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No / From the Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology held in Southampton, England in 2003... (6) - Tallow Hill Cemetery, Worcester: The importance of detailed study of post-mediaeval graveyards (Alan R. Ogden, Anthea Boylston and Tom Vaughan).

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No / Insight into the relative importance of sheep and goat herding and of the economic significance of each species (i.e., milk vs. meat vs. wool) in Medieval Greenland is obtained through the application of Halstead et al.¿s (2002) criteria for the identification of adult ovicaprine mandibles to faunal assemblages from three Norse farmsteads: Sandnes, V52a, and Ø71S. The economic strategies identified are broadly comparable between the two species and the Eastern and Western Settlement sites examined, and are suggestive of the subsistence production of meat and milk. Comparison with farmsteads elsewhere in Greenland indicates that socio-economic status and/or farmstead size interacted with geographical location in determining the economic strategies employed by the Norse farmers. A broader use of resources and a more varied diet are evident at larger farmsteads in Greenland and this paper suggests that such sites would have been better able than their smaller counterparts to withstand environmental deterioration during the early Middle Ages. These analyses have also confirmed that goats were relatively more common in Norse sites in Greenland than in Norse sites in Iceland, Orkney, or Shetland.

Memoria or the medieval remembrance of the dead is integral to our understanding of medieval society. However, memoria was not just a liturgical practice intended to lessen purgatorial suffering, but a ‘total social phenomenon’ that impacted every aspect of life. This thesis follows in the tradition of the German Memoriaforschung school, especially the concepts formulated by Otto Gerhard Oexle. These concepts are here particularly applied to memoria as a group phenomenon. A particular contention of this thesis is that memoria was socially constitutive and thus not only a vehicle to remember the past but a means to create and maintain social groups. Therefore this thesis takes the form of series of case studies drawn from late medieval Livonia (present day Latvia and Estonia) c. 1400-1525. The groups chosen –associations of the urban elites, non-elite brotherhoods, the clergy and the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order – reflect both the strength of the surviving source material and the particular characteristics of the region. Each case study is considered through a series of research questions. How did memoria constitute and shape social relationships? How did memoria create and sustain groups? In what ways was memoria used for political purposes? How did groups use their past to maintain their identities in the present? What role did charity and the poor play? In addition to exploring the above themes, this thesis particularly argues that memoria was used to legitimize power by urban governments and by the Teutonic Order and the archbishops of Riga. This thesis also shows that memoria created the cultural memory of the Teutonic Order and the Rigan church. Memoria sustained the identities of urban elite groups and was essential to creating relationships between the urban elites and non-elite groups.

Yes / We examined six skeletons from mediaeval contexts from two sites in England for the presence of Mycobacterium leprae DNA, each of the skeletons displaying osteological indicators of leprosy. Polymerase chain reactions directed at the species-specific RLEP multicopy sequence produced positive results with three skeletons, these being among those with the clearest osteological signs of leprosy. Following in-solution hybridization capture, sufficient sequence reads were obtained to cover >70% of the M. leprae genomes from these three skeletons, with a mean read depth of 4–10×. Two skeletons from a mediaeval hospital in Chichester, UK, dating to the 14th–17th centuries AD, contained M. leprae strains of subtype 3I, which has previously been reported in mediaeval England. The third skeleton, from a churchyard cemetery at Raunds Furnells, UK, dating to the 10th to mid-12th centuries AD, carried subtype 3K, which has been recorded at 7th–13th century AD sites in Turkey, Hungary and Denmark, but not previously in Britain. We suggest that travellers to the Holy Land might have been responsible for the transmission of subtype 3K from southeast Europe to Britain. / Funded by a studentship awarded by Majlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA) to A.K. and by the University of Bradford and the University of Manchester.

The thesis is focused on medieval mural defined period 13th and 14th century in selected churches former settlements near Prague, which became a part of it in the course of the following centurie. In the introductory part I pursue the mural itself, its technology, mission and function in the space of a medieval church (cap. 2.). I did not forget outline stylish currents that came through from neighboring countries and were absorbed into the painter's developement in our country during 13th and 14th century (cap. 2.2.). The next section is devoted each painting decoration in selected churches. Most attention was directed to the former church of St. Lawrence bellow Petrin hill, which thanks to the unique preservation of several layers of time and style mural lets as show the developement of painting in selected two centurie (cap. 3.). Followes the paintings in the church of the Beheading of st. John the Baptist in Dolní Chabry, in the church of St. John and Paul in Krteň, in the church of St. Bartholomew in Kyje, in the church of the Assumption in Dolní Počernice, in the church of the Beheading of St. John the Baptist in Hostivař and in the church of the Birth of the Virgin Mary in Průhonice (cap. 4.-9.). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

O objetivo desse trabalho é explorar as múltiplas formas com que os hagiógrafos do franciscanismo conceberam o espaço urbano e quais mecanismos utilizaram para formular tal concepção. Pretendemos também investigar se a noção de espaço urbano estabelecida por eles está ou não concorde com um possível discurso mendicante voltado para as práticas citadinas; por fim, queremos avaliar em que medida esses elementos se conjugaram na práxis pastoral dos franciscanos nas cidades onde atuaram. Para tanto, estudaremos duas compilações hagiográficas acerca da vida de s. Francisco de Assis, produzidas no século XIII: Compilatio Assisiensis e Memoriale in desiderio animae. Ambos os textos foram compostos em território peninsular e ambos procuraram acentuar o esforço missionário do santo de Assis para evangelizar, moralizar e \"converter\" as cidades centro-setentrionais da Itália. Partimos do pressuposto de que a hagiografia, de forma geral, constituiu um recurso retoricamente elaborado e utilizado em larga escala pela instituição eclesiástica para transmitir seus ensinamentos e atuar sobre as condutas dos fiéis. Nesse sentido, esperamos encontrar não a cidade real ou o esboço dela, mas a projeção de uma cidade que se queria implementar mediante a transmissão de certos valores tidos como os mais aptos para a transformação do corpo social. O feito de s. Francisco ter trabalhado na evangelização das cidades e de ter fundado uma ordem religiosa de escopo urbano já é indicativo de que a hagiografia franciscana tem algo a contribuir para o amplo estudo da noção de espaço urbano na baixa Idade Média / The objective of this work is explore the multiple forms which the hagiographers of the Franciscanism conceived the urban space and what mechanisms they utilized to formularize this concept. We pretend to investigate if the notion of the urban space established by them is or not concordant with a possible mendicant discourse turned to the citizen practices. Ultimately we endeavor to evaluate in what proportions this elements conjugated themselves in the pastoral praxis of the Franciscans on the cities where they acted. For so much we have studied two hagiographic compilations about the Saint Francis of Assisi\'s life that was written on XIII century: Compilatio Assisiensis and Memoriale in desiderio animae. Both the texts were composed in peninsular territory and tried to emphasize the missionary work of the Saint of Assisi to evangelize, moralize and \"convert\" the center north of Italy. We begin from the supposal that the hagiography, in general, constituted a rhetoric elaborated recourse that was utilized in large scale by ecclesiastic institution to transmit her teaching and to act on the conduct of the faithful. In this sense we expect not find the real city or her sketch but the projection of a city that had wanted implement itself by the transmission of certain values which were considered as the most apt for the transformation of the social body. The done of Saint Francis, who worked on the evangelization of the cities and founded a religious order of the urban scope, is indicative of that the Franciscan hagiography has something to contribute for the large study of the urban space notion on the late Middle- Ages

Verba Vana, or ‘empty words’, are named as among the defining features of London by a late fourteenth-century Anglo-Latin poem which itemises the properties of seven English cities. This thesis examines the implications of this description; it explores, in essence, what it meant to live, work, and especially write, in an urban space notorious for the vacuity of its words. The thesis demonstrates that anxieties concerning the notoriety of empty words can be detected in a wide variety of surviving urban writings produced in the 1380s and 1390s. These include anxieties not only about idle talk – such as janglynge, slander, and other sins of the tongue – but also about the deficiencies of official discourses which are partisan, fragmentary and susceptible to contradiction and revision. This thesis explores these anxieties over the course of four discrete chapters. Chapter one, focusing on Letter-Book H, Richard Maidstone’s Concordia and Geoffrey Chaucer’s Cook’s Tale, considers how writers engaged with the urban power struggles that were played out on Cheapside. Chapter two, examining the 1388 Guild Petitions, considers how the London guilds legitimised their textual endeavours and argues that the famous Mercers’ Petition is a translation of the hitherto-ignored Embroiderers’ Petition. Chapter three, looking at several works by Chaucer, John Gower, the Monk of Westminster and various urban officials, explores the discursive space that emerges following justified and unjustified executions. Chapter four, focusing on Chaucer’s Squire’s Tale and John Clanvowe’s Boke of Cupide, contends that the crises of speech and authority that these poems dramatise can be productively read within the context of the Merciless Parliament of 1388. Through close textual analysis, this thesis analyses specific responses to the prevalence of empty words in the city, while also reflecting more broadly on the remarkable cultural, linguistic, social, and political developments witnessed in this period.