many types of industrial flow processes such as filtration, mixing, reaction engineering, polymerization and polymer forming as well as environmental systems. Thus, the analyses of phenomena involved fluid flow are of great importance and have been subject of numerous ongoing research projects. The analysis of these important phenomena can be conducted in laboratory through experiments or simply by using the emerging computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. But when dealing with three dimensional fluid flow problems, the complexities encountered make the analysis via the traditional experimental techniques a daunting task. For this reason, researchers often prefer to use the CFD techniques which with some care taken, often produce accurate and stable results while maintaining cost as low as possible. Many CFD codes have been developed and tested in the past decades and the results have been successful and thus encouraging researchers to develop new codes and/or improve existing codes for the solutions of real world problems. In this present project, CFD techniques are used to simulate the fluid flow phenomena of interest by solving the flow governing equations numerically through the use of a personal computer. The aim of this present research is to develop a robust and reliable technique which includes a novel aspect for the solution of three dimensional generalized Newtonian fluids in domains including obstructions, and this must be done bearing in mind that both accuracy and cost efficiency have to be achieved. To this end, the finite element method (FEM) is chosen as the CFD computational method. There are many existing FEM techniques namely the streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin methods, the streamline diffusion methods, the Taylor-Galerkin methods, among others. But after a thorough analysis of the physical conditions (geometries, governing equations, boundary conditions, assumptions …) of the fluid flow problems to be solve in this project, the appropriate scheme chosen is the UVWP family of the mixed finite element methods. It is scheme originally developed to solve two dimensional fluid flow problems but since the scheme produced accurate and stable results for two dimensional problems, then attempt is made in this present study to develop a new version of the UVWP scheme for the numerical analysis of three dimensional fluid flow problems. But, after some initial results obtained using the developed three dimensional scheme, investigations were made during the course of this study on how to speed up solutions' convergence without affecting the cost efficiency of the scheme. The outcomes of these investigations yield to the development of a novel scheme named the modified three dimensional UVWP scheme. Thus a computer model based on these two numerical schemes (UVWP and the Modified UVWP) is developed, tested, and validated through some benchmark problems, and then the model is used to solve some complicated tests problems in this study. Results obtained are accurate, and stable, moreover, the cost efficiency of the computer model must be mentioned because all the simulations carried out are done using a simple personal computer.

The reduction in energy consumption is nowadays of increasing importance also within the field of waste water treatment. In combination with increasing requirements for the WWTP (waste water treatment plant) outlet quality, the energy optimization becomes very challenging for the plants operators. This thesis presents possible approaches to the energy optimization and summarizes technologies and measures, where some of them are in the research phase while others are already implemented successfully. In particular, the contribution of the activation tanks aeration process to the overall energy consumption of a plant is highlighted. A change in the aeration control is tested using a mathematical model of WWTP in Mikulov, South Moravia in Czech Republic. In the new setting the aeration is regulated based on the concentration of nitrogen compounds in the activation tank. There is also a brief survey of the energy consumption of the plant and an outline of other possible energy conservation measures.