Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka effekterna av driftsparametrar på ett antal mätbara askrelaterade parametrar i dieselpartikelfilter (DPF) i tunga fordon. Tidigare studier visar att askans packningsdensitet, askflöde och hur askan fördelas inuti ett DPF är beroende av parametrar som temperatur, avgasflöde och oljeförbrukning ett fordon har. Det finns anledning att tro att dessa parametrar också påverkas av hur ett fordon används, varför olika driftsparametrar analyserades för korrelation med de uppmätta askparametrarna. De driftsparametrar som undersöktes i denna studie var medelhastighet, antal stopp per 100 km, tomgångsprocent och bränsleförbrukning. Studien startade med metodutveckling av mätning av askvikter hos DPF och jämförde tre olika metoder, benämnda I, II och III. Metod II, som innebar att väga en bit av ett filter före och efter rengöring av filterstycket från aska med tryckluft valdes som den mest pålitliga och användbara metoden eftersom den var snabbare, behövde mindre av varje DPF för att ge kompletta resultat och kunde användas vid analys av DPF-prover som inte hade undersökts innan de användes i ett fordon. Askvikten, tillsammans med den volymetriska fyllningsgraden och genom att känna till inloppsvolymen för ett DPF användes för att beräkna askans packningsdensitet. Fyllningsgraden och askfördelningsprofilen mättes med bildanalys av mikroskopbilder av sågade tvärsnitt av filterstycket. Korrelationsstudien utfördes sedan med dessa metoder och korrelerades med operativa data extraherade från databaser på Scania CV. För att studera vilka parametrar som var korrelerade till varandra utfördes en principal component analysis (PCA) med de operativa och uppmätta variablerna som en matris av data. PCA-analysen visade att tre primalkomponenter (PC) utgjorde >90% av variationen i de erhållna data och att plug/wall-förhållandet, som är ett numeriskt värde för askfördelningen, var starkt positivt korrelerat med ett fordons medelhastighet och negativt korrelerat med antalet stopp, tomgångsprocent och bränsleförbrukning. Vidare visade askflödet en svagare positiv korrelation med tomgångsprocent, antal stopp och bränsleförbrukning medan oljeförbrukningen visade en ännu lägre korrelation med dessa parametrar. Detta indikerar att oljeförbrukningen ej skall ses som en konstant proportionell andel av bränsleförbrukningen för samtliga fordon vid beräkning av serviceintervall för DPFer. Askans packningsdensitet visade ingen till mycket låg korrelation med andra variabler i studien vilket kan bero på att proverna med hög andel väggaska har använts betydligt kortare sträcka än övriga prover, vilket kan ha gjort så att askan inte hunnits packas hårt i filterkanalerna. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of operational parameters on a number of measurable ash related numbers within diesel particle filters (DPFs) of heavy duty vehicles. Previous studies show that ash packing density, ash flow and how the ash is distributed inside a DPF is dependent on parameters such as temperature, exhaust flow profiles and how much oil a vehicle consumes. There is reason to believe that these parameters are also affected by how a vehicle is operated which is why different operational parameters were analysed for correlation with the measured ash numbers. The operational parameters that was investigated in this study was average speed, number of stops per 100 km, idling percentage and fuel consumption. The study started with method development of measuring ash weights of DPFs and compared three different methods, named I, II and III. Method II, which relies on weighing a piece of a filter substrate before and after cleaning the filter piece from ash with pressurized air was chosen as the most reliable and useful method as it was faster, needed less of each DPF to complete the analysis and could be used when analysing DPF samples that had not been investigated previous to its use in a vehicle. The ash weight, together with the volumetric filling degree and known inlet volume of the DPF was used to calculate the ash packing density. The filling degree and ash distribution profile was measured with an image analysis of microscope images of sawed cross sections of the filter piece. The correlation study was then performed with these methods and correlated with operational data extracted from databases at Scania CV. To study which parameters were correlated to each other a primal component analysis (PCA) was performed with the operational and measured variables as a matrix of data. The PCA analysis showed that three primal components made up >90 % of variation in the data and that plug/wall ratio, which is a numerical value of the ash distribution, was strongly positively correlated with average speed of a vehicle and negatively correlated with number of stops, idling percentage and fuel consumption. Furthermore, ash flow showed a slight positive correlation with idling percentage, number of stops and fuel consumption while oil consumption showed an even slighter correlation with these parameters. This indicates that the oil consumption cannot be taken as a constant value as percentage of fuel consumption when calculating service intervals of DPFs. The ash packing density showed none to very low correlation with any other variables in the study, which could depend on the fact that the DPFs with high percentage of wall ash had a significantly lower runtime which could mean that the ash has not had time to be packed tightly in the filter channels.

Contexto: devido à crescente necessidade de melhor conhecer os elementos organizacionais, as medições subjetivas estão ganhando um espaço cada vez maior. Problema: podemos avaliar o quão confiável em relação à realidade do atributo de um mensurando é uma amostra de dados obtidos por meio de medição subjetiva bivalorada? Hipóteses: Hipótese 1 - já existe um método científico que consiga realizar eficazmente a avaliação citada no problema; Hipótese 2 - caso a primeira hipótese não seja satisfeita, é possível criar um método que possa realizar eficazmente aquela avaliação. Objetivo: após confirmada a inexistência de um método consagrado cientificamente que consiga realizar a avaliação citada no problema, então, desenvolver um método que realize eficazmente aquela avaliação. Métodos: elaboração do embasamento teórico sobre os fundamentos da medição subjetiva; revisão bibliográfica sobre os métodos existentes que trabalham com medição subjetiva bivalorada; elaboração e validação de um método que solucione o problema proposto. Escopo e limitações: as publicações utilizadas para elaborar a fundamentação teórica sobre medição subjetiva e o novo método são multidisciplinares, porém o enfoque dado aos estudos foi para a gestão organizacional, com ênfase nos assuntos pertinentes à Engenharia de Produção e áreas afins. Resultados obtidos: (1) foram elaborados os postulados sobre medição subjetiva; (2) foram delineadas as principais fontes de erros de medição subjetiva baseada naqueles postulados; (3) não foi encontrado na literatura pertinente qualquer método científico ou expressão matemática que solucione o problema proposto; (4) foi elaborado um método para trabalhar com medição subjetiva bivalorada. Análise dos resultados: (1) os postulados elaborados serviram de base para o levantamento das principais fontes de erros de medições subjetivas; (2) o embasamento teórico serviu como fundamentação para a elaboração do método preliminar que utilizava a medição subjetiva bivalorada; (3) novos estudos permitiram um aperfeiçoamento do método preliminar, elaborando o novo método; (4) um estudo de caso mostrou a aplicabilidade do novo método. Conclusões: os estudos realizados permitiram comprovar a eficácia do método para medições subjetivas bivaloradas. / Background: Due to the growing need to better understand the organizational elements, subjective measurements are gaining more and more space. Problem: can we assess how reliable a data sample collected via 2-value subjective measurement is in relation to the reality of the attribute of a measurand? Hypotheses: Hypothesis 1 - there is already a scientific method that can effectively perform the assessment mentioned in the problem; Hypothesis 2 - in the even the first hypothesis is not met, it is possible to create a method that can effectively perform that assessment. Purpose: After confirming the absence of a scientifically established method that can perform the evaluation mentioned in the problem, the purpose is to develop a method to effectively perform that evaluation. Methods: Development of theoretical basis on the grounds of subjective measurements; literature review on existing methods that work with 2-value subjective measurement; development and validation of a new method that solves the problem proposed. Scope and limitations: the publications used to develop the theoretical framework of subjective measurements and the new method are multidisciplinary, yet the focus given to the studies was more related to organizational management, with emphasis on matters pertaining to Production Engineering and related fields. Results: (1) postulates on subjective measurements have been elaborated; (2) the main sources of subjective measurement errors based on those postulates have been outlined; (3) no scientific method or mathematical expression that may address the problem proposed has been found on the literature; (4) a method was developed to work with two-value subjective measurements. Analysis of results: (1) the postulates developed served as a basis for raising the main sources of subjective measurement errors; (2) the theoretical framework served as the basis for establishing the primary method that used two-value subjective measurements; (3) new studies allowed for the improvement of the primary method by developing the new method; (4) a case study showed the applicability of the new method. Conclusions: The studies have allowed us to effectiveness of the method for 2-value subjective measurements.

Contexto: devido à crescente necessidade de melhor conhecer os elementos organizacionais, as medições subjetivas estão ganhando um espaço cada vez maior. Problema: podemos avaliar o quão confiável em relação à realidade do atributo de um mensurando é uma amostra de dados obtidos por meio de medição subjetiva bivalorada? Hipóteses: Hipótese 1 - já existe um método científico que consiga realizar eficazmente a avaliação citada no problema; Hipótese 2 - caso a primeira hipótese não seja satisfeita, é possível criar um método que possa realizar eficazmente aquela avaliação. Objetivo: após confirmada a inexistência de um método consagrado cientificamente que consiga realizar a avaliação citada no problema, então, desenvolver um método que realize eficazmente aquela avaliação. Métodos: elaboração do embasamento teórico sobre os fundamentos da medição subjetiva; revisão bibliográfica sobre os métodos existentes que trabalham com medição subjetiva bivalorada; elaboração e validação de um método que solucione o problema proposto. Escopo e limitações: as publicações utilizadas para elaborar a fundamentação teórica sobre medição subjetiva e o novo método são multidisciplinares, porém o enfoque dado aos estudos foi para a gestão organizacional, com ênfase nos assuntos pertinentes à Engenharia de Produção e áreas afins. Resultados obtidos: (1) foram elaborados os postulados sobre medição subjetiva; (2) foram delineadas as principais fontes de erros de medição subjetiva baseada naqueles postulados; (3) não foi encontrado na literatura pertinente qualquer método científico ou expressão matemática que solucione o problema proposto; (4) foi elaborado um método para trabalhar com medição subjetiva bivalorada. Análise dos resultados: (1) os postulados elaborados serviram de base para o levantamento das principais fontes de erros de medições subjetivas; (2) o embasamento teórico serviu como fundamentação para a elaboração do método preliminar que utilizava a medição subjetiva bivalorada; (3) novos estudos permitiram um aperfeiçoamento do método preliminar, elaborando o novo método; (4) um estudo de caso mostrou a aplicabilidade do novo método. Conclusões: os estudos realizados permitiram comprovar a eficácia do método para medições subjetivas bivaloradas. / Background: Due to the growing need to better understand the organizational elements, subjective measurements are gaining more and more space. Problem: can we assess how reliable a data sample collected via 2-value subjective measurement is in relation to the reality of the attribute of a measurand? Hypotheses: Hypothesis 1 - there is already a scientific method that can effectively perform the assessment mentioned in the problem; Hypothesis 2 - in the even the first hypothesis is not met, it is possible to create a method that can effectively perform that assessment. Purpose: After confirming the absence of a scientifically established method that can perform the evaluation mentioned in the problem, the purpose is to develop a method to effectively perform that evaluation. Methods: Development of theoretical basis on the grounds of subjective measurements; literature review on existing methods that work with 2-value subjective measurement; development and validation of a new method that solves the problem proposed. Scope and limitations: the publications used to develop the theoretical framework of subjective measurements and the new method are multidisciplinary, yet the focus given to the studies was more related to organizational management, with emphasis on matters pertaining to Production Engineering and related fields. Results: (1) postulates on subjective measurements have been elaborated; (2) the main sources of subjective measurement errors based on those postulates have been outlined; (3) no scientific method or mathematical expression that may address the problem proposed has been found on the literature; (4) a method was developed to work with two-value subjective measurements. Analysis of results: (1) the postulates developed served as a basis for raising the main sources of subjective measurement errors; (2) the theoretical framework served as the basis for establishing the primary method that used two-value subjective measurements; (3) new studies allowed for the improvement of the primary method by developing the new method; (4) a case study showed the applicability of the new method. Conclusions: The studies have allowed us to effectiveness of the method for 2-value subjective measurements.

<p>U disertaciji je prikazan i predložen novi metod merenja snage<br />i energije vetra koji se bazira na stohastičkoj digitalnoj mernoj<br />metodi (SDMM), umesto do sada korišćene standardne sempling<br />metode (SSM). Standard za merenje brzine vetra predstavlja<br />anemometar sa šoljicama, koji na svom izlazu daje sinusni napon<br />čija su amplituda i frekvencija linearno zavisne od brzine<br />vetra. Kako su snaga i energija vetra proporcionalne trećem<br />stepenu brzine vetra, u tu svrhu se primenjuje generalizovan<br />hardver namenjen za računanje proizvoda tri ulazna signala. Zbog<br />niskog frekvencijskog opsega ulaznog signala izvršeno je<br />značajno pojednostavljenje hardvera mernog uređaja. Teorijskom<br />analizom, simulacijom, a potom i eksperimentom potvrđena je<br />hipoteza istraživanja, da se SDMM uspešno može koristiti za<br />merenje snage i energije vetra.</p> / <p>In this dissertation а new wind power and energy measurement<br />method, based on Stochastic Digital Measurement Method (SDMM),<br />was elaborated and proposed, to replace the commonly used Standard<br />Sampling Method (SSM). The standard for wind speed measurement is<br />a cup anemometer that provides a sinusoidal voltage on its output,<br />having the amplitude and frequency linearly dependent of the wind<br />speed. Since the wind power and energy are proportional to the third<br />degree of the wind speed, the general case hardware has been designed<br />for the product calculation over three input signals. The low frequency<br />range of the input signal allows for a significant simplification of the<br />measuring instrument hardware. By theoretical analysis and<br />simulation, and consequently through an experiment the hypothesis of<br />this research was confirmed - that SDMM can be successfully used to<br />measure wind power and energy.</p>

This thesis is focused on the description of the method of reactive sputtering of thin films. Currently, there are many ways how to create thin films and there are many applications of thin films in various industrial sectors. In this paper at the first are listed the issue of thin films, followed by an overview of the deposition techniques and of the chemical analysis of deposited thin films. It also describes the four-point measurement method of sheet resistance, mechanical test of adhesion and optical properties. At the end of the theoretical part are described the material composition of the deposited films. The goal of the practical part is to optimize the deposition process of the mixed layer of indium tin oxide (In2O3: SnO2) and contribute to the overall understanding of the influence of annealing on the layer. There were created six series of samples with that applied layers. First, the work focused on examining of the influence of annealing on the throughput in the whole measuring range, and then comparing the series due to the transmittance in the visible light spectrum. Furthermore were compared the value of sheet resistance of unannealed and subsequently annealed samples.

The presented dissertation thesis analyses artefacts in diffusion-weighted images. In medical practice, the artefacts can impede the diagnostics of pathological tissues and, therefore, need to be eliminated. As the first step within the thesis, an analysis of the most frequent artefacts in diffusion-weighted images is performed, and the hitherto known approaches to artefact elimination are described. In order to facilitate the reduction of artefacts caused by the inhomogeneity of the static magnetic field and induced by eddy currents, a novel three-measurement method is shown. This technique will find application especially in measuring the diffusion coefficient of isotropic materials. At this point, it is important to note that a significant and commonly found problem is the magnetic susceptibility artefact; different magnetic susceptibility values at the boundary between two materials can cause magnetic field inhomogeneities and even complete loss of the signal. Therefore, we designed a novel method for the measurement of magnetic susceptibility in various samples of magnetically incompatible materials, which do not produce any MR signal. The technique was experimentally verified using a set of differently shaped diamagnetic and paramagnetic samples. In addition to the magnetic susceptibility problem, the thesis presents artefacts such as noise, motion-induced items, hardware limitations, chemical shift, and the dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the temperature. To enable precise measurement of the diffusion coefficient, we proposed a thermal system; in the experiment, it was determined that when the measurement error does not exceed 5%, the temperature change should not be higher than 0,1 °C. In the final sections of the thesis, practical application examples involving the designed methods are shown.

In the semestral thesis is given basic methods of non-contact measurement heart rate. There is explained Eulerian video magnification method deals with the visualization of the pulse in the videosequence of face. The semestral thesis describes algorithm Viola-Jones face detection in images and algorithm Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi for tracking faces in the videosequence. Part of the work includes design and realization of measurement. There is explained realization of the program and documented execution results, which are discussed. From the results it is designed to guide for optimal recording.

<p>У овој докторској дисертацији извршен је преглед постојећих метода мерења угаоног положаја и дат је предлог нове методе за мерење апсолутног угаоног положаја. Предложена мерна метода заснива се на примени трансформације боје објекта из Декартовог RGB простора боја у неки од цилиндричних, кориснички оријентисаних, простора боја (HSV, HSI, HLS). На бази предложене мерне методе конструисан је сензор апсолутног угаоног положаја који се састоји од три оптичка рефлексиона сензора и штампаног шаблона са сивом скалом. Тачност, поновљивост и резолуција мерења, постигнути приликом тестирања сензора су &plusmn;1 &deg;, &plusmn;0,3 &deg; и 0,1 &deg;.</p> / <p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji izvršen je pregled postojećih metoda merenja ugaonog položaja i dat je predlog nove metode za merenje apsolutnog ugaonog položaja. Predložena merna metoda zasniva se na primeni transformacije boje objekta iz Dekartovog RGB prostora boja u neki od cilindričnih, korisnički orijentisanih, prostora boja (HSV, HSI, HLS). Na bazi predložene merne metode konstruisan je senzor apsolutnog ugaonog položaja koji se sastoji od tri optička refleksiona senzora i štampanog šablona sa sivom skalom. Tačnost, ponovljivost i rezolucija merenja, postignuti prilikom testiranja senzora su &plusmn;1 &deg;, &plusmn;0,3 &deg; i 0,1 &deg;.</p> / <p>In this doctoral thesis a review of existing methods for angular position<br />measurement is conducted and a new method for measuring absolute<br />angular position is proposed. The proposed measurement method is based<br />on the use of object color transformation from Cartesian RGB color space to<br />one of the user-oriented cylindrical color space (HSV, HSI, HLS). Оn the<br />basis of the proposed measurement method, absolute angular position<br />sensor consisting of three optical reflective sensors and a grayscale printed<br />pattern is constructed. Accuracy, repeatability and resolution of<br />measurement using proposed sensor were &plusmn; 1 &deg;, &plusmn; 0.3 &deg; and 0.1 &deg;.</p>

<p>U tezi je rešavan centralni problem &ndash; detekcija nule dvobitnom<br />stohastičkom digitalnom mernom metodom (SDMM). Formulisane su<br />dve metode detekcije nule primenom dvobitne SDMM. Po prvoj metodi<br />dinamička rezerva je oko 100 dB a po drugoj ne manje od 160 dB. Obe<br />metode su proverene teorijski, simulaciono i eksperimentalno. Pored<br />rešenja centralnog problema, dato je i nekoliko rešenja problema<br />koji su sa njim vezani. Hipoteza ove teze &ndash; &bdquo;dvobitna SDMM je u opsegu<br />0 % - 10% FS bolja od standardne sempling metode (SSM)&ldquo; &ndash; je potpuno<br />potvrđena u svim razmatranim slučajevima.</p> / <p>The main goal of this thesis was null-detection using a two-bit stochastic<br />digital measurement method (SDMM). Two methods of null-detection, using<br />two-bit SDMM, were formulated. Using the first method around 100 dB of<br />dynamic reserve was achieved and using the second one no less than<br />160 dB. Both methods were theoretically, using simulation and experimentally<br />confirmed. In addition to the solution of the main problem, several other<br />related problems were also solved. The hypothesis of this thesis &ndash; &ldquo;two-bit<br />SDMM in range from 0 % - 10 % FS is better than the standard sampling<br />method (SSM)&rdquo; has been fully confirmed in all considered cases.</p>

<p>У тези је предложена метода мерења ЕОГ сигнала на интервалу са<br />преклапањем временских прозора, која представља модификацију<br />дигиталне стохастичке методе мерења (ДСММ). Хардвер којим се<br />предложена метода може имплементирати заснован је на рачунарској<br />платформи и микроконтролерској структури. Метода је испитана бројним<br />симулацијама и експериментима. Хипотеза ове тезе &ndash; да модел мерења<br />ЕОГ сигнала на интервалу са преклапањем временских прозора<br />омогућава пројектовање ЕОГ мерног уређаја који је отпорнији на утицај<br />шума него ЕОГ мерни уређаји засновани на класичном дигиталном<br />мерењу &ndash; потпуно је потврђена.</p> / <p>U tezi je predložena metoda merenja EOG signala na intervalu sa<br />preklapanjem vremenskih prozora, koja predstavlja modifikaciju<br />digitalne stohastičke metode merenja (DSMM). Hardver kojim se<br />predložena metoda može implementirati zasnovan je na računarskoj<br />platformi i mikrokontrolerskoj strukturi. Metoda je ispitana brojnim<br />simulacijama i eksperimentima. Hipoteza ove teze &ndash; da model merenja<br />EOG signala na intervalu sa preklapanjem vremenskih prozora<br />omogućava projektovanje EOG mernog uređaja koji je otporniji na uticaj<br />šuma nego EOG merni uređaji zasnovani na klasičnom digitalnom<br />merenju &ndash; potpuno je potvrđena.</p> / <p>EOG signal measurement method over an interval using overlapping time<br />windows, which represents the modification of the digital stochastic<br />measurement method (DSMM), has been proposed in this thesis. The<br />hardware that can implement the proposed method is based on a computer<br />platform and a microcontroller structure. The method has been tested with<br />numerous simulations and experiments. Hypothesis of this thesis - the model<br />of EOG signal measurement over an interval using overlapping time windows<br />allows a design of EOG measuring device more resistant to the noise impact<br />than the EOG measuring devices based on classical digital measurement -<br />has been fully confirmed.</p>