This paper explores the discourses of emigration in a South African daily newspaper from 1988 to 2001, and discusses the implications of these discourses on the way in which emigration is constructed within South African society In this paper, Potter and Wetherell 's (1987) approach to discourse analysis is utilized. It makes use of interpretative repertoires, to explore the functions and consequences of the discourses. The discursive framework thereby reveals the different subject positions related to nationalism, race and class. It is argued that economics and notions of culture and social class, do more than provide a useful medium through which the phenomenon of emigration can be understood. They also support the affirmations of certain groups of people above others, by claiming that emigration is unpatriotic and disloyal. This paper concludes by identifying the negative connotations of media discourses in the construction of emigration and acknowledges that many alternate constructions are silenced in this matter.

The media has an important role to play in providing information to form the perceptions of media users on HIV/Aids. Furthermore, the media has an agenda setting function through which it determines what news consumers think about, and how they think about these topics they are presented with. Extensive media coverage has been given to the subject of HIV/Aids since the start of the pandemic. The nature of the coverage has, however, been widely criticised, mainly by interest groups actively involved in the fight against the disease. Few formal guidelines exist to guide journalists in this field. Moreover, the existing guidelines that originated mainly from the gaps interest groups identified in the coverage on HIV/Aids, are fairly fragmented. Many newspapers follow the general guidelines set by the media industry for ethical news reporting. These guidelines, such as the ethical code of the Press Ombudsman, are a result of self regulation, which is intrinsic to the social responsibility model that is seen as ideal for South Africa. There are several existing codes offering guidance regarding professional standards and general conduct. Only one - that of the now inactive South African Union of Journalists - includes criteria on HIV/Aids reporting. Through formulating guidelines, interest groups have an agenda setting function and a subsequent potential influence on the media and the public agenda. This paper endeavours to analyse and systematically summarise criteria set by the interest groups for ethically acceptable and accountable HIV/Aids reporting against the background of the agenda setting theory and the social responsibility model. In addition, HIV/Aids reporting in three Sunday papers (the Sunday Times, Sunday Sun and Rapport) is verified against these interest group criteria to ascertain how it measures up, and to determine whether a separate interest group code of ethics is desirable. It was found that the Sunday Times views HIV/Aids as a news priority, while the topic does not feature very high on the agenda of the other two papers. The analysis of news items created the impression that journalists have a basic knowledge of HIV/Aids. However, there is little evidence of deeper insight into the potential impact the media could have on the public's perception of the epidemic. Existing ethics codes compare well to interest group guidelines where general professional standards and ethical aspects are concerned. The interest group guidelines, however, focus on specific problems associated with the epidemic, such as stigma and a tendency to focus on the negative. It is within this applied context that such criteria could be useful. / Thesis (M.A. (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Esta dissertação de mestrado é uma pesquisa sobre o weblog e a forma com que empresas jornalísticas utilizam-no. Empreendemos um exame histórico e etimológico para conhecer esse conceito de página de hipertexto, assim como procuramos encontrar convergências entre as duas formas. Nesse sentido buscamos, no teor polissêmico do blog, as acepções confluentes, constatando o uso mais freqüente como coluna, principalmente na forma de digesto. Em seguida observamos, nos exemplos disponíveis da imprensa brasileira, aqueles títulos que avaliassem, por meio da crítica de mídia, o sentido e a ação do fazer jornalístico, optando pelo exame detalhado dos enunciados de duas publicações: o Blog do Observatório da Imprensa (Bloi) e o No Mínimo Weblog, empreendendo tanto uma avaliação quantitativa da produção, disponível no Anexo A, quanto uma investigação hermenêutica por meio da Análise do Discurso. Para familiarizar aqueles que desconhecem os conceitos dessa disciplina, foi incluído um glossário. Na apuração dos resultados concluímos que as publicações, ao escolher o jornalismo como protagonista de suas narrativas, valorizam a atividade e remetem, na tessitura argumentativa, à tradição do fazer jornalístico. / The Master’s degree dissertation is a research about weblog and the way the journalistic firms use it. In the first part, we did an historical and etymological examination to understand this concept of hypertext page, as well as we look for convergences between the two forms. For that purpose we search, in the blog’s lexical ambiguity meanings, the confluent definitions, discovering the most usual way as a column, particularly in the form of digest. After that we watch, in the Brazilian’ press available samples, those that evaluate, as a kind of media criticism, the meaning and the action of journalistic procedures, choosing by the detailed examination of two cases: the Blog do Observatório da Imprensa (Bloi) and the No Mínimo Weblog, examining quantitatively the production, available in the Annex A, as well as qualitatively, by hermeneutics and the Discourse Analysis. To make familiar those that are unaware of the concepts of this methodology, was enclosed a glossary. In the verification of the results, we conclude that the publications, choosing the journalism as protagonist of its narratives, value the activity and sends, by the argumentative texture, to the tradition of journalistic praxis.

Esta dissertação de mestrado é uma pesquisa sobre o weblog e a forma com que empresas jornalísticas utilizam-no. Empreendemos um exame histórico e etimológico para conhecer esse conceito de página de hipertexto, assim como procuramos encontrar convergências entre as duas formas. Nesse sentido buscamos, no teor polissêmico do blog, as acepções confluentes, constatando o uso mais freqüente como coluna, principalmente na forma de digesto. Em seguida observamos, nos exemplos disponíveis da imprensa brasileira, aqueles títulos que avaliassem, por meio da crítica de mídia, o sentido e a ação do fazer jornalístico, optando pelo exame detalhado dos enunciados de duas publicações: o Blog do Observatório da Imprensa (Bloi) e o No Mínimo Weblog, empreendendo tanto uma avaliação quantitativa da produção, disponível no Anexo A, quanto uma investigação hermenêutica por meio da Análise do Discurso. Para familiarizar aqueles que desconhecem os conceitos dessa disciplina, foi incluído um glossário. Na apuração dos resultados concluímos que as publicações, ao escolher o jornalismo como protagonista de suas narrativas, valorizam a atividade e remetem, na tessitura argumentativa, à tradição do fazer jornalístico. / The Master’s degree dissertation is a research about weblog and the way the journalistic firms use it. In the first part, we did an historical and etymological examination to understand this concept of hypertext page, as well as we look for convergences between the two forms. For that purpose we search, in the blog’s lexical ambiguity meanings, the confluent definitions, discovering the most usual way as a column, particularly in the form of digest. After that we watch, in the Brazilian’ press available samples, those that evaluate, as a kind of media criticism, the meaning and the action of journalistic procedures, choosing by the detailed examination of two cases: the Blog do Observatório da Imprensa (Bloi) and the No Mínimo Weblog, examining quantitatively the production, available in the Annex A, as well as qualitatively, by hermeneutics and the Discourse Analysis. To make familiar those that are unaware of the concepts of this methodology, was enclosed a glossary. In the verification of the results, we conclude that the publications, choosing the journalism as protagonist of its narratives, value the activity and sends, by the argumentative texture, to the tradition of journalistic praxis.

The concepts of media accountability, media criticism and media governance are analysed and discussed in a Swedish setting; how they relate to each other and interact. This is achieved by using various methods – a survey to editors, analy- ses of parliamentary debates, interviews, direct observation and document stu- dies – in studying different stakeholders, media representatives and governance conditions in Sweden during the last 70 years. The findings point in a direction of dynamic complexities with a central role for media criticism. The type, level and intensity of media criticism may affect the functioning of the media governance structure and is a vital part of the media accountability process. The media governance structure – which in addi- tion to media criticism is influenced by international conditions, technological developments and political factors – may in turn affect the media accountability process. In this process, media representatives aim to defend obtained positions of societal influence, achieve and maintain positive PR and enhance editorial quality at the same time. Media criticism may start a substantial media accountability process if the discontent is widespread and not countered by market approval or political iner- tia. The process is facilitated if the critique is connected to more than one frame of accountability and if stakeholders see opportunities for dual objectives. Very strong and widespread media criticism may be difficult for media organizations to neglect. The accountability process in Sweden has become less dependent on corpora- tive negotiations between organized interests and political assemblies. Instead, two other tendencies seem to have emerged: on the one hand a possibility for media organizations to favour such accountability processes that they are able to control, and on the other hand the rise of a rich variety of sometimes short-lived accountability instruments that may develop for specific occasions and are difficult to control.

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The media has an important role to play in providing information to form the perceptions of media users on HIV/Aids. Furthermore, the media has an agenda setting function through which it determines what news consumers think about, and how they think about these topics they are presented with. Extensive media coverage has been given to the subject of HIV/Aids since the start of the pandemic. The nature of the coverage has, however, been widely criticised, mainly by interest groups actively involved in the fight against the disease. Few formal guidelines exist to guide journalists in this field. Moreover, the existing guidelines that originated mainly from the gaps interest groups identified in the coverage on HIV/Aids, are fairly fragmented. Many newspapers follow the general guidelines set by the media industry for ethical news reporting. These guidelines, such as the ethical code of the Press Ombudsman, are a result of self regulation, which is intrinsic to the social responsibility model that is seen as ideal for South Africa. There are several existing codes offering guidance regarding professional standards and general conduct. Only one - that of the now inactive South African Union of Journalists - includes criteria on HIV/Aids reporting. Through formulating guidelines, interest groups have an agenda setting function and a subsequent potential influence on the media and the public agenda. This paper endeavours to analyse and systematically summarise criteria set by the interest groups for ethically acceptable and accountable HIV/Aids reporting against the background of the agenda setting theory and the social responsibility model. In addition, HIV/Aids reporting in three Sunday papers (the Sunday Times, Sunday Sun and Rapport) is verified against these interest group criteria to ascertain how it measures up, and to determine whether a separate interest group code of ethics is desirable. It was found that the Sunday Times views HIV/Aids as a news priority, while the topic does not feature very high on the agenda of the other two papers. The analysis of news items created the impression that journalists have a basic knowledge of HIV/Aids. However, there is little evidence of deeper insight into the potential impact the media could have on the public's perception of the epidemic. Existing ethics codes compare well to interest group guidelines where general professional standards and ethical aspects are concerned. The interest group guidelines, however, focus on specific problems associated with the epidemic, such as stigma and a tendency to focus on the negative. It is within this applied context that such criteria could be useful. / Thesis (M.A. (Communication Studies))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Zugl.: Duisburg, Essen, Univ., Diss., 2006

Memoire (M.E.S.R.)-- Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, 1988. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Purpose : The aim of this paper is to examine how companies which are subject to criticism for their tax avoidance strategies respond to such criticism by analyzing tax related disclosures in organizations’ annual reports as well as corporate social responsibility reports. Design/Methodology/Approach: A qualitative research design was applied using content analysis on annual and corporate social responsibility reports which were collected from the companies’ archives. The reports were selected in terms of the time that the tax avoidance scandal was exposed on media. Therefore, a three-year timeframe of reports was studied, one year before the scandal, the year of the scandal and one year after. The interpretation of the results was done using legitimacy theory. Findings : Three different disclosure strategies have been identified, namely accepting, challenging and influential strategies, which companies use in different ways A variation of responses to media criticism among the companies have been observed which indicates that there is not a framework of answering to media criticism for tax avoidance strategies. The study also illustrates that there is lack of disclosure strategies within the corporate social responsibility reports. Limitations/Implications: The data were collected only from annual reports and CSR reports; other corporate releases were not taken into consideration. The selected companies include one European company and five U.S. companies Originality/Value: The paper contributes to the understanding on how multinationals who are key actors use different response strategies for aggressive tax management as well as provides important information to tax administrators. Furthermore, a theoretical basis on linking corporate response strategies to media criticism based on a legitimacy framework is provided, which could facilitate managers in dealing with the public criticism when their legitimacy is threatened.