Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1972. / Photocopy from microfilm of typescript, q.v.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1972. / Photocopy from microfilm of typescript, q.v.

published_or_final_version / Chinese Historical Studies / Master / Master of Arts

Following the footsteps of British merchants, Jewish merchants began migrating to China's coastal ports starting from the 1840s. Small in their number, they exerted great influence on Shanghai's economic development. The community of Jews from Baghdad, for instance, wielded enormous clout in coastal China's economic and financial markets. To fill the gap of the economic and financial activities of the Jewish merchants' community in the existing literature, this dissertation considers Jewish economic activities in Shanghai using the Kadoorie enterprise as a case study. It examines the emergence, development and retreat of the Jewish merchants' community and argues that the Jewish merchants' community seized the opportunity of the changing political and economic environment in China to engage in the capital market in Shanghai and to enlarge their influence in the Chinese economy. Through the case study of the Kadoories, this dissertation focuses on the financial side of their operations and suggests that the Jewish merchants' community in Shanghai had established their identity and status in the Far East through expanding their economic influences. This dissertation starts by analyzing how the Kadoories knocked over the obstacles on the problem of nationality and started their business in Shanghai with the British legal tools. It further investigates their methods of raising capital and highlights their economic contributions. This dissertation examines the business strategies of the Jewish merchants, as a migration diaspora given the vagaries of the global economy and the changing political situation in coastal China. It then explores the interactions and power struggles between the Kadoories and their business partners to explain the business network of the Jewish merchants and account for the building up of the economic influence of the Jewish merchants' community in China. Furthermore, the case study examines how the Jewish merchants adapted their business strategies in response to political and economic changes. Examining the economic activities of these Jewish merchants provides insight into China's economic history. The case study of the Kadoories also reveals the fluctuations in Shanghai's economy and the characteristics of economic changes in contemporary China. Finally, this dissertation highlights the retreat of the Kadoories from Shanghai after 1945. At present, the Kadoories are still conducting business in China.

Wong King Chi, Kenneth. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 197-206). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter 1.0 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Issue and Scope --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Modern Studies of Gardens in Yangzhou: 'A Mixed Tradition of North and South' and 'The Qianlong Style' --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- An Alternative Reading --- p.4 / Chapter 2.0 --- Scholar Garden: A Convention or Invention? --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Wenren yuan 文人園:A Problematic Term --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Garden and Eremitism: Taohua Yuan 桃花源 and Wangchuan Bieye 輞川別業 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Discourses on Garden: The Authority of Yuan Ye 園冶 --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3 --- A Material Culture / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Xianqing Ouji 閑情偶寄 and the Popularization of Gardens in Late Ming --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Recent Studies on the Material Aspect of Ming Gardens --- p.22 / Chapter 3.0 --- Yangzhou in the Oing dynasty: Social and Intellectual Climate --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- A City of Fame and Prosperity --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Culture of Salt Merchants --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Extravagance --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Gardens Mania --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Patronage to Artists and Scholars --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Response of the Literati --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Elegance and Vulgarity --- p.38 / Chapter 4.0 --- Yangzhou Gardens in the Time of Kangxi (1662-1722) and Qianlong (1736-1795) --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1 --- Famous Yangzhou Gardens --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Gardens of the Zheng's Brothers: Ying Yuan 影園 and Xiu Yuan 休園 --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Grand Project: Shou Xihu Gardens 痩西湖 --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Qianlong's Southern Tour --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Shou Xihu Gardens in Yangzhou Huafanglu 揚州畫舫錄 --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3 --- The New City's Gardens --- p.48 / Chapter 5.0 --- Ge Yuan --- p.50 / Chapter 5.1 --- Historical Background --- p.50 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Record of the Garden: Ge Yuan ji 個園記 --- p.51 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Planning --- p.53 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Garden Layout --- p.54 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Touring Paths --- p.56 / Chapter 5.3 --- Rockeries of the Seasons: A Query --- p.58 / Chapter 6.0 --- Jixiao Shanzhuang --- p.63 / Chapter 6.1 --- Historical Background --- p.63 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Jixiao and Tao Qian --- p.64 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Plan --- p.65 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Touring Paths --- p.67 / Chapter 6.3 --- Theater in the Garden --- p.68 / Chapter 7.0 --- Spatial Reading One: A Scholar's Hut Amongst Immortal's Mountain --- p.70 / Chapter 7.1 --- Rockery and Garden Building --- p.70 / Chapter 7.2 --- The Influence of Shitao 石濤 --- p.72 / Chapter 7.3 --- Wandering and Dwelling --- p.74 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Keyou keju 可游可居 in Landscape Paintings --- p.74 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Prospect and Refuge --- p.77 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- yuan 遠 and shen: 深 Reading of Space and Place in Garden --- p.78 / Chapter 8.0 --- Spatial Reading Two: Shuttling between Mundane and Transcendent Worlds --- p.82 / Chapter 8.1 --- The Western and Eastern Portions --- p.82 / Chapter 8.1.1 --- The Influence of Yuan Jiang's Painting of Dong Yuan 東園 --- p.85 / Chapter 8.1.2 --- The Lands of Immortals --- p.87 / Chapter 8.1.3 --- Inversion --- p.91 / Chapter 8.1.4 --- Smallness and Largeness --- p.93 / Chapter 8.1.5 --- Jiejing 借景 --- p.95 / Chapter 8.2 --- Symbols of Continuity --- p.98 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Entrance Sequence --- p.98 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- A Bridge Across Two Realms --- p.98 / Chapter 8.2.3 --- "Pavilion, ting 亭" --- p.100 / Chapter 8.2.4 --- Boat-like Hall --- p.100 / Chapter 8.2.5 --- Twin-corridor --- p.103 / Chapter 8.2.6 --- Walls and Windows: Cave Openings --- p.103 / Chapter 8.3 --- Shuttling --- p.106 / Chapter 9.0 --- Spatial Reading Three: A Pursuit of Elegance --- p.108 / Chapter 9.1 --- Bamboo: A Symbol of Gentleman --- p.108 / Chapter 9.1.1 --- The Influence of Zheng Xie 鄭燮:Bamboo and qinggao 清高，Loftiness --- p.109 / Chapter 9.1.2 --- The Invention of Taste: From ziran 自然 to ya 雅 --- p.111 / Chapter 9.2 --- Gardens of the Ma's Brothers: Xingan 行庵 and Xiaolinglong Shanguan小玲瓏山館 --- p.115 / Chapter 9.2.1 --- "The Metaphor of kanshan 看山,Seeing Mountain" --- p.118 / Chapter 10.0 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.121 / Illustrations --- p.123 / Bibliography --- p.197

宋黎昀. / "2011年9月". / "2011 nian 9 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-135). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Song Liyun. / Chapter 第一章： --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 一. --- 論文之背景和目的 --- p.1 / Chapter (一). --- 背景 --- p.1 / Chapter (二). --- 研究目的 --- p.5 / Chapter 二. --- 文獻回顧 --- p.7 / Chapter (一). --- 民族性與商業 --- p.7 / Chapter (二). --- 商品化與「本真性」 --- p.13 / Chapter (三). --- 宗教與商業行為 --- p.18 / Chapter 三. --- 田野地之選擇與研究方法 --- p.23 / Chapter (一). --- 田野點的意義所在 --- p.23 / Chapter (二). --- 研究方法 --- p.25 / Chapter 四. --- 本論文之結構安排 --- p.29 / Chapter 第二章： --- 「藏族街」在成都 --- p.31 / Chapter 一. --- 成都的少數民族 --- p.31 / Chapter 二. --- 成都的藏族 --- p.32 / Chapter 三. --- 成都與藏區的地緣關係及往來淵源 --- p.33 / Chapter 四. --- 「藏族街」生意的發展歷程 --- p.40 / Chapter 五. --- 「藏族街」在成都 --- p.47 / Chapter (一). --- 成都大眾眼中的「藏族街」 --- p.49 / Chapter (二). --- 政府眼中的「敏感地帶」 --- p.50 / Chapter (三). --- 當地社區漢人對「藏族街」藏人的看法 --- p.53 / Chapter 六. --- 藏族商人之間的關係 --- p.59 / Chapter 七. --- 城市的邊緣人 --- p.60 / Chapter 八. --- 小結 --- p.63 / Chapter 第三章： --- 佛教道德觀與藏族商人的商業行為 --- p.65 / Chapter 一. --- 藏地經濟之變遷 --- p.66 / Chapter (一). --- 80年代以前的藏族社會經濟 --- p.66 / Chapter (二). --- 80年代以來市場經濟體系下的藏地經濟 --- p.69 / Chapter 二. --- 藏傳佛教藝術品買賣當中的禁忌 --- p.76 / Chapter (一). --- 對佛像生意的爭議 --- p.76 / Chapter (二). --- 其他禁忌物品 --- p.81 / Chapter 三. --- 佛教道德對商業觀念的影響 --- p.83 / Chapter 四. --- 「積德」的行為 --- p.86 / Chapter 五. --- 分析和小結 --- p.88 / Chapter 第四章： --- 何為「正宗的」藏傳佛教藝術品 --- p.91 / Chapter 一. --- 與尼泊爾的貿易網絡 --- p.91 / Chapter 二. --- 藏族商人對其產品「正宗性」的建構 --- p.99 / Chapter (一). --- 尼泊爾產品與藏地、 漢地產品的區分 --- p.100 / Chapter (二). --- 藏式風格與漢式風格的區分 --- p.102 / Chapter (三). --- 宗教用品與旅遊紀念品的區分 --- p.104 / Chapter 三. --- 有區分的本真性概念 --- p.114 / Chapter 四. --- 小結 --- p.120 / Chapter 第五章： --- 結論 --- p.121 / Chapter 一、 --- 族群性與商業之間的關係 --- p.121 / Chapter 二、 --- 商品化和「本真性」的建構 --- p.125 / Chapter 三、 --- 宗教對商業行為的影響 --- p.127 / 參考文獻 --- p.130