Inflectional verbal morphology, the system of correspondences between grammatical meanings and their means of expression, is an area of language which is difficult for adult L2 learners. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a pedagogical tool for Anglophone adult learners presenting French verbal morphology with a focus on semantics. This thesis adopts the view that explicit teaching of grammar is the most effective with these learners. Using theoretical insights from the Meaning-Text Theory, Le Morpheur, an Internet-based conjugator, has been developed. In order to see a fully-conjugated form using Le Morpheur, the user selects from a table of inflectional meanings those he wishes to express. In this way, the user becomes aware of all the meanings which must be combined to produce a verbal form. This resource was tested with a group of first-year French students at Dalhousie University. The participants were enthusiastic about Le Morpheur and the manner in which it presents French verb conjugation. These encouraging results indicate that continuing development and evaluation of this semantic-based pedagogical approach is desirable.

This thesis proposes a fine-grained semantic classification of what is traditionally named agent nouns in French; it is thus a study of semantic derivation. Our classification was elaborated starting from 1573 agent nouns extracted from the dictionary Le Nouveau Petit Robert. The definitions of several agent nouns in Le Nouveau Petit Robert represent paraphrastic reformulations that are sufficiently close, which allows us to distribute these nouns into semantically more specific subclasses. We have identified 22 subclasses of agent nouns; these subclasses, along with the corresponding lexical units, were described by means of the formalism of lexical functions proposed by Meaning Text theory. We also elaborated definition templates for lexical units of each subclass as well as generalized government patterns (? subcategorization frames) for them. The interest of our work lies in the fact that the suggested classification allows for a more uniform and a more coherent global description of agent nouns. / Le présent travail porte sur une classification sémantique détaillée de ce qu’on appelle traditionnellement les noms d’agent [= S1] en français. Notre classification a été élaborée à partir de 1573 noms d’agent extraits du Nouveau Petit Robert. Les définitions de plusieurs noms d’agent dans le Nouveau Petit Robert représentent des reformulations paraphrastiques suffisamment proches, ce qui permet de repartir ces noms en sous-ensembles sémantiquement plus spécifiques. Nous avons identifié 22 sous-classes de noms d’agent ; ces classes et les lexies correspondantes ont été décrites au moyen du formalisme des fonctions lexicales proposé par la théorie linguistique Sens Texte. Nous avons également élaboré des définitions lexicographiques généralisées pour les lexies de chaque sous-classe, ainsi que leurs schémas de régime (? cadres de sous-catégorisations) généralisés. L’intérêt de notre travail réside dans le fait que la classification proposée mène vers une description globale plus uniforme et plus cohérente des noms d’agent.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar Colocações Lexicais Especializadas (CLEs) da Hemodinâmica que apresentam bases nominais, por meio da Teoria Sentido-Texto. CLEs são colocações (agrupamentos lexicais) típicas de linguagem especializada que contém em sua constituição uma unidade terminológica, que pode ou não ser a base, além de elementos chamados de colocados, que são especificadores ou caracterizadores da base. Colocados são sempre selecionados em função da base. Além disso, outra forte característica das CLEs é o seu caráter semicomposicional ou fortemente composicional. Assim, para realizar tal objetivo, metodologicamente, escolhemos selecionar 37 CLEs a partir de termos típicos do Vocabulário Panlatino de Hemodinâmica da Realiter. A fim de constatar que os termos escolhidos participavam de colocações ativas na área, recorremos a artigos científicos (pesquisados na plataforma SciELO). Os artigos serviram de fonte para extrairmos as provas textuais das CLEs analisadas e para a formulação das definições dessas CLEs A análise dos dados permitiu que identificássemos as seguintes características das CLEs da Hemodinâmica: (i) quanto à extensão dos elementos (CLEs têm de 2 a 5 elementos); (ii) sobre a característica dos termos que exerciam papel de base nas CLEs examinadas (constituíram núcleos cem por cento nominais); (iii) sobre as características do complemento da base (complementos adjetivais, a maioria, e preposicionais); (iv) quanto aos tipos de Funções Lexicais (FLs) (adjetivais aplicadas a bases com complemento adjetival, preposicionais aplicadas a bases com complemento preposicional); (v) quanto à complexidade da FL (uso apenas de FL simples); e, por fim, (vi) sobre a necessidade de acréscimo de informação à FLs standards (em todos os casos houve acréscimo de informações para completar o sentido da definição, isto é, lançamos mão de FLs não-standards). / This study aims to analyze Specialized Lexical Combinations (SLCs) of Hemodynamic, with nominal base, through Meaning-Text Theory. SLCs are typical collocations (lexical groups) of specialized language that contain in their constitution a terminological unit, which may or may not be a base, in addition to elements called collocatives which are specifiers or characterizers of the base. Collocatives are always selected as a function of the base. In addition, another strong feature of SLCs is your semicomposicional or strongly compositional character. Thus, to achieve this goal, methodologically, we selected the 37 SLCs from typical terms present in the ‘Vocabulário Planlatino de Hemodinâmica’ of Realiter. In order to verify that the chosen terms participate in active placements in the area, we resorted to scientific articles from SciELO platform. The articles served as a source for extracting textual evidence for SLCs and formulating the definitions of SLCs. The analysis of the admissible data identifies the following characteristics of Hemodynamic SLCs: (i) the extension of the elements; (ii) the feature of terms that play the hole of base in the SLCs examined; (iii) the characteristics of the base complement; (iv) the types of Lexical Functions applied in the SLCs; (v) the complexity of LFs applied; and finally (vi) the necessity to increase information in the LFs standard (in all cases, there was added information to complete the meaning of the definition, we applied non-standard LFs).

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar Colocações Lexicais Especializadas (CLEs) da Hemodinâmica que apresentam bases nominais, por meio da Teoria Sentido-Texto. CLEs são colocações (agrupamentos lexicais) típicas de linguagem especializada que contém em sua constituição uma unidade terminológica, que pode ou não ser a base, além de elementos chamados de colocados, que são especificadores ou caracterizadores da base. Colocados são sempre selecionados em função da base. Além disso, outra forte característica das CLEs é o seu caráter semicomposicional ou fortemente composicional. Assim, para realizar tal objetivo, metodologicamente, escolhemos selecionar 37 CLEs a partir de termos típicos do Vocabulário Panlatino de Hemodinâmica da Realiter. A fim de constatar que os termos escolhidos participavam de colocações ativas na área, recorremos a artigos científicos (pesquisados na plataforma SciELO). Os artigos serviram de fonte para extrairmos as provas textuais das CLEs analisadas e para a formulação das definições dessas CLEs A análise dos dados permitiu que identificássemos as seguintes características das CLEs da Hemodinâmica: (i) quanto à extensão dos elementos (CLEs têm de 2 a 5 elementos); (ii) sobre a característica dos termos que exerciam papel de base nas CLEs examinadas (constituíram núcleos cem por cento nominais); (iii) sobre as características do complemento da base (complementos adjetivais, a maioria, e preposicionais); (iv) quanto aos tipos de Funções Lexicais (FLs) (adjetivais aplicadas a bases com complemento adjetival, preposicionais aplicadas a bases com complemento preposicional); (v) quanto à complexidade da FL (uso apenas de FL simples); e, por fim, (vi) sobre a necessidade de acréscimo de informação à FLs standards (em todos os casos houve acréscimo de informações para completar o sentido da definição, isto é, lançamos mão de FLs não-standards). / This study aims to analyze Specialized Lexical Combinations (SLCs) of Hemodynamic, with nominal base, through Meaning-Text Theory. SLCs are typical collocations (lexical groups) of specialized language that contain in their constitution a terminological unit, which may or may not be a base, in addition to elements called collocatives which are specifiers or characterizers of the base. Collocatives are always selected as a function of the base. In addition, another strong feature of SLCs is your semicomposicional or strongly compositional character. Thus, to achieve this goal, methodologically, we selected the 37 SLCs from typical terms present in the ‘Vocabulário Planlatino de Hemodinâmica’ of Realiter. In order to verify that the chosen terms participate in active placements in the area, we resorted to scientific articles from SciELO platform. The articles served as a source for extracting textual evidence for SLCs and formulating the definitions of SLCs. The analysis of the admissible data identifies the following characteristics of Hemodynamic SLCs: (i) the extension of the elements; (ii) the feature of terms that play the hole of base in the SLCs examined; (iii) the characteristics of the base complement; (iv) the types of Lexical Functions applied in the SLCs; (v) the complexity of LFs applied; and finally (vi) the necessity to increase information in the LFs standard (in all cases, there was added information to complete the meaning of the definition, we applied non-standard LFs).

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar Colocações Lexicais Especializadas (CLEs) da Hemodinâmica que apresentam bases nominais, por meio da Teoria Sentido-Texto. CLEs são colocações (agrupamentos lexicais) típicas de linguagem especializada que contém em sua constituição uma unidade terminológica, que pode ou não ser a base, além de elementos chamados de colocados, que são especificadores ou caracterizadores da base. Colocados são sempre selecionados em função da base. Além disso, outra forte característica das CLEs é o seu caráter semicomposicional ou fortemente composicional. Assim, para realizar tal objetivo, metodologicamente, escolhemos selecionar 37 CLEs a partir de termos típicos do Vocabulário Panlatino de Hemodinâmica da Realiter. A fim de constatar que os termos escolhidos participavam de colocações ativas na área, recorremos a artigos científicos (pesquisados na plataforma SciELO). Os artigos serviram de fonte para extrairmos as provas textuais das CLEs analisadas e para a formulação das definições dessas CLEs A análise dos dados permitiu que identificássemos as seguintes características das CLEs da Hemodinâmica: (i) quanto à extensão dos elementos (CLEs têm de 2 a 5 elementos); (ii) sobre a característica dos termos que exerciam papel de base nas CLEs examinadas (constituíram núcleos cem por cento nominais); (iii) sobre as características do complemento da base (complementos adjetivais, a maioria, e preposicionais); (iv) quanto aos tipos de Funções Lexicais (FLs) (adjetivais aplicadas a bases com complemento adjetival, preposicionais aplicadas a bases com complemento preposicional); (v) quanto à complexidade da FL (uso apenas de FL simples); e, por fim, (vi) sobre a necessidade de acréscimo de informação à FLs standards (em todos os casos houve acréscimo de informações para completar o sentido da definição, isto é, lançamos mão de FLs não-standards). / This study aims to analyze Specialized Lexical Combinations (SLCs) of Hemodynamic, with nominal base, through Meaning-Text Theory. SLCs are typical collocations (lexical groups) of specialized language that contain in their constitution a terminological unit, which may or may not be a base, in addition to elements called collocatives which are specifiers or characterizers of the base. Collocatives are always selected as a function of the base. In addition, another strong feature of SLCs is your semicomposicional or strongly compositional character. Thus, to achieve this goal, methodologically, we selected the 37 SLCs from typical terms present in the ‘Vocabulário Planlatino de Hemodinâmica’ of Realiter. In order to verify that the chosen terms participate in active placements in the area, we resorted to scientific articles from SciELO platform. The articles served as a source for extracting textual evidence for SLCs and formulating the definitions of SLCs. The analysis of the admissible data identifies the following characteristics of Hemodynamic SLCs: (i) the extension of the elements; (ii) the feature of terms that play the hole of base in the SLCs examined; (iii) the characteristics of the base complement; (iv) the types of Lexical Functions applied in the SLCs; (v) the complexity of LFs applied; and finally (vi) the necessity to increase information in the LFs standard (in all cases, there was added information to complete the meaning of the definition, we applied non-standard LFs).

Ce mémoire présente un outil informatique pour développer et tester des grammaires d’unification polarisées, conçu entre autres pour faciliter la validation expérimentale du formalisme de la grammaire d’unification Sens-Texte (GUST) de Kahane & Lareau. Les fondements théoriques du formalisme GUP sont d’abord expliqués, puis nous décrivons la conception du module et l’évaluons avec un fragment de la grammaire GUST. / This thesis presents a computer tool to develop and test polarized unification grammars that was built, namely, to help validate experimentally Kahane & Lareau’s Meaning-Text Unification Grammar (MTUG) formalism. We first describe the theory behind the PUG formalism, then we explain how the module was developed and we test it using a fragment of the MTUG grammar.

Ce mémoire présente une évaluation des différentes méthodes utilisées en lexicographie afin d’identifier les liens lexicaux dans les dictionnaires où sont répertoriées des collocations. Nous avons ici comparé le contenu de fiches du DiCo, un dictionnaire de dérivés sémantiques et de collocations créé selon les principes de la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire, avec les listes de cooccurrents générées automatiquement à partir du corpus Le Monde 2002. Notre objectif est ici de proposer des améliorations méthodologiques à la création de fiches de dictionnaire du type du DiCo, c’est-à-dire, des dictionnaires d’approche qualitative, où la collocation est définie comme une association récurrente et arbitraire entre deux items lexicaux et où les principaux outils méthodologiques utilisés sont la compétence linguistique de ses lexicographes et la consultation manuelle de corpus de textes. La consultation de listes de cooccurrents est une pratique associée habituellement à une approche lexicographique quantitative, qui définit la collocation comme une association entre deux items lexicaux qui est plus fréquente, dans un corpus, que ce qui pourrait être attendu si ces deux items lexicaux y étaient distribués de façon aléatoire. Nous voulons mesurer ici dans quelle mesure les outils utilisés traditionnellement dans une approche quantitative peuvent être utiles à la création de fiches lexicographiques d’approche qualitative, et de quelle façon leur utilisation peut être intégrée à la méthodologie actuelle de création de ces fiches. / This paper presents an evaluation of the various methods used in lexicography in order to identify the lexical bonds in dictionaries where collocations are indexed. We compared the contents of entries of the DiCo, a dictionary of semantic derivatives and collocations created according to the principles of explanatory and combinative lexicology, with the lists of cooccurrents generated automatically from the Le Monde 2002 corpus. Our objective here is to propose improvement in the methodology of creation of dictionary entry of DiCo-like dictionaries, i.e., dictionaries of a qualitative approach, where collocation is defined as the recurring and arbitrary associations between two lexical items and where the principal methodological tools used are the linguistic ability of its lexicographers and the manual consultation of corpus of text. The consultation of lists of cooccurrents is a practice associated traditionally with a quantitative lexicographical approach, which defines collocation as an association between two lexical items, which is more frequent, in a corpus, than what could be expected if these two lexical items were randomly distributed in corpus. We want to evaluate in what respect the tools used traditionally in a quantitative approach can be used for the creation of lexicographical entries of a qualitative approach, and how their use can be integrated into the current methology of creation of these entries.

Ce mémoire présente une évaluation des différentes méthodes utilisées en lexicographie afin d’identifier les liens lexicaux dans les dictionnaires où sont répertoriées des collocations. Nous avons ici comparé le contenu de fiches du DiCo, un dictionnaire de dérivés sémantiques et de collocations créé selon les principes de la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire, avec les listes de cooccurrents générées automatiquement à partir du corpus Le Monde 2002. Notre objectif est ici de proposer des améliorations méthodologiques à la création de fiches de dictionnaire du type du DiCo, c’est-à-dire, des dictionnaires d’approche qualitative, où la collocation est définie comme une association récurrente et arbitraire entre deux items lexicaux et où les principaux outils méthodologiques utilisés sont la compétence linguistique de ses lexicographes et la consultation manuelle de corpus de textes. La consultation de listes de cooccurrents est une pratique associée habituellement à une approche lexicographique quantitative, qui définit la collocation comme une association entre deux items lexicaux qui est plus fréquente, dans un corpus, que ce qui pourrait être attendu si ces deux items lexicaux y étaient distribués de façon aléatoire. Nous voulons mesurer ici dans quelle mesure les outils utilisés traditionnellement dans une approche quantitative peuvent être utiles à la création de fiches lexicographiques d’approche qualitative, et de quelle façon leur utilisation peut être intégrée à la méthodologie actuelle de création de ces fiches. / This paper presents an evaluation of the various methods used in lexicography in order to identify the lexical bonds in dictionaries where collocations are indexed. We compared the contents of entries of the DiCo, a dictionary of semantic derivatives and collocations created according to the principles of explanatory and combinative lexicology, with the lists of cooccurrents generated automatically from the Le Monde 2002 corpus. Our objective here is to propose improvement in the methodology of creation of dictionary entry of DiCo-like dictionaries, i.e., dictionaries of a qualitative approach, where collocation is defined as the recurring and arbitrary associations between two lexical items and where the principal methodological tools used are the linguistic ability of its lexicographers and the manual consultation of corpus of text. The consultation of lists of cooccurrents is a practice associated traditionally with a quantitative lexicographical approach, which defines collocation as an association between two lexical items, which is more frequent, in a corpus, than what could be expected if these two lexical items were randomly distributed in corpus. We want to evaluate in what respect the tools used traditionally in a quantitative approach can be used for the creation of lexicographical entries of a qualitative approach, and how their use can be integrated into the current methology of creation of these entries.

Ce projet se décline en deux parties. Dans un premier temps, il s’agit de développer une méthode de conversion automatique des textes annotés selon la sémantique des cadres dans FrameNet en représentations sémantiques de la Théorie Sens-Texte, afin de développer davantage de ressources informatiques pour assurer le développement de différents projets, notamment le réalisateur de textes GenDR. Dans un second temps, cette conversion sera mise à profit pour effectuer une analyse comparative entre les deux formalismes. Nous retiendrons que ces formalismes ne sont pas incompatibles, mais diffèrent par leurs niveaux de granularité et leurs objectifs propres. Nous tracerons quelques parallèles entre les fonctions lexicales et les relations entre cadres, et proposerons une mise en commun des formalismes afin de les enrichir. / This project is divided in two main parts. Firstly, a method allowing for an automatic conversion of FrameNet's Semantics-based text annotations into semantic representations, according to the Meaning-Text Theory framework, will be presented. This method will lead to an increased set of data usable to develop and improve various Meaning-Text Theory-based projects, including GenDR, a text realizer. Secondly, the conversion task will be used to do a comparative analysis of the two frameworks. We will conclude that the two frameworks are not incompatible, but differ in their granularity and goals. We will also draw parallels between the lexical functions and frame- to-frame relationships, and make some suggestions regarding changes to the frameworks in order to enrich them.

Ce mémoire porte sur l’implémentation des propositions relatives en français dans le réalisateur profond multilingue GenDR. Les réalisateurs de surface (SimpleNLG, JSReal ou RealPro) génèrent des propositions relatives, mais dans les réalisateurs profonds (MARQUIS, Forge ou GenDR) cette génération reste rudimentaire. Dans un corpus français de 21 461 phrases, 4505 contiennent une relative, soit environ une phrase sur cinq. Il s’agit donc d’un phénomène linguistique important que GenDR devrait couvrir. Notre cadre théorique est la théorie Sens-Texte. Les propositions relatives se situent au niveau de l’interface sémantique-syntaxe. Nous présentons une typologie des propositions relatives. Nous définissons la relative et elle est divisée en deux grandes catégories : directe et indirecte. La définition des pronoms relatifs se base sur Riegel et al. (2018). Nous avons utilisé GREW, afin d’analyser un corpus du français en SUD. Il y a plus de relatives directes (≈78 %) que d’indirectes (≈22 %). Les pronoms les plus fréquents sont qui (58,8 %), que (13,8%), dont (10,2%) et où (10%), enfin viennent préposition suivie de lequel (5,7%), préposition suivie de qui (0,7 %), lequel (0,4 %), préposition suivie de quoi (0,1 %). Le rôle syntaxique le plus fréquent du nom modifié est objet direct. Puis, nous avons implémenté dans GenDR les règles pour la relative directe, la relative indirecte, et les pronoms relatifs qui, que, dont, préposition suivie de qui et préposition suivie de lequel. Notre implémentation couvre les types de relatives les plus communs en français. Les phénomènes qui nous résistent sont la génération des pronoms lequel, préposition suivie de quoi, où et qui objet, le traitement des verbes modaux et la génération des phrases avec un verbe à l’infinitif après un verbe modal, le traitement des verbes supports et autres collocatifs. Notre implémentation traite le français, mais peut être facilement adaptée à d’autres langues. / This Master’s thesis is about the implementation of French relative clauses in the multilingual deep realizer GenDR. Surface realizers (SimpleNLG, JSReal or RealPro) generate relative clauses, but in deep realizers (MARQUIS, Forge or GenDR) their handling remains rudimentary. In a French corpus of 21,461 sentences, 4,505 contain a relative, i.e. about one in five sentences. Thus, it is a core linguistic phenomenon that should be handled by GenDR. Our theoretical framework is the Meaning-Text theory. Relative clause is relevant in the semantics-syntax interface. We offer a typology of relative clauses. The relative clause is defined, and it is divided into two main categories: direct and indirect. Our definition of relative pronouns is based on Riegel et al. (2018). We used GREW to analyze a French corpus in SUD. There are more direct (≈78%) than indirect (≈22%) relatives. The most frequent pronouns are qui (58.8%), que (13.8%), dont (10.2%) and où (10%), then a preposition followed by lequel (5.7%), a preposition followed by qui (0.7%), lequel (0.4%), and a preposition followed by quoi (0.1%). The most frequent function of the modified noun is direct object. We implemented in GenDR the rules for direct relative, indirect relative, and relative pronouns qui, que, dont, a preposition followed by qui, and a preposition followed by lequel. Our implementation covers the most common types of relatives. The phenomena that are not well handled by our rules are the generation of the pronouns lequel, a preposition followed by quoi, où and object qui, the treatment of modal verbs and the generation of sentences with an infinitive verb after a modal verb, the treatment of support verbs and other collocations. Our implementation is for French, but it can be easily adapted to other languages.