University, Diss., 2004--Kiel.

Submitted by Inácio de Oliveira Lima Neto (inacio.neto@inpa.gov.br) on 2017-05-29T14:42:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_Inaura_Santos.pdf: 2446013 bytes, checksum: 3d710c9454abaf6ac4e4a6fa8ffa7bdd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T14:42:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_Inaura_Santos.pdf: 2446013 bytes, checksum: 3d710c9454abaf6ac4e4a6fa8ffa7bdd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The destruction of natural landscapes has intensified ecological and conservation studies of soil fauna. Arthropods are often used as a model for studies on integrity and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Using two collection methods, we investigated the spatial distribution pattern and the sample sufficiency of edaphic springtails to create one collection protocol in different vegetation types in the Amazon. Standardized samples were taken by RAPELD system in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 in three forests in the Amazon. In each area, 30 plots of 250 m, spaced 1 km from each other were used. The depth of the litte, the clay and phosphorus contente were used to assess the ecological relationships with the community of springtails. In Reserva Ducke the inventory was carried out in 2011 using the Berlese-Tullgren apparatus. In total, 4,126 individuals, 28 species of three families springtails were recorded. The reduction in sampling effort by the similarity with the maximum effort composition in reduced effort was efficient (rP> 0.6), but the maintenance of ecological responses was not showed because the the ecological relathionship captured with the maximum effort was not recovered in reduced efforts. Therefore, the reduction of the sampling effort-with the Berlese method was possible only for research taxonomic aspects. In 2012 we conducted a survey in Maracá Ecological Station with two collection methods, Berlese-Tullgren and pitfall and evaluated the cost- benefit of these two techniques. Combining the methods, there were 4,453 individuals and 15 species. The methods, Berlese-Tullgren and Pitfall, detect different species compositions without overlapping information. However, using only Pitfall, the ecological pattern captured with the two combined methods is recovered. We concluded that the use of only one method of collection is viable, enabling the pitfall as an effective method for sampling springtails. In the years 2012 and 2013 we carried out surveys in Ducke, Maraca and Viruá National Park using Pitfall. In total, 10,295 springtails and 20 species were recorded in the three forests. The community of springtails edaphic was influenced by environmental factors in the three areas. The species composition changes according to the litter gradient in Ducke and Maraca with the clay content in the Ducke and Viruá, and the fóforo content of the soil in Viruá. The reduction from 10 to five subsamples per plot was efficient to sample the three areas, since the reduced effort recorded high similarity in species composition and recovered the ecological pattern recorded with the maximum effort. We concluded that the reduction of subsamples was effective with Pitfall in three areas in the Amazon. Reduction of sampling effort provides the protocol simplification that require less effort in the field and laboratory in terms of time and cost, contributing with data to the maintenance of biodiversity. / A destruição das paisagens naturais tem intensificado estudos ecológicos e conservacionistas da fauna edáfica. Os artrópodes são usados frequentemente como modelo para estudos sobre integridade e funcionamento dos ecossistemas terrestres. Usando dois métodos de coleta, investigamos o padrão de distribuição espacial e a suficiência amostral de colêmbolos edáficos, para a criação um protocolo de coleta em diferentes fitofisionomias na Amazônia. Três áreas de florestas na Amazônia. Em cada área, foram usadas 30 parcelas de 250 m, espaçadas 1 km entre si. A profundidade da serrapilheira, o teor de argila e de fósforo do solo foram usados para avaliar as relações ecológicas com a comunidade de colêmbolos. Na Reserva Ducke foi realizado um inventário em 2011 utilizando o aparelho de Berlese- Tullgren. Foram obtidos 4.126 indivíduos, 28 espécies de três famílias colêmbolos. A redução do esforço de coleta através da similaridade da composição do esforço máximo em comparação com esforços reduzidos foi eficiente (rP > 0,6), porém, a redução para manutenção das respostas ecológicas não foi comprovada, pois o padrão ecológico capturado no esforço máximo não foi recuperado no esforço reduzido. Portanto, sugerimos que a redução do esforço amostral com o método de Berlese-Tullgren é possível apenas para pesquisas de cunho taxonômico. Em 2012 foi realizado um inventário na Estação Ecológica de Maracá com dois métodos de coleta (Berlese-Tullgren e Pitfall) e avaliado o custo- beneficio dessas duas técnicas. Combinando os métodos, foram registrados 4.453 indivíduos e 15 espécies. Os métodos, Berlese-Tullgren e Pitfall, detectaram composições diferentes de espécies, sem sobreposição de informação. Porém, usando apenas o Pitfall, o padrão ecológico capturado com os dois métodos combinados é recuperado. Assim, concluímos que a utilização de apenas um método de coleta é viável, capacitando o Pitfall como um método eficaz na amostragem de colêmbolos. Nos anos de 2012 e 2013 foram realizados inventários na Ducke, em Maracá e no Parque Nacional do Viruá, utilizando Pitfall. Foram coletados 10.295 colêmbolos e 20 espécies nas três áreas de proteção. A comunidade de colêmbolos edáficos foi influenciada pelos fatores ambientais nas três áreas. A composição de espécies muda em função do gradiente de serrapilheira na Ducke e em Maracá, com o teor de argila na Ducke e em Viruá, e com o teor de fósforo do solo em Viruá. A redução de 10 para cinco subamostras por parcela foi eficiente para amostrar as três áreas, uma vez que no esforço reduzido registramos alta similaridade na composição de espécies e da recuperação dos padrões ecológicos registrados no esforço máximo. Desse modo, a redução de subamostras foi eficaz com o pitfall nas três áreas. A redução do esforço amostral propicia a simplificação do protocolo que demandará menor esforço no campo e laboratório em termos de tempo e custos, contribuindo com dados para a manutenção da biodiversidade.

Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Submitted by Erondina Silva (erondinasilva@ufgd.edu.br) on 2010-10-21T18:14:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_DanieleFabianaGlaeser.pdf: 1862124 bytes, checksum: 67326d4a00e0a8a5763b0bc51ab271ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erondina Silva(erondinasilva@ufgd.edu.br) on 2010-10-21T18:14:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_DanieleFabianaGlaeser.pdf: 1862124 bytes, checksum: 67326d4a00e0a8a5763b0bc51ab271ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-10-21T18:14:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_DanieleFabianaGlaeser.pdf: 1862124 bytes, checksum: 67326d4a00e0a8a5763b0bc51ab271ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / Diante da importância dos Acari para a manutenção da qualidade do solo e da fragilidade desses organismos às práticas agrícolas, avaliou-se a influência dos herbicidas glifosato e glifosato+2,4-D sobre a população de Acari edáficos em sistema de plantio direto (PD) e de plantio convencional (PC). A pesquisa foi realizada em áreas experimentais da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, MS. Em cada sistema foram estudados: herbicidas (glifosato, testemunha e glifosato+2,4-D), época (15, 30, 45, 60 e 75 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas nas parcelas tratadas) e profundidade (0 a 2,5 cm e 2,5 a 5 cm), totalizando 30 tratamentos, em oito repetições. As coletas de solo foram realizadas através de anéis de 2,5 cm de comprimento, com o auxílio de um extrator de solo e posteriormente, as amostras foram alocadas em mesa expositora através de funis de Berlese, onde permaneceram por sete dias. Em seguida, os organismos das amostras foram triados e identificados. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o Inteiramente Casualizado, no esquema fatorial, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan (p<0,05). No PD, os herbicidas glifosato e glifosato+2,4-D contribuíram para o aumento do número de Acari, conforme a época de amostragem. No PC, o herbicida glifosato+2,4-D influenciou o aumento desses organismos. A profundidade de 0 a 2,5 cm e o sistema PD apresentou maior número de Acari. Em geral, tanto os herbicidas, quanto as épocas de coleta influenciaram no aumento das populações de Acari. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT - Due to the importance of Acari for the maintaining soil quality and the fragility of these bodies to agricultural practices, evaluate the influence of the herbicide glyphosate and glyphosate 2.4-D on the population of Acari edaphic in no-tillage system (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). The research was performed in experimental areas at Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, MS. In each system were studied: herbicides (glyphosate, witness and glyphosate+2.4-D), season (15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after application of herbicides in plots treated) and depth (0 to 2.5 and 2.5 cm to 5 cm), totaling 30 treatments on eight repetitions. Sampling of soil were carried out through rings of 2.5 cm, with the aid of an extractor of soil and subsequently, the samples were allocated in table exposure with Berlese funnels, where remained for seven days. Then the bodies of the samples were screened and identified. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized, in the factorial scheme, and the data submitted to the analysis of variance and the mean compared by Duncan test (p <0.05). In the NT, the herbicide glyphosate and glyphosate+2.4-D contributed to the increase in the number of Acari, as the time of sampling. In the CT, the herbicide glyphosate+2.4-D influenced these bodies. The depth of 0 to 2.5 cm and the NT system showed higher number of Acari. In general, both herbicides, as the times of sampling influence the populations of Acari.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanieleFGlaeser.pdf: 1862124 bytes, checksum: 67326d4a00e0a8a5763b0bc51ab271ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Due to the importance of Acari for the maintaining soil quality and the fragility of these bodies to agricultural practices, evaluate the influence of the herbicide glyphosate and glyphosate 2.4-D on the population of Acari edaphic in no-tillage system (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). The research was performed in experimental areas at Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, MS. In each system were studied: herbicides (glyphosate, witness and glyphosate+2.4-D), season (15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after application of herbicides in plots treated) and depth (0 to 2.5 and 2.5 cm to 5 cm), totaling 30 treatments on eight repetitions. Sampling of soil were carried out through rings of 2.5 cm, with the aid of an extractor of soil and subsequently, the samples were allocated in table exposure with Berlese funnels, where remained for seven days. Then the bodies of the samples were screened and identified. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized, in the factorial scheme, and the data submitted to the analysis of variance and the mean compared by Duncan test (p <0.05). In the NT, the herbicide glyphosate and glyphosate+2.4-D contributed to the increase in the number of Acari, as the time of sampling. In the CT, the herbicide glyphosate+2.4-D influenced these bodies. The depth of 0 to 2.5 cm and the NT system showed higher number of Acari. In general, both herbicides, as the times of sampling influence the populations of Acari / Diante da importância dos Acari para a manutenção da qualidade do solo e da fragilidade desses organismos às práticas agrícolas, avaliou-se a influência dos herbicidas glifosato e glifosato+2,4-D sobre a população de Acari edáficos em sistema de plantio direto (PD) e de plantio convencional (PC). A pesquisa foi realizada em áreas experimentais da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, MS. Em cada sistema foram estudados: herbicidas (glifosato, testemunha e glifosato+2,4-D), época (15, 30, 45, 60 e 75 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas nas parcelas tratadas) e profundidade (0 a 2,5 cm e 2,5 a 5 cm), totalizando 30 tratamentos, em oito repetições. As coletas de solo foram realizadas através de anéis de 2,5 cm de comprimento, com o auxílio de um extrator de solo e posteriormente, as amostras foram alocadas em mesa expositora através de funis de Berlese, onde permaneceram por sete dias. Em seguida, os organismos das amostras foram triados e identificados. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o Inteiramente Casualizado, no esquema fatorial, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan (p<0,05). No PD, os herbicidas glifosato e glifosato+2,4-D contribuíram para o aumento do número de Acari, conforme a época de amostragem. No PC, o herbicida glifosato+2,4-D influenciou o aumento desses organismos. A profundidade de 0 a 2,5 cm e o sistema PD apresentou maior número de Acari. Em geral, tanto os herbicidas, quanto as épocas de coleta influenciaram no aumento das populações de Acari

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanieleFGlaeser.pdf: 1862124 bytes, checksum: 67326d4a00e0a8a5763b0bc51ab271ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Due to the importance of Acari for the maintaining soil quality and the fragility of these bodies to agricultural practices, evaluate the influence of the herbicide glyphosate and glyphosate 2.4-D on the population of Acari edaphic in no-tillage system (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). The research was performed in experimental areas at Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, MS. In each system were studied: herbicides (glyphosate, witness and glyphosate+2.4-D), season (15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after application of herbicides in plots treated) and depth (0 to 2.5 and 2.5 cm to 5 cm), totaling 30 treatments on eight repetitions. Sampling of soil were carried out through rings of 2.5 cm, with the aid of an extractor of soil and subsequently, the samples were allocated in table exposure with Berlese funnels, where remained for seven days. Then the bodies of the samples were screened and identified. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized, in the factorial scheme, and the data submitted to the analysis of variance and the mean compared by Duncan test (p <0.05). In the NT, the herbicide glyphosate and glyphosate+2.4-D contributed to the increase in the number of Acari, as the time of sampling. In the CT, the herbicide glyphosate+2.4-D influenced these bodies. The depth of 0 to 2.5 cm and the NT system showed higher number of Acari. In general, both herbicides, as the times of sampling influence the populations of Acari / Diante da importância dos Acari para a manutenção da qualidade do solo e da fragilidade desses organismos às práticas agrícolas, avaliou-se a influência dos herbicidas glifosato e glifosato+2,4-D sobre a população de Acari edáficos em sistema de plantio direto (PD) e de plantio convencional (PC). A pesquisa foi realizada em áreas experimentais da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, MS. Em cada sistema foram estudados: herbicidas (glifosato, testemunha e glifosato+2,4-D), época (15, 30, 45, 60 e 75 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas nas parcelas tratadas) e profundidade (0 a 2,5 cm e 2,5 a 5 cm), totalizando 30 tratamentos, em oito repetições. As coletas de solo foram realizadas através de anéis de 2,5 cm de comprimento, com o auxílio de um extrator de solo e posteriormente, as amostras foram alocadas em mesa expositora através de funis de Berlese, onde permaneceram por sete dias. Em seguida, os organismos das amostras foram triados e identificados. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o Inteiramente Casualizado, no esquema fatorial, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan (p<0,05). No PD, os herbicidas glifosato e glifosato+2,4-D contribuíram para o aumento do número de Acari, conforme a época de amostragem. No PC, o herbicida glifosato+2,4-D influenciou o aumento desses organismos. A profundidade de 0 a 2,5 cm e o sistema PD apresentou maior número de Acari. Em geral, tanto os herbicidas, quanto as épocas de coleta influenciaram no aumento das populações de Acari

The degradation of soil quality due to anthropogenic causes is globally important, both in terms of ecosystem services and ecological biodiversity. Soil quality reduction is stated to be detrimental for population densities and species diversity of soil invertebrates, including the mesofauna (Acari and Collembola). Within the soil food web, mesofauna occupy several trophic levels and as such facilitate nutrient turnover, fulfilling vital ecosystem functions and services. Understanding soil invertebrate population dynamics not only during degradation, but equally upon ecosystem restoration, is vital to identify possible losses or benefits to healthy ecosystem functioning. Prior to this investigation the Highfield site, Rothamsted Research, had been divided and maintained as grassland, arable cropping or bare fallow for 50 years. The latter resulted in a soil that had low soil organic matter levels, poor structure, low bacterial biomass and virtually no invertebrate population. Investigations into the invertebrate population changes, within both the experimental plots and surrounding land, upon alteration of the existing management strategies was completed over a two year period. Changes to mesofaunal populations were detected across all treatments following conversion. Generally, new fallow and arable management strategies produced low density fluctuating populations affected by the physical disturbance of ploughing and lack of soil organic matter as a basal food resource. Grassland management produced increased species diversity and abundance within a more stable soil food web. Each of the new management strategies developed towards its equivalent management strategy within the control treatments. Although it was apparent that the mesofaunal populations were re-establishing under more favourable environmental conditions, there was no definitive conclusion as to the source of the population increases. An attempt to identify the physical mode of invertebrate movement was completed, utilising a prototype mesocosm to act as a physical barrier, this showed promise for future use in such studies.

South Africa is one of the most important mining countries in the world, hosting the world's largest reserves of platinum group metals (PGMs). Even though mining is clearly an important activity in South Africa, contributing approximately US$ 7.4 billion annually to the countries' gross domestic product (GDP), the costs to the environment are not insignificant. One of the most severe environmental aspects associated with mining is the storage of mineral waste on tailings storage facilities due to their impacts on air quality, ground water quality, aesthetics and land use. It is also unknown whether the environmental effects of tailings storage facilities increase or decrease over time. The aim of this study was to determine the ecotoxicity of platinum tailings storage facilities of different ages by means of soil physical and chemical analysis, earthworm ecotoxicological studies, dehydrogenase activity and soil mesofauna studies. Samples were obtained from three platinum tailings storage facilities of different ages of which two were already rehabilitated while the third was still operational at the time this study was performed. The latter was used as a negative control for the purpose of the study. Soil samples were physically and chemically analysed. Earthworm ecotoxicological studies were conducted to determine changes in biomass, reproduction, mortality, neutral red retention times and tissue metal concentrations. Dehydrogenase activity was determined before the introduction of earthworms and manure, after introductions of manure and after introductions of earthworms and manure. Soil mesofauna were extracted and identified in order to determine species richness, diversity, abundance and functional grouping. Soil chemical analysis indicated that concentrations of certain heavy metals, especially chrome (Cr), present in platinum tailings materials could have a potential effect on microorganisms, microbial processes and earthworms. Earthworm ecotoxicological results indicated that earthworms that bioaccumulated higher levels of heavy metals showed poor hatchability of cocoons. Dehydrogenase activity indicated that earthworms play a significant role in increasing the number and biomass of soil microbes because significant increases in dehydrogenase activity were noticed after the addition of earthworms to platinum tailings materials. Results from the earthworm ecotoxicological studies, dehydrogenase activity, and soil mesofauna composition indicated that environmental impacts of tailings storage facilities did not increase with age, but is more likely to be an indication of the rehabilitation measures administered to the different tailings storage facilities. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.