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[pt] A internet permite reunir – simultaneamente e no mesmo ciberespaço informativo – os jornalistas, os leitores, as fontes de informação e as instâncias organizadas da sociedade. Neste ambiente, em que todos têm voz, o papel do jornalista é posto em xeque. Frente a uma crise de identidade jamais enfrentada, o jornalista on-line vem reconfigurando suas funções. Esta pesquisa analisou as rotinas produtivas nos sites de O Globo e do Extra para verificar como a web adicionou papéis a estes profissionais. O ponto de partida foi o estudo pioneiro sobre a função do jornalista na seleção das notícias realizado por David White, em 1950, para verificar a pertinência do papel de gatekeeper no jornalismo on-line. O conceito gatewatcher, que define o jornalista on-line como um observador à procura de conteúdos do interesse de seu público, também foi aplicado. Na sequência, a antiga teoria que relaciona o jornalista a um mediador foi revista, à luz da internet. Observamos que, assim como o modelo de comunicação horizontal da internet traz uma nova camada de informações ao jornalismo on-line, ele também superpõe camadas funcionais aos jornalistas. A produção noticiosa proveniente de canais interativos, como blogs e enquetes, é adicionada aos processos tradicionais de apuração, edição e distribuição da notícia que sempre caracterizaram o jornalismo off-line. Entretanto, a crescente participação do público impõem novas funções aos profissionais na redação. Sustentamos que o jornalista on-line está firmando sua identidade em um novo alicerce: o de mobilizador da audiência, atuando para engajar seu público em torno de diversas causas. / [en] The internet enables the assembling of – concurrently and in the same informative cyberspace – journalists, readers, information sources and society organized agencies. In this scenario, in which everybody has a say, the journalist role is called into question. In view of an identity crisis never seen before, the on-line journalist has been resetting his/her roles. The present research has analysed the productive routines in O Globo and Extra web sites to see how the internet added roles to these professionals. The starting point was David White s pioneering study about the journalist role in selecting news, in 1950, in which he ascertains the relevance of the gatekeeper s role in the on-line journalism. The gatewatcher concept, which defines the journalist on-line as an observer searching for content that may be of his audience interest, has also been applied. Following, the old theory which relates the journalist to a mediator has been reviewed, vis-à-vis the internet. We observe that, as the horizontal communication model of the internet brings a new layer of information to the on-line journalism, it also superimposes functional layers to the journalists. The news production from interactive channels, like blogs and polls, is added to the traditional processes of verification, editing and distribution of news that always characterized off-line journalism. However, increasing public participation imposes new roles for professionals in the newsrooms. It was possible to see how the on-line journalist is establishing his identity based on a new pillar: as an audience mobilizer, seeking the public engagement to support certain causes.

Research suggests that the associations between femininity, body image and eating disorders are intricate. How these constructs are linked to each other still needs to be determined. The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of these links, examining the mediational relationship among these constructs. Also, the prediction that bulimia and binge eating disorder symptoms have a similar origin was tested and compared. Some researchers have suggested that the pathways leading to these disorders are equivalent and the main difference between the two is the dietary restriction, while others see them as distinct disorders with different etiology. A total of 355 female college students (ages 18 to 26) completed a set of questionnaires that assessed femininity, feminine gender role stress, body dissatisfaction, bulimia, and binge eating disorder. Results showed that body dissatisfaction mediates the relationship between femininity or feminine gender role stress with bulimia symptoms, as well as the relationship between feminine gender role stress and binge eating disorder symptoms. Results indicate that body dissatisfaction related to femininity or to feminine gender role stress may contribute to higher levels of bulimia symptoms. The findings also suggest that body dissatisfaction related to feminine gender role stress may contribute to higher levels of binge eating disorder symptoms. Results did not support the mediational role of body dissatisfaction between femininity and binge eating disorder. However, the mediational role of feminine gender role stress between femininity and body dissatisfaction was partially supported, suggesting that feminine gender role stress might only be one pathway by which femininity may have an impact on body dissatisfaction. / Master of Science

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(in English): This diploma thesis deals with the issue of alternative dispute resolution, mediation in non- criminal matters. The mediation is estabilished in the Act on Mediation and amending certain other acts (the Act on Mediation) No. 202/2012 Coll. in the Legal Order of the Czech Republic, that is the main the aspect in this thesis. This actual topic, (the issue is that it is relatively a new law, which came into effect in September 2012), deals with the personality and educational attainment of registered mediators, particulary prerequisite for the performance of the profession of a registered mediator due to the mentioned law and it examines and compares effeciency in the mediators' exams in the Czech Bar Association and the Ministry of Justice of the Czech Republic according to the Ordinance No. 277/2012 Coll., about the trials and rewards of mediator. The main goal of this diploma thesis is to find out by means of quantitative research if there is a difference between registered mediators with different previous university education and how it shows in mediation process. The teoretical part of the diploma thesis is devoted to description of the mediation as an alternative dispute resolution, defining the role and duties of mediators and the system of education of mediators.

Le retrait du Mediator®, médicament des Laboratoires Servier en vente de 1976 à 2009, s’effectue après l’identification de pathologies spécifiques des valves cardiaques : les valvulopathies médicamenteuses. Depuis, l’évènement est abordé sous l’angle du scandale médico-sanitaire, des défaillances du système de régulation et des méthodes d’influence d’un industriel sur des décideurs (politiques ou prescripteurs). Une procédure juridique pour établir des probables infractions aux lois pénales est en cours. Pour comprendre les origines et les conséquences de l’affaire du benfluorex – au-delà des champs de compétence juridiques et politiques – ce travail de thèse propose une analyse du processus de non-reconnaissance d’un effet indésirable grave d’un médicament pendant plus de 30 ans et surtout les effets de ce non-repérage sur ceux qui sont directement concernés : les personnes l’ayant consommé. À partir des données issues de deux enquêtes par questionnaire distinctes adressées l’une à des usagers du Mediator® et l’autre à des cardiologues notre travail établit six différentes « figures » théoriques et analytiques des personnes exposées à la molécule se trouvant au centre de notre enquête. / The withdrawal of Mediator®, a drug sold by Laboratoires Servier between 1976 and 2009, occurred after specific pathologies of cardiac valves were identified: the drug induced valvular heart disease. Since then, the incident has been approached from the angle of health and medical scandal, regulation failure and the influence of an industrial company on decision makers (political figures or prescribers). A legal procedure to establish probable violations of criminal laws is under way. To understand the origins and consequences of the benfluorex affair - beyond the fields of legal and political jurisdiction - this thesis proposes an analysis of the process of non-recognition of a serious adverse side effect of a drug for over 30 years and, above all, the effects of this non-recognition on those directly concerned: the people having taken it. Using data from two separate surveys, one of Mediator® users and the other of French cardiologists, this study establishes six different theoretical and analytical "figures" of people exposed to the molecule at the center of the investigation.

Across four self-contained essays, this dissertation seeks to identify which features make international organizations (IOs) effective peacemakers in modern civil wars. The first essay introduces an original dataset on the institutional design of 21 peace-brokering IOs between 1945 and 2010. The second essay contains a statistical study of 122 IO civil war mediation episodes, examining how variation in institutional design affects outcomes. The third essay presents an in-depth case study, comparing interventions by the Arab League and the United Nations in Syria in 2011 and 2012. The fourth essay is a statistical examination of how IO member state biases influence mediation effectiveness. Overall, this dissertation demonstrates that the performance of peace-brokering IOs cannot be accurately evaluated without taking institutional variation into account. IOs display considerable heterogeneity in de­sign and capabili­ties and this variation has implications for the nature and effectiveness of IO interventions. Quantitative evidence reveals that IOs with strongly centralized instruments for supporting mediation and, in particular, peacekeeping operations are more likely to end civil wars. Qualitative evidence shows that IOs with such capabilities can engage in interventions of greater scope and credibility, enhancing their ability to shape the calculations of civil war disputants. Combined, the studies suggest that although institutional capabilities are necessary for sustained intervention effectiveness, they are conditioned on other organizational attributes. IOs with high preference homogeneity can signal intervention durability, giving them an edge over IOs with divided memberships. IOs that contain member states that have pro­vided direct support to civil war disputants outperform IOs that lack such member states. / <p>This dissertation consists of four self-contained essays dealing with different aspects of conflict management by international organizations.</p><p>Essay 4 previously appeared in 2014 as “Leanings and dealings: Exploring bias and trade leverage in civil war mediation by international organizations” (<em>International Negotiation, 19</em>(2), 315–342).</p>