Introduktion/Bakgrund: Karies- och parodontal sjukdom är globalt de två mest förekommande orala sjukdomarna och kan leda till smärta, svårigheter att tugga och försämrad livskvalité. Psykisk stress påverkar en individ både fysiologiskt och psykologiskt. Den psykiska stressen har ökat i samhället och långvarig psykisk stress påverkar olika organsystem i kroppen negativt vilket kan leda till sårbarhet för sjukdom. Dessutom kan psykisk stress utgöra en risk för att utveckla karies- och parodontal sjukdom. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva den psykiska stressens påverkan på karies- och parodontal sjukdom. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes genom att systematisk samla in aktuell kunskap inom ämnesområdet från databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Granskningsmallar för kvantitativa studier användes vid kvalitetsgranskning av de inkluderade studierna. Totalt inkluderades tio studier i resultatet där samtliga var kvantitativa med mixad metod. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i följande teman; “Psykisk stress och biologisk påverkan”, “Den psykiska stressens påverkan på beteende och hanteringsstrategier”, och “Psykisk stress och sociala faktorers påverkan”. Studiens resultat rapporterar att höga nivåer av psykisk stress påverkar karies- och parodontal sjukdom. Slutsats: Psykisk stress tillsammans med parodontal sjukdom ger ökad bennedbrytning av det alveolära benet och försämrade resultat vid parodontal behandling. Psykisk stress är associerat med sociala faktorer och bidrar till negativa munhälsobeteenden vilket utgör en risk för karies- och parodontal sjukdom. Hanteringsstrategier för psykisk stress kan verka skyddande mot utveckling av dessa orala sjukdomar. / Introduction/Background: Dental caries and periodontal disease are the two most common oral diseases globally and can lead to pain, difficulty when chewing and reduced quality of life. Psychological stress affects an individual both physiologically and psychologically. Psychological stress has increased in society and longterm psychological stress negatively affects various organ systems in the body, which can lead to vulnerability to disease. In addition, psychological stress can pose a risk för dental caries and periodontal disease. Aim: The aim of this literature study was to describe the impact of psychological stress on dental caries and periodontal disease. Method: A literature study was carried out by systematically retrieving current knowledge in the subject area from the databases PubMed and CINAHL. Review templates for quantitative studies were used in the quality review of the included studies. A total of ten studies were included in the result, all of which were quantitative with mixed methods. Results: The results are presented in the following themes; “Psychological stress and biological influence”, “The psychological stress influence on behavior and coping strategies”, and “Psychological stress and the influence of social factors”. The study results report that high levels of psychological stress have an impact on dental caries and periodontal disease. Conclusion: Psychological stress together with periodontal disease cause reduced bone-level of the alveolar bone and worsened results in periodontal treatment. Psychological stress is associated with social factors and contributes to negative oral health behaviors, which pose a risk for dental caries and periodontal disease. Coping strategies for psychological stress can be protective against the development of these oral diseases.

Title: Correlation between mental stress, trapezius muscles electrical activity and electrical activity of the brain Objectives: The main goal of this thesis is to find out whether a shortterm mental stress induced by solving tests in maths, Czech language and colour word test in a time pressure increases the electrical activity in musculus trapezius and further more to evaluate the change in distribution of alfa activity in electroencephalographic record before and after undertaking the above mentioned tests. Methods: The experimental sample consisted of six university students (5 women, 1 man) at the age from 22 to 30. The electrical activity of m. trapezius pars descendens was being evaluated billateraly using the telemetric surface electromyography TeleMyo Mini of the Neurodata company, and electrical activity of the brain was being evaluated using the EEG Nicolet. The stress load was induced by solving mental tests (Czech language, mathematics and a colour word test) in a time limit. The shorten version of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was used to determine the characteristics of the individuals. We focused mainly on determining degree of neuroticism. Results: No influence of mental load on increasing the electric activity of m. trapezius pars descendens was proven. Electroencephalographic...

<p>The endothelium plays an important part in blood flow regulation by producing the vasodilatory substance nitric oxide (NO). Various studies have shown that commonly accepted risk factors for coronary heart disease, such as hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking and mental stress impair endothelium-derived vasodilation by the NO-pathway. This thesis focuses on the effects of mental stress on the endothelium. Furthermore, the effects of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) and blockades of adrenergic receptors were studied in the forearm in young healthy subjects.</p><p>Different blockades were given locally in the forearm, not affecting general hemodynamics. β-adrenoceptor blockade impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDV), while α-adrenoceptor blockade and neurogenic blockade caused a general vasodilation which was not endothelium dependent. Neuropeptide Y did not seem to influence blood flow in the resting forearm.</p><p>A short period of mental stress induced by an arithmetic task, impaired EDV in the forearm. This negative effect could be blocked by β-adrenergic, but not α-adrenergic receptor blockade.</p><p>Local infusions of E and NE in the human forearm induced vasodilation and vasoconstriction, respectively. As both EDV and endothelium-independent vasodilation were affected by both E and NE, the two catecholamines did not seem to affect vascular tone by an endothelium-specific mechanism.</p><p>Both cold pressure stress and mental stress induced impairments in flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) when normalised for the degree of hyperemic blood flow.</p><p>These findings give us new insights in how mental stress and sympathetic activation affects the endothelium and how the negative effects can be prevented.</p>

The endothelium plays an important part in blood flow regulation by producing the vasodilatory substance nitric oxide (NO). Various studies have shown that commonly accepted risk factors for coronary heart disease, such as hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking and mental stress impair endothelium-derived vasodilation by the NO-pathway. This thesis focuses on the effects of mental stress on the endothelium. Furthermore, the effects of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) and blockades of adrenergic receptors were studied in the forearm in young healthy subjects. Different blockades were given locally in the forearm, not affecting general hemodynamics. β-adrenoceptor blockade impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDV), while α-adrenoceptor blockade and neurogenic blockade caused a general vasodilation which was not endothelium dependent. Neuropeptide Y did not seem to influence blood flow in the resting forearm. A short period of mental stress induced by an arithmetic task, impaired EDV in the forearm. This negative effect could be blocked by β-adrenergic, but not α-adrenergic receptor blockade. Local infusions of E and NE in the human forearm induced vasodilation and vasoconstriction, respectively. As both EDV and endothelium-independent vasodilation were affected by both E and NE, the two catecholamines did not seem to affect vascular tone by an endothelium-specific mechanism. Both cold pressure stress and mental stress induced impairments in flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) when normalised for the degree of hyperemic blood flow. These findings give us new insights in how mental stress and sympathetic activation affects the endothelium and how the negative effects can be prevented.

Master's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Hovedopgave. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

A profession as a nurse is one of the most responsible and the most hazardous jobs. According to the statistic data a discipline of health care has the great number of "occupational diseases" cases and they are caused by overdone physical load and mental stress. The thesis targets are the assessments of the load related to the type of work, the awareness of nurses about the prevention against the undue physical load and the mental stress, the motivation and the satisfaction for the nurses at their work. The important parts are the options for a prevention and a reduction of the load and the methods of relaxation and rest. I used two types of questionnaires for my research, the first one was non standard which was focused on the individual targets and the other one was the standard Maslach Burnout Inventory questionnaire focused on finding a degree of burnout in individual cases. The research was carried out in General University Hospital and in Thomayer University Hospital in Prague. There were compared two departments- a department of internal medicine and a department of surgery in intensive care. The conclusions of my research are: H1: the increased level of load was found in both cases, in the department of internal medicine is dominant the mental stress and in the department of surgery it is...

INTRODUÇÃO: Frente às evidências de que a depressão associa-se a eventos cardíacos, morte súbita, desenvolvimento de coronariopatia, e maior mortalidade por causas cardiovasculares, torna-se muito importante estudar as possíveis causas das alterações cardiovasculares na depressão. Alterações de sistema nervoso autonômico (SNA) vêm sendo descritas em pacientes deprimidos. Os estudos sobre funcionamento do SNA têm utilizado a dosagem de catecolaminas séricas e urinárias e análise de VFC, que são avaliações indiretas do funcionamento do SNA. Avaliações diretas, como a microneurografia, aparentemente ainda não foram utilizadas no estudo do funcionamento do SNA em pacientes com depressão maior. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo o comportamento do sistema nervoso simpático em indivíduos deprimidos, em período basal e após teste de estresse mental, foi comparado com controles. Realizaram as avaliações: 19 pacientes com depressão maior e 15 controles, com 18 a 45 anos de idade. Indivíduos que apresentassem condições médicas e/ou uso de medicamentos que pudessem interferir com o comportamento do sistema nervoso autonômico não foram incluídos. A avaliação psiquiátrica incluiu a administração da Escala de avaliação para depressão de Montgomery e Asberg (MADRS) e Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para o DSM-IV - Transtornos do Eixo I - Versão 2.0 (SCID-I /P). Atividade nervosa simpática muscular (ANMS) foi medida pela microneurografia. Fluxo sangüíneo muscular (FSM) no antebraço foi medido pela técnica de peltismografia de oclusão venosa. A pressão arterial (PA) foi monitorizada de forma não invasiva por um manguito inflado automaticamente, e a freqüência cardíaca (FC) foi medida por eletrocardiograma. O registro basal foi realizado por 3 minutos, seguido de teste de cores, que foi realizado por 4 minutos. RESULTADOS: Os grupos de pacientes deprimidos e controles não diferiram significativamente em relação a idade, peso e índice de massa corpórea. Os grupos de pacientes deprimidos e controles não apresentaram diferenças significativas nos valores de ANSM, PA sistólica, PA diastólica, PA média, FC, FSM e condutância vascular no antebraço no período basal. Não houve diferença significativa na reatividade ao estresse mental entre os grupos. Houve correlação positiva e significativa (0,84; p=0,0001) entre os valores de MADRS e de ANSM média no período basal dos pacientes com depressão. Houve correlação positiva e significativa (0,70; p=0,01) entre os valores do item tensão da MADRS e de ANSM média no período basal dos pacientes com depressão. CONCLUSÕES: Não foram encontradas diferenças nas medidas basais de atividade simpática entre indivíduos deprimidos e controles. Também não foram encontradas diferenças na reatividade cardiovascular a teste de estresse mental entre os grupos. Houve uma correlação positiva e significativa entre sintomas depressivos e atividade nervosa simpática muscular (ANSM), medida por microneurografia. Houve também uma correlação positiva e significativa entre sintomas ansiosos e ANSM. / INTRODUCTION: It is well established that depression is associated with cardiac events, sudden death, higher cardiovascular mortality and higher incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD). A number of biological mechanisms linking depression and CAD have been identified, including dysregulation of autonomic nervous system (ANS). Studies with heart rate variability and catecholamines measures have been perfomed in depressed patients. Microneurography is a direct and efficient method to measure sympathetic nerve traffic in humans. To our knowledge, there is no previous study with microneurography in depressed patients. METHODS: ANS functioning, during rest and mental stress, in depressed patients was compared to controls. Nineteen depressed patients and 15 controls (18 to 45 years old) were involved in the study. Subjects with medical conditions and/or use of medications that could interfere on ANS were not included. Psychiatric evaluation included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0) and the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Muscle sympathetic nervous activity (MSNA) was directly measured from the peroneal nerve using microneurography. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by venous occlusion pletysmography. Blood pressure (BP) was monitored noninvasively by an automatic BP cuff, and heart rate (HR) was measured by electrocardiogram. Baseline register was performed by 3 minutes and Stroop color word test was performed for 4 minutes. RESULTS: There was no difference in age, weight and body mass index between the two groups studied. No significant difference was found between groups in regard to systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean BP (MBP), HR, MSNA, FBF and forearm vascular conductance at baseline. All parameters significantly increased during mental stress in the two groups. The reactivity to mental stress showed no difference between groups. There was a significant positive correlation between MADRS total scores and mean baseline MSNA (0,84; p=0,0001) among depressed patients. There was also a significant positive correlation between MADRS tension scores and mean baseline MSNA (0,70; p=0,01) among depressed patients. CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in baseline measures of sympathetic activity between depressed patients and controls. The reactivity to mental stress between the groups did not differ as well. There was a positive significant correlation between depressive symptoms and mean baseline MSNA. There was a positive significant correlation between anxiety symptoms and mean baseline MSNA.