A côté de leur rôle structural au sein des tissus, les protéines de la matrice extracellulaire sont impliquées dans un grand nombre de processus cellulaires au cours de divers évènements biologiques. En revanche, leur rôle au cours de la régénération reste étonnamment peu étudié à ce jour. Pourtant, mieux comprendre le rôle de la MEC dans la régénération a de nombreuses applications en médecine régénérative et reconstructrice. Mon projet de thèse vise précisément à répondre à cette question. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé le modèle bien établi de la régénération de la nageoire caudale du poisson zèbre qui présente de nombreux avantages tels qu’une structure simple, facile d’accès et un régénération rapide, en seulement quelques jours. Une approche globale de transcriptomique sans a priori a permis d’établir l’importance de la matrice extracellulaire au cours de la régénération. Une première étape a consisté à établir la liste des gènes de la matrice extracellulaire du poisson zèbre par orthologie, appelé matrisome. Notre étude a fait émerger le rôle inattendu d’un collagène dans la reconstruction de la membrane basale de l’épiderme, une structure importante pour l’attachement de l’épiderme au derme dans la peau. Cette protéine, exprimée uniquement chez l’embryon, est ré-exprimée dans l’épiderme en régénération et déposée au niveau de la membrane basale. Par stratégie anti-sens in vivo, j’ai montré par microscopie à force atomique et microscopie électronique que l’absence de ce collagène impacte la structure et les propriétés biomécaniques de cette membrane basale en reconstruction. Ces résultats ont été confirmés sur une lignée de poisson, invalidée pour ce gène que nous avons créée par la technologie CRISPR/Cas9. Cette lignée a permis d’établir que ce collagène agit transitoirement comme un « spacer » moléculaire nécessaire à l’organisation tridimensionnelle des autres composants de la membrane basale pendant la régénération. / In addition to their role within tissues, extracellular matrix proteins are implicated in a large number of cellular processes. However, their role in regeneration is not well studied at the moment. A better understanding of the extracellular matrix proteins involvement in regeneration can have several future applications for regenerative and reconstructive medicine. The aim of my PhD project is to answer this question.To do this, we used the well-established zebrafish caudal fin model which have many advantages such as a simple structure, easily accessible and a quick regeneration in only few days. A global transcriptomic approach without a priori showed us that extracellular matrix proteins are playing a key role in regeneration. A first step of my work was to use an orthology-based approach to create the first list of extracellular matrix genes in zebrafish, called the matrisome. Our study revealed the unexpected role of a collagen during epidermal basement membrane reconstruction, an importance structure for the dermo-epidermal cohesion in skin. This protein which is expressed only during embryogenesis, is re-expressed in the regenerating epidermis and deposited in the basement membrane. Using an anti-sense strategy in vivo, I have demonstrated by atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy that the absence of this collagen impacts the biomechanics of this reconstructing basement membrane. These results were confirmed on a zebrafish line invalidated for this collagen that I have generated using the genome editing CRISPR/Cas9 technic. We showed that this collagen acts as a molecular spacer needed for the correct tridimensional organization of the other basement membrane components during regeneration.

Innate immune cells, such as macrophages, are trained by the unique microenvironment of the tissue they occupy. This tissue influence can include the extracellular matrix, the presence of inflammatory stimuli or signals and, in some tissues, the microbiota. Most studies, however, have examined such tissue specific training in health whereas little is known about the possibility of immune re-training in the lung following acute inflammation. The lung extracellular matrix is important for mechanical stability and structural support, as well as influencing inflammation via altering cell adhesion, migration, survival, proliferation and differentiation. Matrix alterations are a feature of a number of significant chronic respiratory diseases that carry high clinical unmet need. These include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). On the other hand, the impact on matrix after acute inflammation and whether it is returned to its pre-infection state is relatively unexplored. In murine models, macroscopic examination of the lung following acute inflammation implies a return to a reasonable homeostatic state. However, using more sensitive techniques, we now show that this is not the case. In this thesis we test the premise that a more thorough interrogation of lung extracellular matrix by mass spectrometry will reveal long term alterations that are not visible by histology. After influenza virus infection, we demonstrate that heightened extracellular matrix persists in the lung tissue, often forming structures that were not present in health. Furthermore, basement membrane components, for example collagen IV and laminin, are reduced. In vitro investigations show that individual extracellular matrix components affect lung macrophage activity. For example, hyaluronan and fibronectin alter macrophage expression of microRNA species known to influence toll-like receptor responsiveness and fibrosis. We also describe an alteration in microRNA species in response to influenza virus infection as well as a non-infectious model of pulmonary inflammation using carbon nanotubes. Collectively, this implies that altered matrix composition impacts on the inflammatory tone of the lung innate immune system. It is therefore feasible that such changes following severe lung inflammation could be overcome by targeting abnormal matrix production or degradation.

Matrix remodeling could be an important mode of action of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) in extracellular matrix (ECM) disease, but knowledge is limited in this respect. As MSC are well-known to adapt their behavior to their environment, we aimed to investigate if their mode of action would change in response to healthy versus pathologically altered ECM. Human MSC-derived ECM was produced under different culture conditions, including standard culture, culture on Matrigel-coated dishes, and stimulation with the pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor-1 (TGF1). The MSC-ECM was decellularized, characterized by histochemistry, and used as MSC culture substrate reflecting different ECM conditions. MSC were cultured on the different ECM substrates or in control conditions for 2 days. Culture on ECM increased the presence of surface molecules with ECM receptor function in the MSC, demonstrating an interaction between MSC and ECM. In MSC cultured on Matrigel-ECM and TGF1-ECM, which displayed a fibrosis-like morphology, gene expression of collagens and decorin, as well as total matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in the supernatant were decreased as compared with control conditions. These results demonstrated that MSC adapt to their ECM environment, which may include pathological adaptations that could compromise therapeutic efficacy.