Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a standard part of a diagnostic evaluation. Commonly evaluated components include the cell count, protein concentration, glucose, and cytology. CSF analysis can be diagnostic in some diseases such as fungal infections and CNS lymphoma. Often, CSF analysis is not specific, but more information can be obtained. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that have been found in human CSF. They are calcium and zinc dependent endoproteinases with overlapping substrates. They hydrolyze at least one component of tissue extracellular matrix (ECM), such as collagen or elastin. They are important in normal physiologic processes such as angiogenesis, reproduction and wound healing. One class of MMPs, the gelatinases, degrade gelatins and type IV collagen include MMP 2 and MMP 9. MMPs are important in many pathological processes that involve unregulated matrix destruction such as arthritis, neoplasia and CNS diseases. MMP2 is known to be constituitively produced in CSF while MMP 9 is present only in certain pathologic conditions such as multiple sclerosis, neoplasia and inflammatory diseases. We hypothesize that MMP2 is present in normal canine CSF while MMP 9 is absent. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were taken from 23 normal dogs that were being used for other research purposes. Each CSF sample was evaluated immediately for red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), protein, and glucose, and then stored at -70°C. Cytological examination was also performed. CSF samples were considered normal if the protein was less than 25 mg/dl, WBCs were less than 6 µl, and RBCs were less than 25 µl. Each dog was euthanized and the brains processed for routine histopathology. MMP analysis was done using gelatin zymography and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Bands of enzyme activity were visible following staining due to enzyme degradation of the gelatin. A commercially available polyclonal sandwich ELISA was used to identify the pro form of MMP2. The mean WBC count for the CSF samples was 0.96 WBC/ml with a range of 0-3 WBC/ml. The mean protein was 12 mg/dl, with a range of 8-17 mg/dl. The mean RBC count was 3.65 RBC/ml with a range of 0-21 RBC/ml. All normal samples of CSF contained a band of clearing that corresponded to the human commercial standard of proMMP2. No other major bands of clearing were noted on normal samples. The commercial human standards also contained ProMMP2. Other bands were present, but were faint and variable. Using a polyclonal antibody based sandwich ELISA, with samples run in triplicate, the mean pro MMP 2 levels were determined to be 5.61 ng/ml with a range of 3.36 - 10.83 ng/ml. We conclude that normal CSF values are narrower than what has been previously reported for protein concentration and WBC count. Also, the pro form of MMP 2 is present in normal canine CSF based on results of gelatin zymography and ELISA. / Master of Science

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19573号 / 医博第4080号 / 新制||医||1013(附属図書館) / 32609 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊達 洋至, 教授 小池 薫, 教授 瀬原 淳子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

no / Hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis is governed by a series of signals exchanged between the epidermal keratinocytes committed to HF-specific differentiation and the mesenchymal cells forming the follicular papilla (Schmidt-Ullrich and Paus, 2005). These interactions lead to the construction of the hair bulb, in which keratinocytes rapidly proliferate and differentiate into several cell populations forming the hair shaft and the inner root sheath. During the final steps of development, the HF elongates up to its maximal length and the hair shaft emerges through the epidermis through the hair canal that is formed at the distal portion of the HF epithelium (Schmidt-Ullrich and Paus, 2005). ...To elucidate a role for MMP-9 in the control of HF development and hair canal formation, its expression was studied by immunohistochemistry in cryosections of embryonic and postnatal skin of C57BL/6 mice (Sharov et al., 2003), and was correlated to the micro-anatomy of the developing hair canal depicted by high-resolution light microscopy, as described previously (Magerl et al., 2001). MMP-9 expression was not observed in the epidermis and developing HF placodes.

Yes / The membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs), an important subgroup of the wider MMP family, demonstrate widespread expression in multiple tumor types, and play key roles in cancer growth, migration, invasion and metastasis. Despite a large body of published research, relatively little information exists regarding evidence for MT-MMP expression and function in metastatic prostate cancer. This review provides an appraisal of the literature describing gene and protein expression in prostate cancer cells and clinical tissue, summarises the evidence for roles in prostate cancer progression, and examines the data relating to MT-MMP function in the development of bone metastases. Finally, the therapeutic potential of targeting MT-MMPs is considered. While MT-MMP inhibition presents a significant challenge, utilisation of MT-MMP expression and proteolytic capacity in prostate tumors is an attractive drug development opportunity.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第25005号 / 医博第5039号 / 新制||医||1070(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 竹内 理, 教授 小林 恭 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

No description available.

Balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is required for normal wound healing. Chronic inflammation, such as that seen in cardiovascular and periodontal diseases, may upset this balance. The aim of this study was to determine whether initial periodontal therapy would have an effect systemically on the levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1. Twenty-one patients with generalized chronic periodontitis were enrolled in the study. Clinical examinations were conducted and parameters measured. Scaling and root planing was performed and blood analysis done to determine the plasma concentrations of MMP-9 and serum concentrations of TIMP-1. Initial periodontal therapy resulted in improvements in gingival inflammation and plaque levels. No effect on the plasma concentrations of MMP-9 and serum concentrations of TIMP-1 could be found following therapy.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-11-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marangoni_nr_me_araca.pdf: 326349 bytes, checksum: 7dc73435330e73a5c923b91991a9e1f1 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A leishmaniose visceral canina, causada pelo protozoário Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi, é uma doença de grande ocorrência principalmente na América Latina. A caracterização das lesões sistêmicas associadas à infecção pelo parasita tem sido amplamente estudada, entretanto, poucos autores elucidam a patogenia na forma nervosa. Com o objetivo de compreender melhor os mecanismos envolvidos na inflamação do sistema nervoso central de cães naturalmente infectados por L. chagasi, amostras de liquor e plexo coróide foram colhidas e submetidas à zimografia para a detecção de metaloproteinases (MMPs). Amostras do plexo coróide e liquor de cães sadios foram avaliadas como controle. Os géis de zimograma foram analisados quanto à presença e atividade proteolítica das metaloproteinases -2 e -9. Formas inativas das proteases foram detectadas no plexo coróide, sendo que o Grupo de animais positivos não diferiu do negativo. No liquor foram encontradas formas ativas e inativas das MMPs-2 e -9 e a atividade proteolítica das mesmas diferiu entre os Grupos positivo e negativo. A MMP-2 teve maior detecção nos animais negativos e a MMP-9 nos positivos. O aumento da MMP- 9 no liquor dos cães doentes representa seu possível envolvimento na patogenia das lesões encefálicas ao ocasionarem o rompimento das barreiras hematoencefálica e/ou hematoliquórica, permitindo a passagem de células e proteínas envolvidas no processo inflamatório / Canine visceral leishmaniasis, caused by the protozoan Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi, is a disease with high occurrence in Latin America. The characteristics of the systemic lesions related to the infection have been widely studied, but few studies clarify the disease on a neurological aspect. With the aim of a better understanding of the inflammation mechanisms within the central nervous system of dogs naturally infected by L. chagasi, some samples of cerebrospinal fluid and choroid plexus were collected and submitted to zymography to detect metalloproteinases (MMPs). Samples of choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid from healthy dogs were evaluated as control. The zymogram gels were analysed taking into account the presence and the proteolytic activity of metalloproteinase -2 and -9. Inactive forms of the proteases were detected in the choroid plexus, and the group of positive animals did not differ from negative ones. In the cerebrospinal fluid, active and inactive forms of MMP-2 and -9 were found, and their proteolytic activity differed between negative and positive groups. MMP-2 had higher detection in the negative animals and MMP-9 in the positive ones. The increasing of MMP-9 in the cerebrospinal fluid of infected dogs represents its possible involvement in the brain injuries, by causing the disruption of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and/or blood-brain-barrier, allowing the passage of cells and proteins involved in inflammation process

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O cÃncer colorretal(CCR) à altamente prevalente nos paÃses mais ricos e industrializados. As metaloproteinases de matriz (MMPs) sÃo importantes enzimas que facilitam a invasÃo e disseminaÃÃo do tumor em vÃrios tipos de cÃncer, inclusive o colorretal. Os inibidores teciduais de metaloproteinases (TIMPs) sÃo os principais inativadores fisiolÃgicos destas enzimas. Este estudo avaliou a expressÃo de metaloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), metaloproteinase-14 (MMP-14) e inibidor tecidual de metaloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) no cÃncer colorretal. O imunomarcador CD68 foi utilizado para caracterizar a natureza das cÃlulas mononucleadas do estroma. Amostras teciduais de 50 casos de colectomias, devido ao cÃncer colorretal no perÃodo de 2004 a 2010, obtidas dos arquivos do Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal (DPML), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC), foram analisadas. Realizou-se tissue microarrays e a seguir imuno-histoquÃmica para avaliar a expressÃo de MMP-2, MMP-14 e TIMP-2 de acordo com os seguintes escores baseados em outros relatos: 0= sem imunomarcaÃÃo ou raras cÃlulas marcadas (<5%); 1 = discreta marcaÃÃo na maioria (> 50%) das cÃlulas tumorais ou cÃlulas mononucleares do estroma, ou moderada marcaÃÃo em uma minoria de cÃlulas (<50 %); 2 =marcaÃÃo moderada na maioria (> 50%) de cÃlulas tumorais ou cÃlulas mononucleares ou intensa marcaÃÃo em minoria de cÃlulas (<50%); 3 = marcaÃÃo intensa na maioria (> 50%) de cÃlulas tumorais ou cÃlulas mononucleares. Observou-se relaÃÃo entre a expressÃo aumentada de MMP-14 em mononucleares de tumor primÃrio e casos sem metÃstases linfonodais (MMP-14, escores 2 e 3/N0 : 23/24 = 95%; N1-N3: 14/20 = 70%, p = 0,0353). No entanto, nenhuma relaÃÃo significativa foi encontrada entre a expressÃo de MMP-14, MMP-2 e TIMP-2 nos tumores primÃrios em cÃlulas cancerosas ou mononucleares e outros parÃmetros clÃnico-patolÃgicos. A imunoexpressÃo de MMP-2 foi negativa nas cÃlulas neoplÃsicas, em tumores primÃrios (47/47=100%) e metastÃticos (12/12 = 100%). A imunorreatividade de MMP-14 em cÃlulas neoplÃsicas foi frequentemente positiva em tumores primÃrios (50/50 = 100%) e metastÃticos (7/8= 88%). Em mononucleares, a maioria dos quais macrÃfagos (corados pelo CD68), a expressÃo positiva de MMP-14 tambÃm predominou marcadamente, tanto em tumores primÃrios (46/47 = 98%) como em carcinomas metastÃticos (9/10 = 90%). A expressÃo de TIMP-2 em cÃlulas neoplÃsicas, discreta, ocorreu em 70% de tumores primÃrios (35/50 casos) e 100% dos metastÃticos (8/8). A imunocoloraÃÃo para TIMP-2 em macrÃfagos associados ao tumor (TAMs) foi ainda mais elevada do que nas cÃlulas neoplÃsicas. Em conclusÃo, a MMP-14 e TIMP-2 sÃo frequentemente expressas em carcinomas colo-retais em ambas localizaÃÃes anatÃmicas, principalmente nas metÃstases para linfonodos , sugerindo que estas proteases desempenham papel importante na invasÃo local e na progressÃo tumoral neste tipo de cÃncer. A predominÃncia destes marcadores nas cÃlulas mononucleares (sobretudo macrÃfagos) , claramente evidentes na positividade para a MMP-2, enfatiza a importÃncia do microambiente tumoral no desenvolvimento de neoplasias. / The colorectal cancer (RCC) is highly prevalent in richer and industrialized countries. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are regarded as important for facilitating tumor invasion and spread in various cancers, including colorectal. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are the major physiological inhibitors of MMPs. The expression of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), metalloproteinase 14 (MMP-14) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 ( TIMP-2) in colorectal cancer was assessed. CD68 immunostaininig was utilized to the characterization of mononuclear cells nature. Paraffin-embedded tissues from patients undergoing colectomy for colorectal cancer in the period 2004 to 2010, were selected from the files of the Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine (DPML), Medical School , Federal University of Cearà (UFC). Tissue microarrays were performed and slides were obtained for immunohistochemical detection of the expression of MMP-2, MMP-14 and TIMP-2 and the tissue samples analyzed. The following scores were applied: 0 = no immunostaining or rare labeled cells (<5%), 1 = slight marking the majority (> 50%) of tumor cells or stromal mononuclear cells, or moderate marking in a minority of cells (<50%) 2 = moderate labeling in the majority (> 50%) of tumor or mononuclear cells or intense marking in the minority of cells (<50%) and 3 = intense labeling in the majority (> 50%) of tumor cells or mononuclear cells. In this study, the relationship between increased expression of MMP-14 in mononuclear primary tumor cells and cases without lymph node metastases (MMP-14, 2 and 3/N0 scores: 23/26 = 88%; N1-N3: 14/21 = 67%, p = 0.0353) was stablished . However, no significant relationship was found between the immunohistochemical expression of MMP-14, MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in primary tumors in cancer cells and mononuclear cells and other clinico-pathological parameters. The expression of MMP-2 were negative in the neoplastic cells both in primary tumors (47/47 = 100%) and in metastatic ones (12/12 = 100%). The immunoreactivity of MMP-14 in neoplastic cells in primary tumors was positive (50/50 = 100%) and in all cases except one of metastatic carcinoma (7/8 = 88%). In mononuclear cells, most of them characterized as macrophages (CD68 stained), MMP-14 positive expression also predominated markedly, both in primary tumors (46/47 = 98%) and in metastatic carcinomas (9/10 = 90%). TIMP-2 expression in neoplastic cells of primary tumors occurred in 35/50 cases (70%) and lymph nodes showed positive immunostaining in all cases (8/8 = 100%). In both sites there were no cases with high expression. The TIMP-2 immunoreactivity in tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) was even higher than in the neoplastic cells. In conclusion, MMP-14 and TIMP-2 are frequently expressed in colorectal carcinomas in both anatomical sites , mainly in lymph node metastasis, suggesting that these proteases play an important role in local invasion and tumor progression of these cancers. The predominance of these biomarkers in mononuclear cells, clearly evident in the positivity for MMP-2, emphasizes the importance of tumor microenvironment in the development of neoplasms.