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The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers
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Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
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Les provinces orientales de l’empire parthe / The eastern provinces of the Parthian empireBaratin, Charlotte 28 November 2009 (has links)
Le croisement des sources écrites permet de restituer des confins parthes comprenant la Margiane, l’Arie, la Drangiane, l’Arachosie, une partie de la Bactriane et la vallée de l’Indus. La rareté et l’ambiguïté des sources avaient fait négliger les indications sur la Bactriane et envisager l’indépendance des autres régions à partir du Ier siècle de notre ère. Les récents renouvellements de la documentation, en particulier numismatique et archéologique, concernant l’Asie centrale et le nord-ouest de l’Inde, et les progrès accomplis par la critique des sources permettent aujourd’hui de reconsidérer la question. L’objectif de notre enquête consiste à explorer l’hypothèse d’une intégration politique de cet espace à l’empire parthe, occupé en partie par des populations réputées scythes et dont les pratiques monétaires sont habituellement interprétées comme le témoignage d’une indépendance politique. La reconstitution d’un corpus adéquat, la relecture critique des sources écrites et la reconsidération du matériel disponible montrent que la réinterprétation des données permet d’intégrer celles-ci de façon plus cohérente dans une synthèse d’ensemble enrichie. Cette étude, en faisant intervenir des « Sakas-Parthes » de Bactriane, des Parthes « scythisés » de Margiane et des « Indo-Sako-Parthes » dans les régions sud-orientales, veut montrer que la question de l’origine ethnique est de peu d’intérêt pour rendre compte de la culture et des pratiques politiques de groupes que leur position géographique frontalière vouait à avoir un peuplement ethniquement mêlé et à subir de puissants effets d’acculturation communs aux pays voisins et constamment renouvelés. / Intersecting written sources allows a restitution of Parthian eastern borders comprising Margiana, Aria, Drangiana, Arachosia, one part of Bactria, and the Indus Valley. The rarity and the ambiguity of sources had caused us to neglect the indications pertaining to Bactria and to envision the independence of the other regions from the 1st century of our era. The recent revival of sources -- in particular numismatic and archeological ones -- concerning central Asia and north-west India, as well as the progress accomplished by the criticism of sources allow us today to reconsider this statement. Our investigation aims at exploring the hypothesis of a political integration of these regions to the Parthian Empire, partly occupied by populations known as Scythian, whose monetary practices are usually interpreted as a mark of political independence. The reconstitution of an adequate corpus, the critical re-evaluation of the written sources, as well as the reconsideration of the available material allow us to reinterpret the data and to integrate them in a more consistent way within an overall improved synthesis. This study involves so called Bactrian 'Saka-Parthians', Margian 'scythianized Parthians' and south-oriental 'Indo-sako-Parthians'; it seeks to demonstrate that the issue of ethnical origin is of little interest to understand the cultural and political practices of these groups, which, due to their geographical position on the frontier, were doomed to have an ethnically mixed population and to undergo powerful acculturation effects which were common to neighbouring countries and which where constantly renewed.
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Marijuana Australiana: Cannabis use, popular culture and the Americanisation of drugs policy in Australia, 1938-1988Jiggens, John Lawrence January 2004 (has links)
The word 'marijuana' was introduced to Australia by the US Bureau of Narcotics via the Diggers newspaper, Smith's Weekly, in 1938. Marijuana was said to be 'a new drug that maddens victims' and it was sensationally described as an 'evil sex drug'. The resulting tabloid furore saw the plant cannabis sativa banned in Australia, even though cannabis had been a well-known and widely used drug in Australia for many decades. In 1964, a massive infestation of wild cannabis was found growing along a stretch of the Hunter River between Singleton and Maitland in New South Wales. The explosion in Australian marijuana use began there. It was fuelled after 1967 by US soldiers on rest and recreation leave from Vietnam. It was the Baby-Boomer young who were turning on. Pot smoking was overwhelmingly associated with the generation born in the decade after the Second World War. As the conflict over the Vietnam War raged in Australia, it provoked intense generational conflict between the Baby-Boomers and older generations. Just as in the US, pot was adopted by Australian Baby-Boomers as their symbol; and, as in the US, the attack on pot users served as code for an attack on the young, the Left, and the alternative. In 1976, the 'War on Drugs' began in earnest in Australia with paramilitary attacks on the hippie colonies at Cedar Bay in Queensland and Tuntable Falls in New South Wales. It was a time of increasing US style prohibition characterised by 'tough-on-drugs' right-wing rhetoric, police crackdowns, numerous murders, and a marijuana drought followed quickly by a heroin plague; in short by a massive worsening of 'the drug problem'. During this decade, organised crime moved into the pot scene and the price of pot skyrocketed, reaching $450 an ounce in 1988. Thanks to the Americanisation of drugs policy, the black market made 'a killing'. In Marijuana Australiana I argue that the 'War on Drugs' developed -- not for health reasons -- but for reasons of social control; as a domestic counter-revolution against the Whitlamite, Baby-Boomer generation by older Nixonite Drug War warriors like Queensland Premier, Bjelke-Petersen. It was a misuse of drugs policy which greatly worsened drug problems, bringing with it American-style organised crime. As the subtitle suggests, Marijuana Australiana relies significantly on 'alternative' sources, and I trawl the waters of popular culture, looking for songs, posters, comics and underground magazines to produce an 'underground' history of cannabis in Australia. This 'pop' approach is balanced with a hard-edged, quantitative analysis of the size of the marijuana market, the movement of price, and the seizure figures in the section called 'History By Numbers'. As Alfred McCoy notes, we need to understand drugs as commodities. It is only through a detailed understanding of the drug trade that the deeper secrets of this underground world can be revealed. In this section, I present an economic history of the cannabis market and formulate three laws of the market.
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