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Includes bibliographical references and index.

by Cheung Chi-kong, Chu Hok-keung, Ting Wai-tong. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaf 83. / Chapter I. --- BACKGROUND --- p.1 / Introduction --- p.1 / The Origin of Chinese Medicine --- p.2 / A Definition of Chinese Medicine --- p.5 / A Survey --- p.6 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.7 / Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.14 / Data Sources --- p.14 / Sample Design --- p.15 / Data Processing --- p.16 / Chapter IV. --- FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY --- p.17 / Chinese Herbal Drugs --- p.17 / Chinese Health Foods --- p.23 / Further Analysis --- p.29 / Chapter V. --- SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.37 / Summary --- p.37 / Chinese Herbal Drugs : Recommendations --- p.39 / Chinese Health Foods : Recommendations --- p.52 / APPENDIX --- p.65 / Profiles of Respondents --- p.65 / Questionnaire (English/Chinese Version) --- p.68 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.83

Finally, through the application of spatial analytical and spatial statistical methods, a better understanding of the spatial patterns of TCM and Western medical services and their correlations with urban morphology, market, religious, educational and legal patterns can be acquired. / First, Republican Beijing historical information management can successfully manage integrated data for medical service studies of Republican Beijing. Historical data coming out of the historical enquiries can be collected, organized, managed, processed, analyzed and displayed. This framework may have some methodological implications on how to collect, organize, represent and analyze historical urban information in a GIS environment. / Second, Republican Beijing historical GIS database is not just the foundation of spatial analysis in this research, but provides a useful resource for scholars in many years to come. Through this database, public health, urban morphology, education, religion, market and legal cultural observations can be accessed by any investigator throughout Republican Beijing. The approach to identifying the street number improves the accuracy of the database while the approach of zoning 80 districts solves the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. In fact, these are very common problems encountered in historical GIS research that are concerned with "accuracy" and "scale". The two approaches may shed some light on solving such problems. / This research applies an historical GIS approach, which focuses on the spatial dimension as well as quantitative analysis to explore aspects of TCM and Western medical services in Beijing from 1912 to 1937. This dissertation provides a framework for successful integrated data management by establishing Republican Beijing historical information management as an organizational priority. Based on this framework, a system that integrates the functions of data storage, selective retrieval, analysis, display and archiving is established. First, Republican Beijing historical GIS database is produced. Two approaches are provided to work out the street number sequences and zone the 80 subdistricts respectively. Second, four kinds of spatial analytical methods, including buffer analysis, two-step floating catchment area method, spatial auto-correlation and GWR are integrated and used to explore the spatial patterns of TCM, Western medical services and their correlations with urban morphology, market, religious, educational and legal patterns. The main contributions are three-fold: / Zhang, Peiyao. / Advisers: Lin Hui; Billy K. L. So. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-01, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-163). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

and senkyunolide A were found as the three major compounds in all herbal samples investigated. In addition, great variations in both total and individual content of each of the ten main components investigated were observed in samples of different origins and those collected from a GAP developing base in the same or different years, suggesting the necessity of a thorough quality control for Rhizoma Chuanxiong. / Extraction of the main ingredients from Rhizoma Chuanxiong by supercritical fluid extraction using CO2 was investigated. An appropriate SCFE method for Chuanxiong was developed with the mild conditions for the extraction of the unstable components. The method provided a high recovery and adequate reproducibility, and may be suitable for large-scale industry extraction of Chuanxiong. / Firstly, a total of sixteen ingredients were identified from Chuanxiong by HPLC-UV-MS and HPLC-UV analyses. Among them, ten ingredients were determined to be the main components in Chuanxiong. A simple, sensitive and specific HPLC-UV method was developed, for the first time, to simultaneously qualitatively and quantitatively determine twelve ingredients, including the identified ten main ingredients, plus vanillin and tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), which although were not found in the present study, had also been reported to be present in Rhizoma Chuanxiong. The developed assay was fully validated and provided adequate accuracy and reproducibility for all compounds analyzed. It was applied successfully to simultaneously quantify all main constituents in different Chuanxiong samples. TMP and vanillin were not detected, while Z-ligustilide, coniferylferulate. / Furthermore, a comprehensive stability study was carried out for the first time with the three major components senkyunolide A, coniferylferulate, Z-ligustilide and the main ingredient 3-butylidenephthalide, in pure form or Chuanxiong extract obtained from supercritical fluid extraction using CO 2 (SCFE) under different conditions. Results showed that both sun light and elevated temperature led to degradations of these components to different extents. Owing to such thermal and light instability, post-harvest drying and processing procedures could significantly alter the chemical profile of Chuanxiong herb, and thus also need to be well controlled. / In conclusion, analytical and pharmacokinetic studies of the main chemical ingredients in Rhizoma Chuanxiong were systematically conducted. The results revealed, for the first time, that senkyunolide A, Z-ligustilide and 3-butylidenephthalide might be the primary chemical ingredients contributing to the beneficial effects of Chuanxiong. / Oral bioavailability was about 8%, 3% and 20% for senkyunolide A, Z-ligustilide and 3-butylidenephthalide, respectively. Instability in the gut mainly contributed to a low oral bioavailability of senkyunolide A. First-pass metabolism in the liver also contributed to the low oral bioavailability but to a much lower extent. For Z-ligustilide, extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver and degradation in the stomach only partly accounted for its poor oral bioavailability, while other gut factors involved are still unknown. In the case of 3-butylidenephthalide, its low oral bioavailability was attributed to extensive first-pass metabolism in both the gut and the liver. / Pharmacokinetic fates of the main ingredients in Chuanxiong SCFE extract were firstly evaluated in rats. After a single intravenous and oral administration, only senkyunolide A, Z-ligustilide and 3-butylidenephthalide were determined as the main herb related components in plasma. Coniferylferulate, although it is one of the abundant principles in the herb, was not detected in the plasma even immediately after dosing. / Pharmacokinetic profiles of senkyunolide A, Z-ligustilide and 3-butylidenephthalide were further elucidated individually in rats. All three compounds exhibited rapid absorption, extensive distribution, and rapid elimination. The pharmacokinetic profile of senkyunolide A followed a dose-independent pattern, whereas Z-ligustilide exhibited dose-dependent kinetics. 3-Butylidenephthalide underwent enterohepatic re-circulation. / Rhizoma Chuanxiong is derived from the dried rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Umbelliferae). In China, it has been widely prescribed for the treatment of cerebro- and cardio-vascular diseases for thousands of years. However, its chemical and pharmacological basis is poorly understood. In the present study, analytical methods for qualitative and quantitative determination of the main chemical components in Chuanxiong herb were developed. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic profiles of the main chemical ingredients in Chuanxiong were systematically investigated in rats for the first time. / The metabolic profiles of senkyunolide A, Z-ligustilide and 3-butylidenephthalide were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. Oxidation and hydration were found to be the main metabolic pathways for all three compounds. In addition, glutathione conjugation of senkyunolide A and Z-ligustilide also occurred in the rat. A novel metabolite 3-hydroxy-3-butylphthalide was identified as the major metabolite of 3-butylidenephthalide generated by a direct hydration, and was shown to have significantly higher plasma levels than those of the parent compound. Furthermore, the main metabolites detected in the plasma of rats administered with Chuanxiong extract were generated from senkyunolide A, Z-ligustilide and 3-butylidenephthalide. / Yan Ru. / "May 2005." / Adviser: Ge Lin. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1583. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 244-255). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Bi-directional transport studies in SimBioDASRTM and Caco-2 cells were employed to examine the transport profiles of Buph, Ligs and SenA. Apical to basolateral (A-B) transport studies of the tested compounds revealed high intestinal permeability and predicted human absorption of over 98%. Permeability ratio of B-A/A-B of Buph (0.7-1.3) and Ligs (0.8-1.2) indicated that they were transported by passive transcellular and paracellular pathways while the low B-A/A-B ratio of SenA may imply possible involvement of other transport mechanisms. One metabolite (M-1) generated from hydration of Buph was observed in Caco-2 cells and the fraction of metabolism was 12.5% (A-B). / In conclusion, Buph, Ligs and SenA were predicted to have good intestinal absorptions in human and rat. However, extensive hepatic and intestinal first-pass metabolism of Buph in rat and human were found to cause its low oral bioavailability. On the other hand, certain degree of hepatic first-pass metabolism of Ligs and SenA may account for the partial loss of drugs via oral administration to rat. Therefore, other routes of delivery, such as sublingual administration, are worth to be considered to improve the therapeutic effects of chuanxiong. / In the rat SPIP, permeability calculated from the appearance of Buph in mesenteric blood (Pblood) was 6.0+/-1.7 x 10-4 cm/s while the fraction of formation of M-1 was about 7.1%. Together with the in vitro results, it is proposed that first-pass metabolism of Buph was present in human and rat small intestine. Moreover, Ligs and SenA had high Pblood values of 4.2+/-1.2 x 10-3 cm/s and 3.8+/-2.8 x 10-3 cm/s, respectively, indicated that they were highly permeable across rat intestinal mucosa. No metabolism of Ligs was observed. But several metabolites of SenA were detected despite they were not quantified in the present study. / In vitro metabolic studies of Buph demonstrated that major metabolite M-1, which was also found in Caco-2 cells and SPIP, formed mainly in intestine and liver cytosol in rat and human. The intrinsic clearance (Vmax/Km) of Buph was extensive and similar in both organs, and its extent in human was comparable to that in rat. The sum of the estimated in vivo extraction ratio of Buph by liver (48.3%) and intestine (55.0%) was higher the loss via oral administration to rat (77%). On the other hand, several metabolites of Ligs and SenA were found in rat and human liver microsome but not in intestinal preparations. The estimated in vivo extraction ratio by liver of rat was 47.3% (Ligs) and 22.9% (SenA), respectively, which were less than the corresponding loss via oral administration to rat (Ligs: 92.2% and SenA: 97.7%), suggesting that first-pass effect other than metabolism of these two compounds in intestine also contributed to their low oral bioavailability. / Rhizoma chuanxiong is commonly prescribed orally for improving blood circulation and treating cardiovascular disorders in China. Like other traditional Chinese medicines, chuanxiong has been used for thousands of years in China but its chemical basis, pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic fates of the active ingredients, especially absorption, are poorly understood. Recently, seventeen compounds such as 3-butylidenephthalide (Buph), Z-ligustilide (Ligs), senkyunolide A (SenA), vanillin (Vani), ferulic acid (Fera), senkyunolide I (SenI), senkyunolide H (SenH), coniferyl ferulate (ConFer), sedanolide (Sdan), riligustilide (Rili) and levistolide A (LevA) have been isolated and recognized as the main constituents of chuanxiong by our research team (Li et al., 2003). Moreover, it has been demonstrated that Buph, Ligs and SenA are bioactive components of chuanxiong for vasodilatation and anti-thromboembolism (Chan, 2005) though their oral bioavailability in rat are very low (2.3, 7.8 and 23% respectively) (Yan, 2005). Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the intestinal permeability of the major ingredients of chuanxiong and characterizing the intestinal absorption and first-pass metabolism of Buph, Ligs and SenA by in vitro Caco-2 cell monolayers, SimBioDASRTM , in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) in rat and in vitro metabolism using rat and human intestine and liver subcellular fractions respectively. / Using the in vitro cell monolayers of SimBioDAS RTM, the intestinal permeability of major components of chuanxiong ranged from 12.2+/-1.6 x 10-6 cm/s to 70.6+/-9.6 x 10-6 cm/s with a rank order of Fera < Buph < Ligs < Sdan < SenH < SenI < SenA < Vani. They were predicted to have over 70% absorption in human. However, ConFer, Rili and LevA were estimated to have poor human oral absorption. / Ko Nga Ling. / "September 2005." / Adviser: Ge Lin. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1577. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 215-239). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

According to the results, Pa-PDT showed inhibitory effect on MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro with an IC50 value of 0.5 muM at 24 h. Pa-PDT was demonstrated to activate intracellular mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Pa-PDT IS also believed to induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-mediated autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Pa-PDT in combination with Tamoxifen is demonstrated to exert a synergetic effect in inhibiting cancer growth. The combination treatment induces both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis. Regarding the direct cancer cell killing activity, two dimensional gel electrophoresis screening revealed that Pa-PDT regulates proteins which involve in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I-restricted antigen-processing machinery. This activation of antigen presentation was confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunostaining. Furthermore, a cross-presentation of antigen with HLA class I proteins and 70-kDa heat shock protein was found in Pa-PDT-treated cells, as shown by the fluorescent microscopic observation and immunoprecipitation assay. Moreover, the immunogenicity of breast cancer cells was increased by Pa-PDT treatment that triggered phagocytic activity by human macrophages. Our findings provide the first evidence that Pa-PDT can trigger both apoptosis and anti-tumour immunity. / Cancer is one of the most lethal diseases worldwide. Treatments of cancer comprise surgical intervention, radiotherapy or chemotherapy; however, their side effects are still need to be overcome. In order to search for anti-cancer treatments with milder side effects and higher efficiency, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been investigated. Previous study in our laboratory reported that pheophorbide a (Pa), an active compound purified from Scutellaria barbata, combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT) approach produces anti-tumour effect in a wide range of human cancers. Because of the lack of protocols for curing late phase breast cancer, my project is to investigate the therapeutic potential of Pa-PDT and its action mechanism on human breast cancer. A human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, which is estrogen receptor nude and resistant to a conventional breast cancer drug tamoxifen, was used as an in vitro tumour model in my study to mimic the late stage of breast cancer. / Pheophorbide a (Pa) has been proposed to be a potential photosensitizer for the photodynamic therapy of human cancer. However, the immunomodulatory effect of Pa, in the absence of irradiation, has not yet been investigated. The present study revealed that Pa possessed immunostimulating effect on a murine macrophages cell line RAW 264.7. Pa could stimulate the growth of RAW 264.7 cells with the maximal effect at 0.5 muM after 48 h of treatment, where MAPK family including c-Jun N-tenninal kinase (JNK), ERK and p38 MAPK were activated by Pa treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the induction of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-a secretion, and the enhancement of phagocytic activity were observed in Pa-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The results were similar in Pa-treated human immune competent cells (e.g. CD4+ and CD14+ cells) at higher Pa concentrations (from 1 to 10 muM). The present work is the first report to demonstrate the potential immunomodulatory effects of Pa on immune competent cells, apart from its well-known anti-tumour activity. / Bui Xuan, Ngoc Ha. / "December 2010." / Advisers: Fung Kwok Pui; Wong Chun Kwok. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-144). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.

Hoi, Wan Heng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 212-245). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Finally, the hepatoprotection of the 50%EtWZ was evaluated using rat model. The results indicated that the 50%EtWZ possessed potent hepatoprotective activities. The protective effect of the extract against hepatotoxicity induced by long-term treatment with ethanol might be attributed to its inhibitory action on oxidative stress. Although multiple factors could be involved in the inhibition of oxidative injury in the liver, the inhibition of CYP2E1 pathway and the enhanced GSH-related antioxidant capacity might be responsible for the protective effect. In addition, the 50%EtWZ also produced anti-inflammatory effect partly by interfering Toll-Like-Receptor-4 (TLR-4)-mediated signal pathway and reducing the production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (INF-alpha) in Kupffer cells during long-term ethanol exposure. / First, in order to determine which kind of extract possesses the strongest hepatoprotective effect on ethanol-induced cytotoxicity, various extracts were screened for cytochrome P450 2E1 isoenzyme (CYP2E1) inhibitory activity using the fluorogenic CYP2E1 substrate and HepG2 cells overexpressing human CYP2E1. The results showed that all extracts (aqueous, 50% ethanol, and 90% ethanol) of WZ produced inhibitory effect on CYP2E1. The 50% ethanol extract of WZ (50%EtWZ) displayed a stronger CYP2E1 inhibition than the aqueous and 90% ethanol extracts. The aqueous extract and 50%EtWZ showed protective effect against ethanol-induced cytotoxicity at concentrations equivalent to 100 and 1000 mug raw herb/ml. At the same concentration of 100 1.1g/ml, the 50%EtWZ exhibited a more potent protective effect. Higher degree of cytotoxicity was found in the 90% ethanol extract of WZ. Thus, 50%EtWZ was chosen for further study. / In summary, all data suggest that the inhibition of CYP2E1 pathway and the inhibition of oxidative stress by the 50%EtWZ, together with the anti-inflammatory effect on Kupffer cells, may contribute to its hepatoprotection against chronic ethanol-induced liver injury. / Second, the chemical components of the 50%EtWZ were analyzed by chromatographic fingerprints. The fingerprint revealed six hepatoprotective compounds including schisandrin B, schisandrin, deoxyschisandrin, betaine, hyperin, and quercitrin in the formula. / Third, the protective mechanism of the 50%EtWZ was investigated in E47 cells model. The 50%EtWZ protected against CYP2E1-dependent toxicity and oxidative stress induced by ethanol. The mechanism of protection involved the decrease of reactive oxygen species production and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The hepataprotection was associated with the maintenance of mitochondrial GSH. Pre-treating E47 cells with the 50%EtWZ significantly inhibited the expression of CYP2E1. Therefore, the protective effect of the 50%EtWZ was most likely attributed to its antioxidant activities and the inhibition of CYP2E1. In addition, the 50%EtWZ prevented ethanol-induced apoptosis and protected against oxidative damage to mitochondria which are critical for maintenance of cell viability. / Wu-Zi-Yan-Zong-Wan (WZ), a traditional medicinal formula, is used for treatment of male sexual dysfunctions. In this study, the hepatoprotection afforded by Wu-Zi-Yan-Zong-Wan treatment and its biochemical mechanism involved against chronic alcohol-induced injury were investigated. / Chen, Mengli. / "May 2008." / Adviser: Che Chun Tao. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: B, page: 1609. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-179). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

by Fung Yin Lee, Annie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-189). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.iv / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.v / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ix / INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 / Chapter I. --- A. Arterial pressure --- p.4 / Chapter B. --- Regulation of arterial pressure --- p.7 / Chapter II. --- Hypertension --- p.14 / Chapter III. --- Treatment of hypertension --- p.29 / Chapter IV. --- Plants and their effects on blood pressure --- p.48 / Chapter V. --- Characteristics of the three plants being studied --- p.50 / MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.55 / Chapter A. --- Preparative procedures --- p.55 / Chapter 1. --- Preparation of plant extracts --- p.55 / Chapter 2. --- Animal preparation for invivo blood pressure measurement --- p.56 / Chapter 3. --- Preparation of right atria for in vitro studies --- p.56 / Chapter 4. --- Preparation of artery strips for in vitro studies --- p.57 / Chapter 5. --- Preparation for diuretic studies --- p.58 / Chapter B. --- Experiments done --- p.60 / Chapter 1. --- Cumulative dose response of individual plant extract --- p.60 / Chapter 2. --- Combination of plant extracts --- p.60 / Chapter 3. --- Pharmacological antagonists studies --- p.64 / Chapter a. --- Autonomic ganglion transmission --- p.64 / Chapter b. --- Alpha adrenergic activity --- p.64 / Chapter c. --- Beta adrenergic activity --- p.65 / Chapter d. --- Cholinergic activity --- p.65 / Chapter e. --- Histaminergic activity --- p.65 / Chapter f. --- Serotoninergic activity --- p.65 / Chapter 4. --- Urinary and sodium excretionin water loaded rats --- p.66 / Chapter 5. --- Studies on chronotropic and inotropic effects on isolated right atrium --- p.66 / Chapter a. --- Effect of individual plant extract --- p.66 / Chapter b. --- Effect of combination of plant extracts --- p.66 / Chapter 6. --- Effect of plant extract on contractile responses of rat tail artery strips --- p.70 / Chapter a. --- Effect of individual plant extract --- p.70 / Chapter b. --- Effect of combination of plant extracts --- p.70 / Chapter 7. --- Effect of acute oral feeding of plant extracts on blood pressure of rats --- p.71 / Chapter C. --- Statistics --- p.71 / RESULTS / Chapter A. --- Preparation of plant extracts --- p.72 / Chapter B. --- Effect of plant extracts on blood pressure changes --- p.72 / Chapter 1. --- Individual plant extract --- p.72 / Chapter 2. --- Combination of two plant extracts --- p.73 / Chapter 3. --- Combination of three plant extracts --- p.76 / Chapter C. --- Pharmacological antagonist studies --- p.79 / Chapter 1. --- Autonomic ganglion transmission --- p.79 / Chapter 2. --- Alpha adrenergic activity --- p.79 / Chapter 3. --- Beta adrenergic activity --- p.81 / Chapter 4. --- Cholinergic activity --- p.82 / Chapter 5. --- Histaminergic activity --- p.83 / Chapter 6. --- Serotoninergic activity --- p.84 / Chapter D. --- Urinary and sodium excretion in water loaded rats --- p.85 / Chapter E. --- Chronotropic and inotropic studies of isolated right atrium --- p.88 / Chapter 1. --- Effect of individual plant extract --- p.88 / Chapter 2. --- Effect of combination of plant extracts --- p.89 / Chapter F. --- Effect of plant extracts on contractile responses of rat tail artery strips --- p.101 / Chapter G. --- Effect of acute oral feeding of plant extracts on MAP of rats --- p.102 / DISCUSSION --- p.156 / Chapter A. --- Comment on preparation of plant extracts --- p.156 / Chapter B. --- The hypotensive effects of the plant extracts --- p.157 / Chapter C. --- The mechanism of action --- p.159 / Chapter D. --- The renal effect of plant extracts --- p.161 / Chapter E. --- The interaction of the hypotensive effect of plant extracts --- p.164 / Chapter F. --- In vitro studies --- p.167 / Chapter G. --- The oral effect of the plant extracts --- p.174 / SUMMARY --- p.176 / CONCLUSION --- p.179 / REFERENCES --- p.181 / APPENDIX --- p.190 / "Appendix I To study the hypotensive effects of trypsin treated green bean, rue and kelp" --- p.191 / "Appendix II To study the hypotensive effects of ether treated green bean, rue and kelp" --- p.194