Thesis (M.Ed.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Education, 1973.

The problem with which this investigation is concerned is that of determining the properties of three radicals defined on an arbitrary ring and determining when these radicals coincide. The three radicals discussed are the nil radical, the Jacobsson radical, and the Brown-McCoy radical.

No description available.

Resumo: A terapia pró-droga/enzima direcionada por anticorpo (ADEPT) consiste em uma primeira etapa , no direcionamento de uma enzima veiculada por anticorpo à uma célula tumoral. Numa segunda etapa uma pró-droga inócua é administrada, e, na presença da enzima, produz compostos citotóxicos restritos à localização do tumor. O par enzima/pró-droga horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/ ácido 3- indol acético (IAA) tem sido aplicada nas estratégias ADEPT. Nesta combinação, o hormônio de planta não tóxico IAA é ativado para espécies citotóxicas pela ação catalítica da HRP. A elucidação das etapas e produtos da reação IAA/HRP levou uma série de moléculas produto a serem apontadas como responsáveis pelos efeitos citotóxicos sem que, até o presente momento, o mecanismo de citotoxicidade tenha sido elucidado. Nesse trabalho, utilizando-se células McCoy como alvo, foi constatado um efeito citotóxico dose dependente do sistema IAA/HRP, por necrose. Esse efeito é quase completamente abolido com a utilização de substâncias antioxidantes ou em anaerobiose. Também foi estudado o uso de um Ester derivado do IAA, o Etil Ester do IAA, como uma nova combinação citotóxica pró-droga/ enzima. Foi constatado que a HRP isolada não consegue catalizar a oxidação do Etil Ester do IAA na ausência de uma enzima adicional (esterase). Dessa forma, pode-se controlar a citotoxicidade do IAA pelo uso de duas enzimas, HRP e esterase. Finalmente, foram apresentadas evidências da aplicação potencial da tríade: Etil Ester IAA/ esterase/ HRP como uma estratégia potencial para a metodologia ADEPT e correlata. / Abstract: The antibody-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy (ADEPT) in a first stage, it's directed to an enzyme carried to an antibody to a tumor cell. In a second stage a pro-drug harmless is administered, and in the presence of the enzyme, produces cytotoxic compounds restricted the location of the tumor. The pair enzyme / pro-drug horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/ 3 - indole acetic acid (IAA) has been applied in ADEPT strategies. In this combination, the nontoxic plant hormone nontoxic IAA is activated for cytotoxic species by the action of catalytic HRP. The elucidation of the steps and products of the reaction IAA/ HRP led to a series of product molecules identified as being responsible for cytotoxic effects, without, so far, the mechanism of cytotoxicity has been elucidated. In this work, using cells McCoy as a target, we have seen a cytotoxic effect dosedependent system IAA/ HRP, for necrosis. This effect is almost completely abolished with the use of antioxidant substances or oxygen depletion. We also studied the use of an Ester derived from the IAA, the Ethyl Ester of the IAA, as a new combination cytotoxic pro-drug/ enzyme. We have seen that the HRP alone can not catalyze the oxidation of Ethyl Ester of the IAA in the absence of an additional enzyme (esterase). Thus, we can control the cytotoxicity of the IAA for the use of two enzymes, HRP and esterase. Finally, we showed evidence of the potential application of the triad: Ethyl Ester IAA/esterase/ HRP as a potential strategy for the methodology ADEPT and correlates. / Orientador: Luiz Marcos da Fonseca / Coorientador: Valdecir Farias Ximenes / Banca: Maria das Graças Carvalho / Banca: Eliana Aparecida Varanda / Mestre

Thesis advisor: Patrick H. Byrne / My first aim in this dissertation is to elucidate Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus through the writings of Bernard Lonergan, SJ. My second aim is to elucidate Lonergan’s thought by adducing it, in action, in Oedipus Tyrannus. Instead of analyzing what a classical text means to its own time and place, I undertake a philosophy of classics, exploring various philosophical problems by using Sophoclean texts. The paper incidentally discloses an interpretation of Oedipus Tyrannus that is at odds with some of the leading authors in the secondary literature while remaining consonant with others. I use Woodruff and Meineck’s 2003 translation of Theban Plays throughout because I find the translation refreshing. It is my hope that this paper, like all good papers, raises more questions than answers. In Chapter 1, I recruit Lonergan’s three basic observations about human knowing to explain Oedipus’ cognitive journey over the course of the play. First, Lonergan notes that underpinning all human knowing is the spirit of inquiry; the pure, unrestricted desire to know, which Lonergan calls “the supreme heuristic notion.” Second, he observes that the structure of human knowing is invariant. No matter who you are – mathematician, scientist, commonsense knower, etc. – all human knowing follows a dynamic but invariant structure Lonergan calls the “self-correcting cycle of learning.” This cycle moves from inquiry to insight to judgment to decision. Third, this invariant, self-correcting cycle, underpinned by the pure unrestricted desire to know, operates within dynamically shifting patterns of consciousness, modes of human knowing, that are circumscribed by our concerns, expressed by the kinds of questions we ask. Human consciousness is “polymorphic.” Using these three points as touchstones, I elucidate the dynamism of Oedipus’ cognitional structure by tracing the self-correcting sequence of his 132 questions until he arrives at his famous insight, which is simultaneously a virtually unconditioned judgment, expressed by his cry: Oh! Oh! It all comes clear! Light, let me look at you one last time. I am exposed – born to forbidden parents, joined In forbidden marriage, I brought forbidden death (Lines 1181-1185). With the concrete situation known and understood with clarity (σαφής), Oedipus’ consciousness should now become sublated into the structure of ethical intentionality. This sublation occurs the moment an agent says, “Okay. I understand and know the situation. Now, what should I do?” Typically, an agent begins to ask questions of value, questions which, in Patrick H. Byrne’s words, intend “practical insights into possible courses of action.” The goal of questions for intelligence and questions for judgment is to grasp, respectively, understanding and a virtually unconditioned judgment of fact. Likewise, the goal of questions of value is to “grasp of virtually unconditioned value” until, ultimately, a judgment can be made about that value in a decision which implements the value in action. Instead of “ascending” into an “ethics of discernment,” however, Oedipus’ development remains arrested, in a static state of undistorted affectivity that makes moral conversion impossible. The play ends with Oedipus hovering in a liminal state, somewhere between Lonergan’s rational consciousness and rational self-consciousness. This liminal position of distorted affectivity lends credence to Marina McCoy’s claim that, “Sophocles does not reject the rational in favor of a tragic vision that is anti-rational or non-rational; rather, the rational itself includes an affective element.” In Chapter 2, I point out the various “interferences” in the dynamic, self-correcting sequence which I argue imbues Oedipus’ journey with its especially tragic and ironic dimension. I argue that the tragedy (and irony) of the play pivot on the “polymorphism” of Oedipus’ consciousness. A corollary to this argument is that we may understand some of the muddled thinking and the bitter intersubjective quarrels in the play – including but not limited to Oedipus v. Tiresias, Oedipus v. Creon and Oedipus v. Jocasta – through the prism of Lonergan’s discussion of “bias.” My discussion of bias naturally leads to an interpretation of the play that finds Sophocles indicting, not wisdom per se, as Nietzsche argued, but those who fail to understand what it means to correctly understand; those, in other words, who would deign to reduce understanding to a simple matter of “taking a look,” to use Lonergan’s phrase. I argue that the symbolism in the drama staunchly affirms Lonergan’s well-known claim that, “What is obvious in knowing is, indeed, looking. Compared to looking, insight is obscure, and the grasp of the unconditioned is doubly obscure. But empiricism amounts to the assumption that what is obvious in knowing is what knowing obviously is.” In Chapter 3, I enlarge the focus of my analysis from Oedipus’ single consciousness to the milieu in which that consciousness operates – Corinth, Thebes and, finally, Colonus. Viewed through a prism of Lonergan’s social theory, Thebes, and to a lesser extent Corinth, become exempla of “cities in decline,” symbolized generally by their hostility to questioning which, specifically, allows various biases to reign. I discuss the Greek concept of pollution, beginning with the familiar distinction between agos and miasma, and suggest that we may treat the idea of pollution in Oedipus Tyrannus as a metaphor for what Lonergan’s called the “long cycle of decline” and its root cause, “general bias,” the unprincipled privileging of the immediate and concrete over that which is non-present. The byproduct of this bias is “the social surd.” In an essay entitled, “The Absence of God in Modern Culture,” Lonergan notes, in cultures exists the “disastrous possibility of a conflict between human living as it can be lived and human living as a cultural superstructure dictates it should be lived.” I argue that there many junctures in the play in which the failure of insight and the triumph of oversight is compounded by if not caused by the dictates of Theban and Corinthian cultures, starting with Laius and Jocasta’s decision to murder their child, a choice which is then echoed by Polybus and Merope’s choice to suppress the truth of their son’s origin. I then point out that the most obvious operative bias here is group bias, symbolized by various characters’ commitment to violent patriarchy which neglects female voices of reason. I show, following McCoy and Christopher Long, that Colonus, courtesy of Theseus’ leadership, represents a possible antidote to this group bias through healing love. As Oedipus says of the space of Colonus in 1125, “In all my wanderings, this is the only place/Where I have found truth, honor and justice./I am well aware of how much I stand in your debt,/Without your help I would have nothing at all.” For Lonergan, if the mischief of bias is to be conquered, the ultimate ground for that conquering will come from a liberation outside the agent’s own native resources. Colonus gives us a glimpse of this third mode of self-transcendence, religious conversion, which, for Lonergan, is an unrestricted being in love with a “mysterious, uncomprehended God.” On the one hand, this viewpoint would seem to represent a juncture at which Lonergan’s thought simply does not and cannot apply to a classical text, such as Oedipus Tyrannus or Oedipus at Colonus. Lonergan’s notion of unrestricted being in love (with God) and his further distinctions of operative and cooperative grace would seem to be anachronistic. And yet, Lonergan claims that unrestricted being in love is “interpreted differently in the context of different religious traditions.” I argue that there is a sense in which Theseus’ almost otherworldly commitment to reverence (aidos) for the sacred space of Colonus, and his compassionate commitment to care for the stranger (xenia), more closely approximates or, at the very least, anticipates the almost supernatural dynamism of the authentic moral conversion Lonergan seems to have in mind. There are moments, in other words, in which Theseus relies on the dynamism of his own native intelligence and others in which something beyond him seems to be at work, as if a precursor to the supernatural moral disposition of the father in Luke’s “Parable of the Prodigal Son.” I conclude this chapter by noting that implicit in my argument is the premise that Oedipus Tyrannus cannot be read without adverting to Oedipus Colonus, without which the full sweep of the conquering of bias cannot be appreciated. From this premise I then deduce that the pessimistic Nietzschean reading of Oedipus Tyrannus, at the very least, requires more context. And while it is certainly possible to read Tyrannus separately from Colonus, insofar as they are not part of a traditional cycle, including Colonus in an analysis of Tyrannus discloses a further development in Sophocles’ thought that we may use to retroactively assess Tyrannus philosophically, especially vis-à-vis nihilism. Chapter 4 is devoted to a discussion of Lonergan’s metaphysics of human freedom and its relation to willingness, moral impotence and liberation. Here I apply Lonergan’s rich and complicated discussion of human freedom in Insight to offer a viewpoint that is contrary to deterministic readings of the play. In Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge, Charles Segal advises us that to offer any fresh approach to Oedipus Tyrannus one must “remove a few layers of misconception.” Segal’s first misconception is this: “This is not a play about free will versus determinism.” He adds that “the issues of destiny, predetermination, and foreknowledge are raised as problems, not as dogma.” I will suggest here that if this assessment is accurate, the unintended irony of the play is that it nevertheless affirms a principle (dogma?) in spite of itself: that human freedom is enlarged by human intelligence, insofar as intelligence specifies, via practical insights and practical judgments of facts and values, a range of choices for the will to select. It follows that ignorance, bias and moral impotence, in blocking or shrinking this range of choices, limit our effective freedom to the point at which we are incapable of fully actualizing our essential freedom. Here I recruit Lonergan’s provocative image of the “surrounding penumbra” to describe “moral impotence,” in which he says, “Further, these areas are not fixed; as he develops, the penumbra penetrates into the shadow and the luminous area into the penumbra while, inversely, moral decline is a contraction of the luminous area and of the penumbra.” This image is particularly apt in describing the ways in which Oedipus enlarges the “luminous area” when he is authentically questioning, only to watch it contract into darkness when he is not – an equation symbolized by the Sophoclean trope of blindness. Finally, in an “Epilogue,” I conclude with some observations about the way in which Sophocles is often presented in undergraduate philosophy classes. I concur with Yoram Hazony who writes, in The Philosophy of Hebrew Scripture, “I do not believe the dichotomy between faith and reason is very helpful in understanding the diversity of human intellectual orientations.” Likewise, it is unclear to me as to whether couching Athens as somehow opposed to Jerusalem is good pedagogical practice. In a similar mode, equally unclear to me is whether couching Sophocles as somehow opposed to Socrates, Plato and Aristotle is good practice. Yes, contradistinction has its pedagogical merits, but it can also wash away nuance. I then suggest, by way of a conclusion, that if we must have a dichotomy, a better alternative, even pedagogically speaking, may be to use Lonergan’s dichotomy of the friendly or unfriendly universe. For ultimately, we are faced with one existential question: is our universe a friendly one? In Method in Theology, Lonergan asks, poignantly: "Is moral enterprise consonant with this world?...is the universe on our side, or are we just gamblers and, if we are gamblers, are we not perhaps fools, individually struggling for authenticity and collectively endeavoring to snatch progress from the ever mounting welter of decline? The questions arise and, clearly, our attitudes and our resoluteness may be profoundly affected by the answers. Does there or does there not necessarily exists a transcendent, intelligent ground of the universe? Is that ground or are we the primary instance of moral consciousness? Are cosmogenesis, biological evolution, historical process basically cognate to us as moral beings or are they different and so alien to us?" The phrase “friendly universe” comes a bit later in the text, when Lonergan adds, “Faith places human efforts in a friendly universe; it reveals an ultimate significance in human achievement; it strengthens new undertakings with confidence” (117, my italics). Notice the connection Lonergan adduces between religious conversion, or the unrestricted being in love with God, as the ground of the friendly universe. And yet, as I mentioned earlier, this unrestricted being in love is, as Lonergan points out, “interpreted differently in the context of different religious traditions.” After all, Socrates was no Christian; but he did believe the universe was friendly. In this context, I argue that Sophocles ought to be aligned with Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, not to mention most Biblical texts, against the truly opposed counter-position, “nihilism.” While it is certainly true that, in Oedipus, Sophocles heard that “eternal note of sadness on the Aegean,” as Matthew Arnold once wrote, Sophocles also seems to have heard in Colonus a note of compassion and wisdom and love and the hope for a construction of a community in which human striving is not in vain. As Oedipus tells his daughters, But there is one small word that can soothe – And that is ‘love.’ I loved you more than Anyone else could ever love, but now Your lives must go on without me. (1610-1619) / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy.

No Gondwana, durante o Eopermiano, várias associações paleoflorísticas desenvolveram-se em sucessivas condições periglaciais ou interglaciais/interestadiais e pós-glaciais, designadas floras pré-glossopterídeas, protoglossopterídeas / Gangamopteris e Glossopteris. A diversidade florística de cada região gondvânica esteve condicionada à proximidade, distanciamento ou mesmo à ausência ou retirada de geleiras. No estado de São Paulo, desenvolveram-se e preservaram-se tafofloras pré-glossopterídeas (como as de Itapeva, Buri e Monte-Mor) e tafofloras de protoglossopterídeas / Gangamopteris como as de Tietê (à margem do rio Capivari, estrada Tietê-Piracicaba), de Cesário Lange e de Cerquilho, todas associadas a carvões. A diversidade florística de cada região gondvânica esteve condicionada à proximidade, distanciamento ou mesmo à ausência ou retirada de geleiras. Este trabalho analisa a tafoflora interglacial do \"sítio Toca do Índio\", situada cerca de 9 km a sudoeste da cidade de Cerquilho, SP, tendo em vista a necessidade de revisão e complementação dos estudos tafonômico, morfográfico e taxonômico dessa tafoflora interglacial, enfatizando seus componentes protoglossopterídeos e glossopterídeos e de buscar melhor posicionamento desta tafoflora na coluna bioestratigráfica, revisando sua antiguidade e estágio evolutivo de seus integrantes gangamopteróides e possíveis interpretações paleoecológicas, paleogeográficas e paleoclimáticas. Entre quase 400 espécimes, depositados na coleção paleontológica do Instituto de Geociências da USP, envolvendo folhas, caules, sementes, frutificações, raízes, etc., cerca de 70 correspondem a gangamopterídeas ou cordaitales. Os fitofósseis estão preservados na forma de impressões/raras compressões. Apresentam-se, em geral, dispostos horizontalmente nos estratos como folhas isoladas, desarticuladas, ou mais raramente ocorrendo em tufos de três a quatro folhas conectadas. Esparsas na matriz, raramente se apresentam paralelas umas às outras, mas normalmente, estão em disposição caótica na superfície dos estratos. Foram preparados mecanicamente, com limpeza e liberação das partes recobertas pela matriz, utilizando marteletes, estiletes, talhadeiras, etc., bem como identificação preliminar de todos os componentes da coleção. Foram feitos: exame do material Dissertação de Mestrado HOELZEL 2014 8 sob estereomicroscópio, procedendo à mensuração linear e de ângulos, descrição da morfologia dos espécimes foliares e de sua venação; documentação gráfica, com obtenção de fotomacrografias e fotomicrografias dos espécimes descritos, desenhos em câmara clara e sobre fotos ampliadas digitalmente, e bem como comparações com espécies já identificadas, na literatura paleobotânica pertinente. Algumas reflexões foram feitas sobre \"a evolução da arquitetura foliar do gênero Gangamopteris McCoy 1860, em sucessões paleoflorísticas gondvânicas brasileiras e sua comparação com as indianas\", na forma de um artigo aqui incluído. Numerosos trabalhos anteriores registraram, para a tafoflora do \"sítio Toca do Índio\", os seguintes componentes: Paracalamites australis, Phyllotheca australis, Stephanophyllites sanpaulensis, Cordaites, Rubidgea obovata, R. lanceolata, R. lanceolata var. truncata, R. itapemensis, Gangamopteris angustifolia, G. obovata, G. stephensonii, G. dolianitii, G. roesleri, Fertiliger tipo Brasiloide, Arberia minasica, A. sp, Arberiopsis boureaui, A.sp, Samaropsis cerquilhensis, Cordaicarpus brasilianus, Samaropsis rigbyi, S. dolianitii, S. tietensis, S. moreirana, S. goraiensis, S. rohnii, S. rugata e Paranocladus. A revisão dos elementos protoglossopterídeos e gangamopterídeos levou a restringir, por sinonímia, sua composição a Gangamopteris angustifolia, G. buriadica (agora reconhecida na tafoflora), G. obovata, G. stephensonii, G. dolianitii e G. roesleri. Sua alta diversidade específica, na comparação com as tafofloras do sul da bacia do Paraná, da Formação La Golondrina, da Argentina e Talchir inferior da Índia, ressalta seu caráter primitivo e de possível centro dispersor do gênero. O aspecto bioestratinômico, muitas vezes tridimensionalmente disposto, de alguns fitofósseis na rocha matriz, corrobora a hipótese de deposição em ambiente com possível remoção e / ou ressedimentação por ação de empurrão de gelo ou movimentação por densas águas de degelo. / On the Gondwana during the Early Permian, several paleofloristic associations developed in successive periglacial or interglacial / interestadial and post-glacial conditions, designated Pre-Glossopteris flora, protoglossopterids / Gangamopteris flora and Glossopteris flora. The floristic diversity of each Gondwanian region was affected by the proximity, distance or even the absence or withdrawal of glaciers. In the state of São Paulo, were developed and preserved pre -glossopterids taphoflora (as Itapeva, Buri and Monte-Mor) and protoglossopterids / Gangamopteris taphofloras as of Tietê (border of the Capivari river, Tietê -Piracicaba road), Cesario Lange and Cerquilho all associated with coals seams. This paper analyzes the interglacial taphoflora of \"sítio Toca do Índio\", located about 9 km southwest of the city of Cerquilho, SP, due to the need for revision and complementing of taphonomic, morphographic and taxonomic studies of this interglacial taphoflora emphasizing its protoglossopterid and glossopterid components and get this taphoflora better positioning in the stratigraphic column reviewing its antiquity and evolutionary stage of its gangamopteroid members and possible paleoecological, paleogeographic and paleoclimatic interpretations. Among almost 400 specimens, deposited in the Institute of Geosciences of USP paleontological collection, involving leaves, stems, seeds, fruiting, root, etc.., About 70 correspond to gangamopterids or cordaitales.The plant fossils are preserved as rare impressions / compressions. They appear, in general, arranged horizontally in layers as isolated leaves, disjointed, or more rarely occurring in clusters of three to four connected leaves. Scattered in the matrix, rarely occur parallel to each other, but usually are in a chaotic arrangement on the layers surface. The specimens were mechanically prepared with cleaning and releasing from matrix fragments recovering parts of them by using hammers, cutters, slitters, etc., as well as preliminary identification of all components of the collection. Examination of the material under stereomicroscope, proceeding to linear measurement and angles, description of foliar specimens morphology and venation; graphic documentation, obtaining photomacrographs and photomicrographs of the specimens described, camera lucida and on digitally magnified photos drawings as well as comparison with species already identified in the relevant paleobotany literature were made. Some reflections were made on \"the evolution of leaf architecture of the genre Gangamopteris McCoy 1860 in Brazilian Gondwanan paleofloristic sequences and its comparison with the Indian ones in the form of an article included here. Numerous previous studies reported, for the taphoflora \"sítio Toca do Índio\", the following components: Paracalamites australis, Phyllotheca australis, Stephanophyllites sanpaulensis, Cordaites, Rubidgea obovata, R. lanceolata, R. lanceolata var. truncata, R. itapemensis, Gangamopteris angustifolia, G. obovata, G. stephensonii, G. dolianitii, G. roesleri, Fertiliger tipo Brasiloide, Arberia minasica, A. sp, Arberiopsis boureaui, A.sp, Samaropsis cerquilhensis, Cordaicarpus brasilianus, Samaropsis rigbyi, S. dolianitii, S. tietensis, S. moreirana, S. goraiensis, S. rohnii, S. rugata and Paranocladus. The revision of the protoglossopterid and gangamopterid elements led to restrict, by synonymy, their membership to Gangamopteris angustifolia, G. buriadica (now recognized in the taphoflora), G. obovata, G. stephensonii, G. dolianitii and G. roesleri. Its high species diversity in comparison with taphofloras from the southern area of the Paraná Basin, of the La Golondrina Formation, Argentina and lower Talchir from India, emphasizes its primitive character and of a putative dispersal center of the genus. The biostratinomic aspect, often three-dimensionally arranged of some fossil specimens in the matrix rock, corroborates the hypothesis of deposition in environment with possible removal and / or resedimentation influenced by action of ice push or by turnover caused by dense water defrost.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-10-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:29:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_dh_me_arafcf.pdf: 425995 bytes, checksum: 068eeb34dc2b20bf30e7a59473c11414 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A terapia pró-droga/enzima direcionada por anticorpo (ADEPT) consiste em uma primeira etapa , no direcionamento de uma enzima veiculada por anticorpo à uma célula tumoral. Numa segunda etapa uma pró-droga inócua é administrada, e, na presença da enzima, produz compostos citotóxicos restritos à localização do tumor. O par enzima/pró-droga horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/ ácido 3- indol acético (IAA) tem sido aplicada nas estratégias ADEPT. Nesta combinação, o hormônio de planta não tóxico IAA é ativado para espécies citotóxicas pela ação catalítica da HRP. A elucidação das etapas e produtos da reação IAA/HRP levou uma série de moléculas produto a serem apontadas como responsáveis pelos efeitos citotóxicos sem que, até o presente momento, o mecanismo de citotoxicidade tenha sido elucidado. Nesse trabalho, utilizando-se células McCoy como alvo, foi constatado um efeito citotóxico dose dependente do sistema IAA/HRP, por necrose. Esse efeito é quase completamente abolido com a utilização de substâncias antioxidantes ou em anaerobiose. Também foi estudado o uso de um Ester derivado do IAA, o Etil Ester do IAA, como uma nova combinação citotóxica pró-droga/ enzima. Foi constatado que a HRP isolada não consegue catalizar a oxidação do Etil Ester do IAA na ausência de uma enzima adicional (esterase). Dessa forma, pode-se controlar a citotoxicidade do IAA pelo uso de duas enzimas, HRP e esterase. Finalmente, foram apresentadas evidências da aplicação potencial da tríade: Etil Ester IAA/ esterase/ HRP como uma estratégia potencial para a metodologia ADEPT e correlata. / The antibody-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy (ADEPT) in a first stage, it’s directed to an enzyme carried to an antibody to a tumor cell. In a second stage a pro-drug harmless is administered, and in the presence of the enzyme, produces cytotoxic compounds restricted the location of the tumor. The pair enzyme / pro-drug horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/ 3 - indole acetic acid (IAA) has been applied in ADEPT strategies. In this combination, the nontoxic plant hormone nontoxic IAA is activated for cytotoxic species by the action of catalytic HRP. The elucidation of the steps and products of the reaction IAA/ HRP led to a series of product molecules identified as being responsible for cytotoxic effects, without, so far, the mechanism of cytotoxicity has been elucidated. In this work, using cells McCoy as a target, we have seen a cytotoxic effect dosedependent system IAA/ HRP, for necrosis. This effect is almost completely abolished with the use of antioxidant substances or oxygen depletion. We also studied the use of an Ester derived from the IAA, the Ethyl Ester of the IAA, as a new combination cytotoxic pro-drug/ enzyme. We have seen that the HRP alone can not catalyze the oxidation of Ethyl Ester of the IAA in the absence of an additional enzyme (esterase). Thus, we can control the cytotoxicity of the IAA for the use of two enzymes, HRP and esterase. Finally, we showed evidence of the potential application of the triad: Ethyl Ester IAA/esterase/ HRP as a potential strategy for the methodology ADEPT and correlates.

No Gondwana, durante o Eopermiano, várias associações paleoflorísticas desenvolveram-se em sucessivas condições periglaciais ou interglaciais/interestadiais e pós-glaciais, designadas floras pré-glossopterídeas, protoglossopterídeas / Gangamopteris e Glossopteris. A diversidade florística de cada região gondvânica esteve condicionada à proximidade, distanciamento ou mesmo à ausência ou retirada de geleiras. No estado de São Paulo, desenvolveram-se e preservaram-se tafofloras pré-glossopterídeas (como as de Itapeva, Buri e Monte-Mor) e tafofloras de protoglossopterídeas / Gangamopteris como as de Tietê (à margem do rio Capivari, estrada Tietê-Piracicaba), de Cesário Lange e de Cerquilho, todas associadas a carvões. A diversidade florística de cada região gondvânica esteve condicionada à proximidade, distanciamento ou mesmo à ausência ou retirada de geleiras. Este trabalho analisa a tafoflora interglacial do \"sítio Toca do Índio\", situada cerca de 9 km a sudoeste da cidade de Cerquilho, SP, tendo em vista a necessidade de revisão e complementação dos estudos tafonômico, morfográfico e taxonômico dessa tafoflora interglacial, enfatizando seus componentes protoglossopterídeos e glossopterídeos e de buscar melhor posicionamento desta tafoflora na coluna bioestratigráfica, revisando sua antiguidade e estágio evolutivo de seus integrantes gangamopteróides e possíveis interpretações paleoecológicas, paleogeográficas e paleoclimáticas. Entre quase 400 espécimes, depositados na coleção paleontológica do Instituto de Geociências da USP, envolvendo folhas, caules, sementes, frutificações, raízes, etc., cerca de 70 correspondem a gangamopterídeas ou cordaitales. Os fitofósseis estão preservados na forma de impressões/raras compressões. Apresentam-se, em geral, dispostos horizontalmente nos estratos como folhas isoladas, desarticuladas, ou mais raramente ocorrendo em tufos de três a quatro folhas conectadas. Esparsas na matriz, raramente se apresentam paralelas umas às outras, mas normalmente, estão em disposição caótica na superfície dos estratos. Foram preparados mecanicamente, com limpeza e liberação das partes recobertas pela matriz, utilizando marteletes, estiletes, talhadeiras, etc., bem como identificação preliminar de todos os componentes da coleção. Foram feitos: exame do material Dissertação de Mestrado HOELZEL 2014 8 sob estereomicroscópio, procedendo à mensuração linear e de ângulos, descrição da morfologia dos espécimes foliares e de sua venação; documentação gráfica, com obtenção de fotomacrografias e fotomicrografias dos espécimes descritos, desenhos em câmara clara e sobre fotos ampliadas digitalmente, e bem como comparações com espécies já identificadas, na literatura paleobotânica pertinente. Algumas reflexões foram feitas sobre \"a evolução da arquitetura foliar do gênero Gangamopteris McCoy 1860, em sucessões paleoflorísticas gondvânicas brasileiras e sua comparação com as indianas\", na forma de um artigo aqui incluído. Numerosos trabalhos anteriores registraram, para a tafoflora do \"sítio Toca do Índio\", os seguintes componentes: Paracalamites australis, Phyllotheca australis, Stephanophyllites sanpaulensis, Cordaites, Rubidgea obovata, R. lanceolata, R. lanceolata var. truncata, R. itapemensis, Gangamopteris angustifolia, G. obovata, G. stephensonii, G. dolianitii, G. roesleri, Fertiliger tipo Brasiloide, Arberia minasica, A. sp, Arberiopsis boureaui, A.sp, Samaropsis cerquilhensis, Cordaicarpus brasilianus, Samaropsis rigbyi, S. dolianitii, S. tietensis, S. moreirana, S. goraiensis, S. rohnii, S. rugata e Paranocladus. A revisão dos elementos protoglossopterídeos e gangamopterídeos levou a restringir, por sinonímia, sua composição a Gangamopteris angustifolia, G. buriadica (agora reconhecida na tafoflora), G. obovata, G. stephensonii, G. dolianitii e G. roesleri. Sua alta diversidade específica, na comparação com as tafofloras do sul da bacia do Paraná, da Formação La Golondrina, da Argentina e Talchir inferior da Índia, ressalta seu caráter primitivo e de possível centro dispersor do gênero. O aspecto bioestratinômico, muitas vezes tridimensionalmente disposto, de alguns fitofósseis na rocha matriz, corrobora a hipótese de deposição em ambiente com possível remoção e / ou ressedimentação por ação de empurrão de gelo ou movimentação por densas águas de degelo. / On the Gondwana during the Early Permian, several paleofloristic associations developed in successive periglacial or interglacial / interestadial and post-glacial conditions, designated Pre-Glossopteris flora, protoglossopterids / Gangamopteris flora and Glossopteris flora. The floristic diversity of each Gondwanian region was affected by the proximity, distance or even the absence or withdrawal of glaciers. In the state of São Paulo, were developed and preserved pre -glossopterids taphoflora (as Itapeva, Buri and Monte-Mor) and protoglossopterids / Gangamopteris taphofloras as of Tietê (border of the Capivari river, Tietê -Piracicaba road), Cesario Lange and Cerquilho all associated with coals seams. This paper analyzes the interglacial taphoflora of \"sítio Toca do Índio\", located about 9 km southwest of the city of Cerquilho, SP, due to the need for revision and complementing of taphonomic, morphographic and taxonomic studies of this interglacial taphoflora emphasizing its protoglossopterid and glossopterid components and get this taphoflora better positioning in the stratigraphic column reviewing its antiquity and evolutionary stage of its gangamopteroid members and possible paleoecological, paleogeographic and paleoclimatic interpretations. Among almost 400 specimens, deposited in the Institute of Geosciences of USP paleontological collection, involving leaves, stems, seeds, fruiting, root, etc.., About 70 correspond to gangamopterids or cordaitales.The plant fossils are preserved as rare impressions / compressions. They appear, in general, arranged horizontally in layers as isolated leaves, disjointed, or more rarely occurring in clusters of three to four connected leaves. Scattered in the matrix, rarely occur parallel to each other, but usually are in a chaotic arrangement on the layers surface. The specimens were mechanically prepared with cleaning and releasing from matrix fragments recovering parts of them by using hammers, cutters, slitters, etc., as well as preliminary identification of all components of the collection. Examination of the material under stereomicroscope, proceeding to linear measurement and angles, description of foliar specimens morphology and venation; graphic documentation, obtaining photomacrographs and photomicrographs of the specimens described, camera lucida and on digitally magnified photos drawings as well as comparison with species already identified in the relevant paleobotany literature were made. Some reflections were made on \"the evolution of leaf architecture of the genre Gangamopteris McCoy 1860 in Brazilian Gondwanan paleofloristic sequences and its comparison with the Indian ones in the form of an article included here. Numerous previous studies reported, for the taphoflora \"sítio Toca do Índio\", the following components: Paracalamites australis, Phyllotheca australis, Stephanophyllites sanpaulensis, Cordaites, Rubidgea obovata, R. lanceolata, R. lanceolata var. truncata, R. itapemensis, Gangamopteris angustifolia, G. obovata, G. stephensonii, G. dolianitii, G. roesleri, Fertiliger tipo Brasiloide, Arberia minasica, A. sp, Arberiopsis boureaui, A.sp, Samaropsis cerquilhensis, Cordaicarpus brasilianus, Samaropsis rigbyi, S. dolianitii, S. tietensis, S. moreirana, S. goraiensis, S. rohnii, S. rugata and Paranocladus. The revision of the protoglossopterid and gangamopterid elements led to restrict, by synonymy, their membership to Gangamopteris angustifolia, G. buriadica (now recognized in the taphoflora), G. obovata, G. stephensonii, G. dolianitii and G. roesleri. Its high species diversity in comparison with taphofloras from the southern area of the Paraná Basin, of the La Golondrina Formation, Argentina and lower Talchir from India, emphasizes its primitive character and of a putative dispersal center of the genus. The biostratinomic aspect, often three-dimensionally arranged of some fossil specimens in the matrix rock, corroborates the hypothesis of deposition in environment with possible removal and / or resedimentation influenced by action of ice push or by turnover caused by dense water defrost.

O estudo de prevalência do vírus rábico foi realizado em uma amostra de morcegos capturados na Mata Atlântica da região sudeste do Brasil. Os morcegos são um dos principais reservatórios silvestres do vírus rábico. No Brasil existem aproximadamente 144 espécies de morcegos, e pouco se sabe sobre a circulação do vírus rábicos nessas espécies. Foram realizadas estimativas – com duas metodologias de isolamento - para detectar a presença do vírus rábico na população estudada. Os resultados foram obtidos pelo cruzamento entre a variável infectividade (presença de vírus rábico) e as variáveis epidemiológicas (espécies de morcegos, sexo, idade, local de captura ). Observou-se que o método de isolamento que utiliza as células McCoy isolou com maior facilidade vírus de morcegos insetívoros, além de apresentar maior capacidade de detectar a infecção na fase latente (subclínica). Já as células N2A foram mais eficientes na detecção do vírus rábico em morcegos hematófagos D. rotundus. As duas metodologias utilizadas apresentaram maior proporção de isolamento do vírus rábico em morcegos insetívoros, nectarívoros e fitófagos. Tais resultados sugerem que os morcegos insetívoros desempenham importante papel na manutenção do vírus no reservatório cuja população foi estudada. Também foi possível constatar que a circulação do vírus ocorre inter e intra-espécies, mas estudos especificamente desenhados para avaliar esse aspecto devem ser implementados. / The prevalence study of the rabies virus was carried out in a sample of bats captured in the Brazilian southeastern São Paulo. Bats are one of the main wild reservoirs of the rabies virus. Brazil holds 144 species of bats and little is know about the circulation of such virus in these species. Two metodologies were used for the estimates of the presence of the rabies virus in the captured in the Parque Estadual Intervales. The results were obtained crossing the variable (presence of rabies virus) with epidemiological variables (bat species, sex, age, site of capture). The McCoy cell line method proved isolating more easily the virus of insectivorous bats besides presenting more capability of detection of infection in the latent phase (sub-clinic phase). On the other hand the N2A cell line were more efficient in detecting the rabies virus in D. rotundus hematophagous bats. It was also observed that for both cells the insectivorous, nectarivorous and phytophagous bats presented higher rabies virus isolation proportion. These results suggest that insectivorous bats play in important role in the maintence of the virus in this reservoir. Although could also be observed that the circulation of the virus occurs intra and inter species, but studies specially designed to asses this issue must be re-evaluated.

O estudo de prevalência do vírus rábico foi realizado em uma amostra de morcegos capturados na Mata Atlântica da região sudeste do Brasil. Os morcegos são um dos principais reservatórios silvestres do vírus rábico. No Brasil existem aproximadamente 144 espécies de morcegos, e pouco se sabe sobre a circulação do vírus rábicos nessas espécies. Foram realizadas estimativas – com duas metodologias de isolamento - para detectar a presença do vírus rábico na população estudada. Os resultados foram obtidos pelo cruzamento entre a variável infectividade (presença de vírus rábico) e as variáveis epidemiológicas (espécies de morcegos, sexo, idade, local de captura ). Observou-se que o método de isolamento que utiliza as células McCoy isolou com maior facilidade vírus de morcegos insetívoros, além de apresentar maior capacidade de detectar a infecção na fase latente (subclínica). Já as células N2A foram mais eficientes na detecção do vírus rábico em morcegos hematófagos D. rotundus. As duas metodologias utilizadas apresentaram maior proporção de isolamento do vírus rábico em morcegos insetívoros, nectarívoros e fitófagos. Tais resultados sugerem que os morcegos insetívoros desempenham importante papel na manutenção do vírus no reservatório cuja população foi estudada. Também foi possível constatar que a circulação do vírus ocorre inter e intra-espécies, mas estudos especificamente desenhados para avaliar esse aspecto devem ser implementados. / The prevalence study of the rabies virus was carried out in a sample of bats captured in the Brazilian southeastern São Paulo. Bats are one of the main wild reservoirs of the rabies virus. Brazil holds 144 species of bats and little is know about the circulation of such virus in these species. Two metodologies were used for the estimates of the presence of the rabies virus in the captured in the Parque Estadual Intervales. The results were obtained crossing the variable (presence of rabies virus) with epidemiological variables (bat species, sex, age, site of capture). The McCoy cell line method proved isolating more easily the virus of insectivorous bats besides presenting more capability of detection of infection in the latent phase (sub-clinic phase). On the other hand the N2A cell line were more efficient in detecting the rabies virus in D. rotundus hematophagous bats. It was also observed that for both cells the insectivorous, nectarivorous and phytophagous bats presented higher rabies virus isolation proportion. These results suggest that insectivorous bats play in important role in the maintence of the virus in this reservoir. Although could also be observed that the circulation of the virus occurs intra and inter species, but studies specially designed to asses this issue must be re-evaluated.