A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar em que medida os documentos com características testamentárias da Gália merovíngia refletem estratégias de transmissão de bens, ou seja, as ações planejadas pelos testadores para definir o caminho que devem tomar seus bens após sua morte, no reino merovíngio entre os séculos VI e VIII. A transmissão de bens é um ato importante da vida em sociedade. Para estudá-la, são analisados 12 testamentos do período, ou seja, todos os que sobreviveram até os dias de hoje, além da fórmula 17 do livro II do Formulário de Marculfo, que variam tanto no tempo quanto no espaço. A princípio, essa análise nos ajuda a visualizar as semelhanças entre os testamentos laicos e episcopais. Assim, podemos nos aproximar da compreensão dessas práticas legais no período, bem como da organização dos grupos sociais. A análise dessa documentação com o auxílio da historiografia é importante para que também notemos as variações dos testamentos ao longo do tempo e do espaço e como eles auxiliavam no cumprimento das últimas vontades dos aristocratas. / This dissertation aims to analyze how testamentary documents from Merovingian Gaul reflect strategies for transferring goods in the Merovingian kingdom from sixth to eighth centuries. These strategies are actions planned by testers to define what will happen to their goods after their death. The transfer of assets is an important practice of social life. To study it, 12 wills from the period are analyzed, all those which survived to the present day, plus the formula 17, book II from the Formulary of Marculf. All these testaments vary both in time and in space. At first, this analysis can help us visualize the similarities between the secular and the episcopal type of testaments. Therefore, we can understand these legal practices in the period as well as the organization of the groups. The analysis of this documentation and the aid of historiography are important to note the variations of the wills over time and space and understand how they helped the fulfillment of the aristocratic last wills.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar em que medida os documentos com características testamentárias da Gália merovíngia refletem estratégias de transmissão de bens, ou seja, as ações planejadas pelos testadores para definir o caminho que devem tomar seus bens após sua morte, no reino merovíngio entre os séculos VI e VIII. A transmissão de bens é um ato importante da vida em sociedade. Para estudá-la, são analisados 12 testamentos do período, ou seja, todos os que sobreviveram até os dias de hoje, além da fórmula 17 do livro II do Formulário de Marculfo, que variam tanto no tempo quanto no espaço. A princípio, essa análise nos ajuda a visualizar as semelhanças entre os testamentos laicos e episcopais. Assim, podemos nos aproximar da compreensão dessas práticas legais no período, bem como da organização dos grupos sociais. A análise dessa documentação com o auxílio da historiografia é importante para que também notemos as variações dos testamentos ao longo do tempo e do espaço e como eles auxiliavam no cumprimento das últimas vontades dos aristocratas. / This dissertation aims to analyze how testamentary documents from Merovingian Gaul reflect strategies for transferring goods in the Merovingian kingdom from sixth to eighth centuries. These strategies are actions planned by testers to define what will happen to their goods after their death. The transfer of assets is an important practice of social life. To study it, 12 wills from the period are analyzed, all those which survived to the present day, plus the formula 17, book II from the Formulary of Marculf. All these testaments vary both in time and in space. At first, this analysis can help us visualize the similarities between the secular and the episcopal type of testaments. Therefore, we can understand these legal practices in the period as well as the organization of the groups. The analysis of this documentation and the aid of historiography are important to note the variations of the wills over time and space and understand how they helped the fulfillment of the aristocratic last wills.

Discuter de la pratique équestre des populations archéologiques occidentales aboutit bien souvent à la question : avec ou sans étriers ? Cette réflexion à propos de l’absence ou de la présence de l’étrier dans les techniques de monte des périodes anciennes est indissociable de la pensée de L. T. White à propos de son introduction en Occident. Ce dernier qualifie le caractère de cet objet équestre comme « révolutionnaire ». Pourtant, ce dernier élément de l’équipement équestre du cheval de monte ne favorise pas une meilleure maîtrise de l’animal de la part du cavalier. On peut être un excellent cavalier sans étriers à l’instar des amérindiens d’Amérique du Nord de la période coloniale. En revanche, l’étrier ou les étriers offrent de nouveaux points d’appuis au cavalier et modifient indéniablement sa posture sur sa monture. La posture du cavalier a fait l’objet de nombreuses attentions comme en témoignent les traités équestres antiques, modernes et actuels. Un large ensemble de marqueurs osseux réunis sous un seul et même terme « le syndrome du cavalier », par les études anthropologiques, permettrait de reconnaitre sur l’os sec des lésions osseuses liées à cette activité équestre. Or le changement de position du cavalier sur son cheval, notamment lors de l’introduction de nouveaux équipements équestres tel que l’étrier, remet en cause l’universalité de ce syndrome et ce quelle que soit la période chronologique étudiée : un cavalier grec ne possède pas le même équipement équestre qu’un cavalier du XVIIIe siècle. Par conséquent, tous deux ne se positionnent pas de la même manière sur leur partenaire équin. La révision de ce syndrome du cavalier a contribué à souligner l’importance de mener une recherche interdisciplinaire (archéologie du cheval, anthropologie biologique et données de la médecine du sport équestre) pour pouvoir discuter de manière rigoureuse de l’impact lésionnel de cette activité sur le corps du cavalier ainsi que de l’influence du type d’équipement utilisé sur ce dernier. La période mérovingienne offre un contexte archéologique idéal d’étude, par la présence d’objets équestres dans les tombes et celle de l’étrier à partir de la fin du VIe siècle, pour définir un ensemble pertinent d’indices d’activité équestre permettant l’identification de la pratique équestre, et de cavaliers, au sein des groupes funéraires mérovingiens. / The topic of the equestrian practice of Western archaeological populations often leads to the question of the use of stirrups or not ? This question on the absence or presence of the stirrup in the ancient times is closely related to L. T. White's thought about his introduction to the West. He qualifies the character of this equestrian object as "revolutionary". This element of the equestrian equipment does not favor a better control of the animal, as you can be an excellent rider without stirrups like North American Indians during the colonial period. The stirrup or the stirrups offer new points of support to the rider and undeniably modify his posture on the horse. The posture of the rider has been the subject of many attentions as shown by the ancient, modern and current equestrian treaties. A large group of occupational stress markers described, by anthropological studies, and known with the term "horse-riding syndrome" would make it possible to recognize bone lesions associated with this equestrian activity. The rider’s change of position on the horse, especially during the introduction of new equestrian equipment such as the stirrup, raises the question of the universality of this syndrome regardless of the chronological period studied : a Greek rider does not have the same equestrian equipment as a rider of the 18th century. Therefore, both do not position themselves in the same way on their equine partner. The new study of this syndrome has helped to emphasizing the importance of conducting interdisciplinary research (using horse archeology, biological anthropology and equestrian sport medicine data) in order to rigorously discuss the injury impact of this activity on the rider's body as well as the influence of the equipment used. The Merovingian period offers an ideal archaeological context for such a study because of the presence of both equestrian artifacts and stirrup from the end of the 6th century in the burials, helping in defining occupational stress markers of this equestrian activity, and identifying riders, within the Merovingian funerary groups.