Prover segurança às informações trafegadas nos mais diversos tipos de redes é algo essencial. Entretanto, redes altamente dependentes de dispositivos com recursos limitados (como sensores, tokens e smart cards) apresentam um desafio importante: a reduzida disponibilidade de memória e energia destes dispositivos, bem como sua baixa capacidade de processamento, dificultam a utilização de diversos algoritmos criptográficos considerados seguros atualmente. Este é o caso não apenas de cifras simétricas, que proveem confidencialidade aos dados, mas também de MACs (Message Authentication Code, ou Código de Autenticação de Mensagem), que garantem sua integridade e autenticidade. De fato, algumas propostas recentes de cifras de bloco dedicadas a plataformas limitadas (e.g., o Curupira-2) proveem segurança e desempenho em um nível mais adequado a este tipo de cenário do que soluções tradicionais. Seguindo uma linha semelhante, o presente trabalho concentra-se no projeto e análise MACs leves e seguros voltados a cenários com recursos limitados, com foco especial em redes de sensores sem fio (RSSF). Marvin é o nome do algoritmo de MAC proposto neste trabalho. Marvin adota a estrutura Alred, que reutiliza porções de código de uma cifra de bloco subjacente e, assim, introduz um reduzido impacto em termos de ocupação de memória. Este algoritmo apresenta uma estrutura bastante flexível e é altamente paralelizável, permitindo diversas otimizações em função dos recursos disponíveis na plataforma alvo. Como vantagem adicional, Marvin pode ser usado tanto em cenários que necessitam apenas da autenticação de mensagens quanto em esquemas de AEAD (Authenticated- Encryption with Associated Data, ou Encriptação Autenticada com Dados Associados), que aliam encriptação e autenticação. O esquema de AEAD proposto neste trabalho, denominado LetterSoup, explora as características da estrutura do Mar vin e adota uma cifra de bloco operando no modo LFSRC (Linear Feedback Shift Register Counter, ou Contador-Registrador de Deslocamento Linear com Retroalimentação). Além da especificação de ambos os algoritmos, este documento apresenta uma análise detalhada da segurança e desempenho dos mesmos em alguns cenários representativos. / Security is an important concern in any modern network. However, networks that are highly dependent on constrained devices (such as sensors, tokens and smart cards) impose a difficult challenge: their reduced availability of memory, processing power and (specially) energy hinders the deployment of many modern cryptographic algorithms known to be secure. This inconvenience affects not only the deployment of symmetric ciphers, which provide data confidentiality, but also Message Authentication Codes (MACs), used to attest the messages integrity and authenticity. Due to the existence of dedicated block ciphers whose performance and security are adequate for use in resource-constrained scenarios (e.g., the Curupira-2), the focus of this document is on the design and analysis of message authentication algorithms. Our goal is to develop a secure and lightweight solution for deployment on resource constrained scenarios, with especial focus on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Marvin is the name of the MAC algorithm proposed in this document. Marvin adopts the Alred structure, allowing it to reuse parts of an underlying block cipher machinery; as a result, Marvins implementation builds on the ciphers efficiency and introduces little impact in terms of memory occupation. Moreover, this algorithm presents a flexible and highly parallelizable structure, allowing many implementation optimizations depending on the resources available on the target platform. Marvin can be used not only as an authentication-only function, but also in an Authenticated- Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) scheme, combining authentication and encryption. In this document, we define a new AEAD proposal called LetterSoup, which is based on the LFSRC (Linear Feedback Shift Register Counter) mode of operation and builds on Marvin. Together with the specification of both algorithms, we provide a detailed security analysis and evaluate their performance in some representative scenarios.

Prover segurança às informações trafegadas nos mais diversos tipos de redes é algo essencial. Entretanto, redes altamente dependentes de dispositivos com recursos limitados (como sensores, tokens e smart cards) apresentam um desafio importante: a reduzida disponibilidade de memória e energia destes dispositivos, bem como sua baixa capacidade de processamento, dificultam a utilização de diversos algoritmos criptográficos considerados seguros atualmente. Este é o caso não apenas de cifras simétricas, que proveem confidencialidade aos dados, mas também de MACs (Message Authentication Code, ou Código de Autenticação de Mensagem), que garantem sua integridade e autenticidade. De fato, algumas propostas recentes de cifras de bloco dedicadas a plataformas limitadas (e.g., o Curupira-2) proveem segurança e desempenho em um nível mais adequado a este tipo de cenário do que soluções tradicionais. Seguindo uma linha semelhante, o presente trabalho concentra-se no projeto e análise MACs leves e seguros voltados a cenários com recursos limitados, com foco especial em redes de sensores sem fio (RSSF). Marvin é o nome do algoritmo de MAC proposto neste trabalho. Marvin adota a estrutura Alred, que reutiliza porções de código de uma cifra de bloco subjacente e, assim, introduz um reduzido impacto em termos de ocupação de memória. Este algoritmo apresenta uma estrutura bastante flexível e é altamente paralelizável, permitindo diversas otimizações em função dos recursos disponíveis na plataforma alvo. Como vantagem adicional, Marvin pode ser usado tanto em cenários que necessitam apenas da autenticação de mensagens quanto em esquemas de AEAD (Authenticated- Encryption with Associated Data, ou Encriptação Autenticada com Dados Associados), que aliam encriptação e autenticação. O esquema de AEAD proposto neste trabalho, denominado LetterSoup, explora as características da estrutura do Mar vin e adota uma cifra de bloco operando no modo LFSRC (Linear Feedback Shift Register Counter, ou Contador-Registrador de Deslocamento Linear com Retroalimentação). Além da especificação de ambos os algoritmos, este documento apresenta uma análise detalhada da segurança e desempenho dos mesmos em alguns cenários representativos. / Security is an important concern in any modern network. However, networks that are highly dependent on constrained devices (such as sensors, tokens and smart cards) impose a difficult challenge: their reduced availability of memory, processing power and (specially) energy hinders the deployment of many modern cryptographic algorithms known to be secure. This inconvenience affects not only the deployment of symmetric ciphers, which provide data confidentiality, but also Message Authentication Codes (MACs), used to attest the messages integrity and authenticity. Due to the existence of dedicated block ciphers whose performance and security are adequate for use in resource-constrained scenarios (e.g., the Curupira-2), the focus of this document is on the design and analysis of message authentication algorithms. Our goal is to develop a secure and lightweight solution for deployment on resource constrained scenarios, with especial focus on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Marvin is the name of the MAC algorithm proposed in this document. Marvin adopts the Alred structure, allowing it to reuse parts of an underlying block cipher machinery; as a result, Marvins implementation builds on the ciphers efficiency and introduces little impact in terms of memory occupation. Moreover, this algorithm presents a flexible and highly parallelizable structure, allowing many implementation optimizations depending on the resources available on the target platform. Marvin can be used not only as an authentication-only function, but also in an Authenticated- Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) scheme, combining authentication and encryption. In this document, we define a new AEAD proposal called LetterSoup, which is based on the LFSRC (Linear Feedback Shift Register Counter) mode of operation and builds on Marvin. Together with the specification of both algorithms, we provide a detailed security analysis and evaluate their performance in some representative scenarios.

Spacecrafts are extensively used by public and private sectors to support a variety of services. Considering the cost and the strategic importance of these spacecrafts, there has been an increasing demand to utilize strong cryptographic primitives to assure their security. Moreover, it is of utmost importance to consider fault tolerance in their designs due to the harsh environment found in space, while keeping low area and power consumption. The problem of recovering spacecrafts from failures or attacks, and bringing them back to an operational and safe state is crucial for reliability. Despite the recent interest in incorporating on-board security, there is limited research in this area. This research proposes a trusted hardware module approach for recovering the spacecrafts subsystems and their cryptographic capabilities after an attack or a major failure has happened. The proposed fault tolerant trusted modules are capable of performing platform restoration as well as recovering the cryptographic capabilities of the spacecraft. This research also proposes efficient fault tolerant architectures for the secure hash (SHA-2) and message authentication code (HMAC) algorithms. The proposed architectures are the first in the literature to detect and correct errors by using Hamming codes to protect the main registers. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of the probability of failure of the proposed fault tolerance mechanisms is introduced. Based upon an extensive set of experimental results along with probability of failure analysis, it was possible to show that the proposed fault tolerant scheme based on information redundancy leads to a better implementation and provides better SEU resistance than the traditional Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR). The fault tolerant cryptographic primitives introduced in this research are of crucial importance for the implementation of on-board security in spacecrafts.

Spacecrafts are extensively used by public and private sectors to support a variety of services. Considering the cost and the strategic importance of these spacecrafts, there has been an increasing demand to utilize strong cryptographic primitives to assure their security. Moreover, it is of utmost importance to consider fault tolerance in their designs due to the harsh environment found in space, while keeping low area and power consumption. The problem of recovering spacecrafts from failures or attacks, and bringing them back to an operational and safe state is crucial for reliability. Despite the recent interest in incorporating on-board security, there is limited research in this area. This research proposes a trusted hardware module approach for recovering the spacecrafts subsystems and their cryptographic capabilities after an attack or a major failure has happened. The proposed fault tolerant trusted modules are capable of performing platform restoration as well as recovering the cryptographic capabilities of the spacecraft. This research also proposes efficient fault tolerant architectures for the secure hash (SHA-2) and message authentication code (HMAC) algorithms. The proposed architectures are the first in the literature to detect and correct errors by using Hamming codes to protect the main registers. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of the probability of failure of the proposed fault tolerance mechanisms is introduced. Based upon an extensive set of experimental results along with probability of failure analysis, it was possible to show that the proposed fault tolerant scheme based on information redundancy leads to a better implementation and provides better SEU resistance than the traditional Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR). The fault tolerant cryptographic primitives introduced in this research are of crucial importance for the implementation of on-board security in spacecrafts.