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yes / Este documento de investigación del ICPS es un reporte final de un proceso de cuatro años, en el que se realizaron visitas de intercambio entre oficiales de policía de dos distintos pero problemáticos contextos urbanos, así como una reflexión académica sobre lo que nos enseñó acerca de la construcción de seguridad en tales contextos. Esperamos estimular una mayor discusión en el campo académico y en el diseño de políticas para sobrepasar los obstáculos a la construcción de seguridad en nuestras ciudades en formas que contribuyan al bienestar, la paz y la justicia social. Nuestro trabajo en el Centro Internacional de Estudios en Participación de la Universidad de Bradford se concentra especialmente en el estudio de cómo mejores condiciones de seguridad pueden promover y permitirle a la comunidad tener un rol completo en la vida pública. Creemos que la seguridad debe estar en el centro de los estudios de paz con sólidas dimensiones teóricas y prácticas. Este no es un concepto que deba ser dejado a los pensadores conservadores cuya principal preocupación son el orden y la estabilidad. La seguridad crea ambientes que posibilitan cambios sociales positivos y progreso humano.

Les processus de globalisation, régionalisation et décentralisation ont eu des effets sur les dynamiques locales, nationales et internationales, provoquant une participation plus élevée des entités subétatiques sur la scène internationale. Cette action, pouvant être encouragée par l'incapacité du gouvernement central à satisfaire les intérêts des autorités locales sur la scène nationale et internationale, ainsi que par divers éléments politico-administratifs, culturels et économiques, est devenue un phénomène prenant de plus en plus d'ampleur et de reconnaissance. Elle s'est constituée comme une initiative se déployant non seulement sur le continent européen mais aussi sur d'autres zones géographiques, comme l'Amérique latine. Ces actions ont atteint une portée et un intérêt à des dynamiques non seulement régionales mais aussi mondiales, en faveur des intérêts de l'échelle locale. Dans ce volet international, les collectivités territoriales ont projeté, d'une part, à travers des différents outils (individuels et/ou collectifs), des actions stratégiques contribuant à leur développement local et, d'autre part, des actions leur permettant de coopérer et de conquérir des espaces significatifs sur des scènes supérieures, ainsi que de se consolider comme des acteurs incontournables dans des processus et sur des scènes régionales et mondiales importants. Cette insertion des gouvernements non centraux sur la scène internationale, accompagnée de la mise en valeur de l'échelle locale, de l'ouverture d'espaces et d'une évolution du discours international concernant leur rôle dans les problématiques mondiales, régionales et nationales, est un élément permettant de designer le début d'un changement du paysage du système international. Ce travail étudie l'émergence des nouveaux acteurs sur la scène internationale et particulièrement la projection internationale des gouvernements locaux sur cette arène. Dans ce contexte, nous avons également identifié le processus d'engagement et de mise en place de ce type d'actions par des villes de différentes parties du monde, notamment, les activités développées par Barcelone, en Espagne, et Medellín, en Colombie. De plus, nous nous sommes intéressés à la reconnaissance et l'insertion des collectivités territoriales à des structures supérieures dans des cadres régionaux et mondiaux, comme le Mercosur et l'ONU. Ceci a été réalisé, en partie, à travers d'une action collective de villes et d'une organisation réticulaire, comme les réseaux Mercociudades et CGLU. / The processes of globalization, regionalization and decentralization have created different effects on local dynamics, national and international, causing a higher participation of sub-state entities in the international arena. This action, which may be encouraged by the central government's inability to meet the interests of local authorities on the national and international scene, as well as various political and administrative elements, cultural and economic, has become a phenomenon increasingly taken with greater importance and recognition. This has established an initiative that has spread not only on the European continent but also other geographical areas, such as Latin America. These actions have achieved great traction and interest in a dynamic regarding not only regional but also global in the interests of the local sphere. In this international front, local authorities have projected, on the one hand, through different tools (individual and / or collective), strategic actions contributing to local development, on the other hand, actions that allow them to cooperate and conquer significant spaces on top scenes and consolidated as essential players in processes and important regional and global scenes. This inclusion of non-central governments on the international scene, accompanied by the appreciation of the local sphere, the opening of spaces and an evolution of the international discourse about their role in global issues, regional and national, is an element to project the beginning of a change in the landscape of the international system. This paper studies the emergence of new actors on the international scene and particularly the international influence of local governments on this arena. In this context, we have also identified the process of commitment and implementation of such actions by cities around the world, particularly the activities of Barcelona in Spain, and Medellín in Colombia . Additionally, we have been concerned about the recognition and inclusion of local government in higher structures within regional and global frameworks, such as Mercosur and the UN. This has been done, in part, through the collective action of cities and a network organization, such as networks of Mercociudades and UCLG.

Esta pesquisa apresenta o estudo sobre moradia e à cidade entre 1940 e 1972, período de tempo destacado pelo desenvolvimento de soluções urbanas e arquitetônicas da mais alta qualidade; processo que entrou em um período de declínio a partir do segundo semestre de 1970. A contextualização do assunto na cidade de Medellin, levou-nos a reconhecer as contribuições de diversos atores que favoreceram no desenvolvimento urbano e construção de pensamento e planejamento urbano para a cidade. O impacto institucional da Sociedad de Mejoras Públicas e o Instituto de Crédito Territorial, assim quanto a intervenção particular de urbanistas e arquitetos locais e internacionais, incluindo o austríaco Karl Brunner e da empresa norte-americana Town Planning Associates com os arquitetos Wiener y Sert, se traduz em uma ideia particular do moderno. / This research presents the study on housing and the city between 1940 and 1972 time frame highlighted by the development of urban and architectural solutions of the highest quality ; process I entered a period of decline from the second half of 1970. The contextualization of this matter in the city of Medellin, led us to recognize the contributions of various actors favored in urban development and construction of thought and town planning for the city. The institutional impact of the Sociedad de Mejoras Públicas and the Instituto de Crédito Territorial, and the particular intervention of urban planners and local and international architects, including the Austrian Karl Brunner and the US firm Town Planning Associates are identified, resulted in a particular idea of the modern.

Esta pesquisa apresenta o estudo sobre moradia e à cidade entre 1940 e 1972, período de tempo destacado pelo desenvolvimento de soluções urbanas e arquitetônicas da mais alta qualidade; processo que entrou em um período de declínio a partir do segundo semestre de 1970. A contextualização do assunto na cidade de Medellin, levou-nos a reconhecer as contribuições de diversos atores que favoreceram no desenvolvimento urbano e construção de pensamento e planejamento urbano para a cidade. O impacto institucional da Sociedad de Mejoras Públicas e o Instituto de Crédito Territorial, assim quanto a intervenção particular de urbanistas e arquitetos locais e internacionais, incluindo o austríaco Karl Brunner e da empresa norte-americana Town Planning Associates com os arquitetos Wiener y Sert, se traduz em uma ideia particular do moderno. / This research presents the study on housing and the city between 1940 and 1972 time frame highlighted by the development of urban and architectural solutions of the highest quality ; process I entered a period of decline from the second half of 1970. The contextualization of this matter in the city of Medellin, led us to recognize the contributions of various actors favored in urban development and construction of thought and town planning for the city. The institutional impact of the Sociedad de Mejoras Públicas and the Instituto de Crédito Territorial, and the particular intervention of urban planners and local and international architects, including the Austrian Karl Brunner and the US firm Town Planning Associates are identified, resulted in a particular idea of the modern.

This thesis investigates how female-headed households solve their housing needs. Housing is an important resource for them: first because women spend more time in the house and home conditions are of great concern to them because these determine the time and difficulties in fulfilling their domestic responsibilities and, second, because the home is the site of production and economic activities that help increase women's low incomes. / The study is based on the analysis of different women's lives in three different neighborhoods in Medellin, Colombia. This is a qualitative study aimed at providing insight into household patterns, and determining housing alternatives. / The prevalence of female-headed households varies greatly among countries, particularly in the developing regions, and, in recent years, these have emerged as the subject of social concern. As the availability of data increases it becomes clear that these households are heterogeneous and not a uniform group (as previously assumed) in terms of marital status, life cycles and socioeconomic conditions. For this reason, their heterogeneity needs to be taken into consideration in policy formulation.

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The incidence of violence and the configuration of areas of instability, which have accompanied rapid urbanisation processes in the global South, have led to a wide range of responses by state authorities at different levels. These responses include attempts to control, prevent and/or manage various forms of violence and crime. An emerging literature on urban security aims to improve our understanding of public security provision in volatile urban contexts in the global South. This literature has so far been dominated by policy-oriented and state-centric analyses, as well as by critiques of the way neoliberal governance is shaping responses to urban instability. These analytical approaches tend to ignore the political aspects and governmental consequences of security provision in fragile cities. This thesis argues that Foucault’s work on governmentality and ethnographic methodologies offer analytical and methodological tools that can help us address limitations in predominant analytical frameworks and contribute to fill gaps in the literature. The thesis develops an alternative critical approach to the study of urban security using those tools and employs it to investigate security provision in Medellin. This alternative approach focuses on the way security shapes governing processes in particular contexts and on their implications for those who are most vulnerable to urban fragility. Moreover, the thesis uses this innovative approach to investigate the security strategy implemented in Medellin since 2002, as part of what has come to be known as the ‘Medellin Model’. By exploring this particularly relevant case, this thesis highlights the significance of undertaking empirical explorations of the rationality of security strategies in different urban contexts and the importance of taking into account people´s differentiated experiences of security provision. Furthermore, this thesis argues that this alternative approach helps us understand the way power is exercised for particular purposes and on particular subjects in an attempt to deal with urban violence and insecurity. It also argues for the inclusion of these dimensions in contemporary studies of urban security in the global South.

The incidence of violence and the configuration of areas of instability, which have accompanied rapid urbanisation processes in the global South, have led to a wide range of responses by state authorities at different levels. These responses include attempts to control, prevent and/or manage various forms of violence and crime. An emerging literature on urban security aims to improve our understanding of public security provision in volatile urban contexts in the global South. This literature has so far been dominated by policy-oriented and state-centric analyses, as well as by critiques of the way neoliberal governance is shaping responses to urban instability. These analytical approaches tend to ignore the political aspects and governmental consequences of security provision in fragile cities. This thesis argues that Foucault’s work on governmentality and ethnographic methodologies offer analytical and methodological tools that can help us address limitations in predominant analytical frameworks and contribute to fill gaps in the literature. The thesis develops an alternative critical approach to the study of urban security using those tools and employs it to investigate security provision in Medellin. This alternative approach focuses on the way security shapes governing processes in particular contexts and on their implications for those who are most vulnerable to urban fragility. Moreover, the thesis uses this innovative approach to investigate the security strategy implemented in Medellin since 2002, as part of what has come to be known as the ‘Medellin Model’. By exploring this particularly relevant case, this thesis highlights the significance of undertaking empirical explorations of the rationality of security strategies in different urban contexts and the importance of taking into account people´s differentiated experiences of security provision. Furthermore, this thesis argues that this alternative approach helps us understand the way power is exercised for particular purposes and on particular subjects in an attempt to deal with urban violence and insecurity. It also argues for the inclusion of these dimensions in contemporary studies of urban security in the global South.