Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Um estudo da interação entre desordem e polarização de spin no GaMnAs ajuda a compreender a natureza dos estados, estendidos ou localizados, bem como as consequências para as transições observadas sobre as propriedades de transporte e às mudanças na ordem magnética de momentos magnéticos localizados em sítios de Mn. Este estudo pressupõe a ocorrência de uma banda impureza com baixas concentrações de Mn, que merge na banda valência no caso de concentrações mais elevadas. A abordagem teórica, baseada em um formalismo de espalhamento múltiplo auto-consistente, através do cálculo da função de Green para buracos determina-se a função densidade espectral no nível de Fermi. A escolha de uma figura de mérito, com base na largura e sobre a posição do máximo da função densidade espectral no espaço recíproco, leva a um diagrama de fase que determina o caráter metálicos ou não metálicos da amostra. Também é possível identificar a mobility edge, e como consequência, a densidade efetiva de portadores livre. Uma amostra é definida pelo par de parâmetros independentes, a concentração de Mn e a densidade buraco. As melhores amostras, aquelas com os maiores valores de mérito, tem uma relação entre a densidade de buracos estendidos e a concentração de Mn aproximadamente de 0.3, muito próximo do raio de 10-25% observada entre as amostras reais produzidos com a mais alta temperatura de transição. Além disso, a relação entre essas concentrações de Mn correspondente as transições metal-não-metal e não-metal-metal que é de aproximadamente 2.4, muito próximo do valor 2.1 da amostras reais. Uma interpretação da ocorrência de ferromagnetismo com alta temperatura de transição em GaMnAs é dada como uma consequência da interação entre o mecanismo de interação assistido por estados localizados e interações indiretas assistida pelo estdos buraco estendidos. Portadores mediando magnetismo em semicondutores mostram diferenças importantes e potencialmente úteis a diferenças de magnetismo em metais tais como o luz- ou voltagem elétrica -controlando ferromagnetismo. Motivado por experiências reportadas em poços quânticos de GaAs com uma dopagem delta de Mn com altas temperaturas Currier (temperatura de transição) mais elevadas do que em bulk de (Ga, Mn)As, nós exploramos teoricamente a viabilidade do campo elétrico controlar ferromagnetismo em poços quânticos. Nós calculamos auto-consistentemente a interação de troca indireta em Mn-Mn íons e aplicamos a simulação Monte Carlo para encontrar transição temperatura Tc. A nossa abordagem permite-nos estudar sistematicamente os efeitos de confinamento quântico e da posição da camada magnética de Mn e Tc, que vai além da aproximação do campo médio. Nós comparamos nossos resultados com os resultados experimentais e sugerimos caminho para o melhor controle do ferromagnetismo. / A study of the interplay between disorder and spin polarization in the diluted magnetic semiconductor GaMnAs helps to understand the character of states, extended or localized. This study assumes the occurrence of an impurity band which merges into the valence band at higher concentrations. The theoretical approach, based on a self-consistent multiple scattering formalism, determines the spectral density function at the Fermi level from the calculation of the hole's Green's functions. A choice of a figure of merit, based on the width and on the position of the maximum of the spectral density function in the reciprocal space, leads to a phase diagram determining the metallic or non-metallic character of the sample. It is also possible to identify mobility edges and, in consequence, the density of effectively free carriers. A model sample is defined by the pair of independent parameters, Mn concentration and hole density. The best samples, those with the highest figures of merit, have a ratio between the extended hole density and the Mn concentration near 0.3, very close to ratio of 10-30% observed among the real samples produced with the highest transition temperatures. Also, the ratio between those Mn concentrations corresponding to the metal-to-non-metal and non-metal-to-metal transitions is approximately 2.4, very close to the value 2.1 inferred from the real samples. An interpretation of the occurrence of high transition temperature ferromagnetism in GaM-nAs is given as a consequence of the interplay between interaction mechanism assisted by localized states and indirect interactions assisted by extended hole states. Carrier mediated magnetism in semiconductors show important and potentially useful differences from magnetism in metals,such as light- or bias-controlled ferromagnetism. Motivated by experiments reporting higher Currier temperatures in GaAs quantum wells with Mn-delta doping than the ones observed in bulk (Ga,Mn)As, we explore theoretically the feasibility of bias-controlled ferromagnetism these systems. We calculate self-consistently indirect Mn-Mn exchange interaction, and apply Monte Carlo approach to find transition temperature Tc. Our approach allows us to systematically study the eects of quantum confinement and the position of Mn layer on magnetic ordering and Tc, beyond mean field approximation. We compare our findings with the experimental results and suggest paths toward improving the control of ferromagnetism.

In this paper, the performance simulations of a novel ultra-compact balanced coherent photodetector for operation at a wavelength of 1.5 mu m are presented and design proposals for future fabrication processes are provided. It consists of a compact 2x2 MMI that is evanescently coupled into a germanium MSM photodetection layer. The simulations demonstrate dark current less than 10 nA, capacitance less than 20 fF, and optical bandwidth in the 10-30 GHz range. We propose utilizing the simplicity of direct wafer bonding to bond the detection layer to the output waveguides to avoid complicated epitaxial growth issues. This ultra-compact device shows promise as a high-speed, low-cost integrated silicon photonics solution for the telecommunications infrastructure.

This thesis presents the design and fabrication of coplanar waveguide to microstrip transitions and planar spiral inductors, and the design of metal-insulator-metal capacitors, a planar band-pass, and a low-pass filter structures as an application for the inductors and capacitors using the RF MEMS technology. This thesis also includes a packaging method for RF MEMS devices with the use of benzocyclobutene as bonding material. The transition structures are formed by four different methods between coplanar waveguide end and microstrip end, and they are analyzed in 1-20 GHz. Very low loss transitions are obtained by maintaining constant characteristic impedance which is the same as the port impedance through the transition structures. The planar inductors are formed by square microstrip spirals on a glass substrate. Using the self-inductance propery of a conductive strip and the mutual inductance between two conductor strips in a proper arrangement, the inductance value of each structure is defined. Inductors from 0.7 nH up to 20 nH have been designed and fabricated. The metal-insulator-metal capacitors are formed by two coplanar waveguide structures. In the intersection, one end of a coplanar waveguide is placed on top of the end of the other coplanar waveguide with a dielectric layer in between. Using the theory of parallel plate capacitors, the capacitance of each structure is adjusted by the dimensions of the coplanar waveguides, which obviously adjust the area of intersection. Capacitors from 0.3 pF up to 9.8 pF have been designed. A low-pass filter and a band-pass filter are designed using the capacitors and inductors developed in this thesis. In addition to lumped elements, the interconnecting transmission lines, junctions and input-output lines are added to filter topologies. The RF MEMS packaging is realized on a coplanar waveguide structure which stands on a silicon wafer and encapsulated by a silicon wafer. The capping chip stands on the BCB outer ring which promotes adhesion and provides semi hermeticity. Keywords: Transition between transmission lines, planar spiral inductor, metal-insulator-metal capacitor, RF MEMS packaging, surface micromachining.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 229-238).

Detectors and sensors are an integral part of modern electronics and are crucial to highly sensitive applications. Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) tunnel junctions have been explored for the past five decades and are still being investigated due to its wide use of applications such as mixers, capacitors, detectors, rectifiers and energy conversion devices. In this research, various designs of thin film based tunnel junctions have been investigated and the optimum one picked for the purpose of a wide band detector up to 10GHz based on their sensitivities. A modified design with an isolation layer incorporating a self-aligning method to increase fabrication throughput was developed. A mask for the reliability testing of multiple devices with different areas was also developed. Nickel Oxide based insulators with different stoichiometries have been incorporated in the fabrication of the device to identify which stoichiometry gives the best performance for high frequency applications. Nickel Oxide (NiO), Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and the combination of the two have been deposited using reactive sputtering and investigated as insulator materials. The bilayer devices showed increased sensitivities at lower turn on voltages and very good efficiencies at 100MHz and 1GHz. Although, the MIM device provides a simple structure, some of the critical parameters required to quantify the device functionality are still being explored. Based on the parameters, a criterion was developed to help engineer a tunnel device for a desired detectivity.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 31, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thèse (M.E.I.R.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2006. / La p. de t. porte en outre: Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en études et interventions régionales. CaQCU Bibliogr.: f. [124]-129. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most promising bio-compostable and biodegradable thermoplastic made from renewable sources. PLA, is typically obtained by polymerising lactide monomer. The technique mainly used for ring opening polymerization (ROP) of Lactide is based on metallic/bimetallic catalyst (Sn, Zn, and Al) or other organic catalysts in suitable solvent. However, the PLA synthesized using such catalysts may contain trace elements of the catalyst, which may be toxic. In this work, reactive extrusion experiments using stannous octoate Sn(Oct)2 and tri-phenyl phosphine (PPh)3 were considered to perform ROP of lactide monomer using ultrasound as an alternative energy (AE) source for activating and/or boosting the polymerization. Mathematical model of ROP of lactide, was developed to estimate the impact of reaction kinetics and AE source on the polymerization process. Ludovic® software, a commercial code was used. It was adopted for the simulation of continuous reactive extrusion of PLA. Results from experiments and simulations were compared to validate the simulation methodology. Results indicate that the application of AE source in reaction process boost the PLA formation rate. Result obtained through Ludovic simulation and experiments were validated. It was shown that there is a case for reducing the residence time distribution (RTD) in Ludovic due to the ‘liquid’ monomer flow in the extruder. This change in the parameters resulted in validation of the simulation. However, it was concluded that the assumption would have to be established by doing further validations. The simulation model includes the details of kinetics of reactions involved with in the process and helps to upscale the reaction output. This work also estimates the usefulness and drawbacks of using different catalysts as well as effect of alternative energies and future aspects for PLA production.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas Selonke Klaas.pdf: 5855700 bytes, checksum: f10fd37619590a5b128a3aec7c9e878c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / With the purpose of reduce wear in plain bearings, in initial turning periods, was evaluated tribologically the sintered metal patent in relation to the cast which is used in commercial bearings. In the present study have been conducted experiments using the dilatometer to determine the optimal temperature and time for sintering the white metal. In the sintered specimens was measured by scanning electron microscopy the sinterability. The need for this preliminary study is due to the difficulty in sintering of this alloy is as much difference in melting temperature between the three elements. Sliding wear tests were performed in tribometer pin-on-disc for evaluating the coefficient of friction and volume of material removed (as measured with the aid of profilometer) and compared with the white metal obtained by melting and bronze obtained by sintering. The wear mechanisms were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Of all configurations evaluated, the sintered bronze lubricated showed lower wear and sintered white metal lubricated had the lowest coefficient of friction. / Com o objetivo de reduzir o desgaste em mancais de deslizamento nos períodos iniciais de giro, foi avaliado tribologicamente o metal patente sinterizado como opção do fundido que é utilizado em mancais comerciais. No presente trabalho foram realizados experimentos com o dilatômetro para determinar a melhor temperatura e o tempo de sinterização para o metal patente. Nos corpos de prova sinterizados avaliou-se por meio do microscópio eletrônico de varredura a sinterabilidade. A necessidade desse estudo prévio dá-se pela dificuldade da liga na sinterização, pois há grande diferença de temperatura de fusão entre os três elementos. Aconteceram testes de desgaste por deslizamento com tribômetro de pino sobre disco para a análise do coeficiente de atrito e do volume de material removido (verificado com o auxílio de perfilômetro), além de depois terem sido comparados com o metal patente obtido por fundição e com o bronze oriundo da sinterização. Os mecanismos de desgaste foram observados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. De todas as configurações examinadas, o bronze sinterizado lubrificado apresentou menor desgaste, e o metal patente sinterizado lubrificado teve o menor coeficiente de atrito

Dans une centrale nucléaire de la filière des réacteurs à eau sous pression,le transfert d’énergie de la fission des atomes d’uranium 235 vers l’alternateur produisant alors l’énergie électrique se fait par l’intermédiaire de différents circuits d’eau. Le contexte de cette thèse est celui du circuit primaire qui voit circuler une eau liquide aux conditions de température et de pression les plus sévères de la centrale (155 bar,300 °C). Plus précisément, l’intérêt est porté sur les appareils de robinetterie qui permettent de réguler ou de sectionner les débits dans ce circuit d’eau ainsi que les différents circuits auxiliaires qui lui sont associés. La fonction de sectionnement de débit est assurée par un contact métallique. Une modélisation est mise en place durant cette thèse afin de relier la fuite d’étanchéité au travers de la liaison métallique à un éventuel défaut pouvant être présent sur la portée d’étanchéité du siège. Pour ce faire, une démarche associant simulation et expérience est adoptée. Le modèle numérique permet de simuler le contact siège/opercule puis l’écoulement au travers de la géométrie interstitielle en résolvant respectivement les équations de la mécanique des milieux solides avec code_aster puis les équations de Reynolds avec un schéma numérique original basé sur la méthode des éléments de frontière. La démarche expérimentale permet alors de vérifier la qualité de la simulation entreprise. Elle comporte la fabrication d’éprouvettes d’étanchéité avec des défauts contrôlés puis une mesure de la fuite par différents moyens d’essais. Les résultats obtenus, qui sont discutés,montrent une prédiction correcte lorsque l’effort d’appui reste suffisamment faible et une surestimation de la fuite à plus fort serrage. / In a nuclear power plant from pressurized water reactor technology, the transfer of energy from fission of uranium 235 atom to the alternator producing electricity is performed through different water circuits. The context of this work is the primary circuit of the power plant where there is severe conditions of temperature and pressure (155 bar, 300°C). More precisely, this work is about the industrial valves which allow to regulate or interrupt the water flow in the water circuit or the auxiliary associated circuits. The interruption function is ensured by a metal-to-metal contact.In this work a model is derived and solved in order to relate the sealing leak-rate through the metal contact to a possible defect present on the surface. To accomplish this task, a coupled experimental and numerical approach is adopted. The numerical model allows to compute the contact between the plug and the seat and then the water flow through the remaining aperture field. This is performed by solving the equations of solid continuum mechanics with code_aster and the Reynolds equations with an original scheme based on the boundary element method. The experimental work allows to check the relevance of the model. It consists in the manufacture ofa sample seat holding a controlled defect and then a leak-rate measurement carried out with two different apparatus. Predictions of the leak-rate reveal to be in good agreement with that obtained experimentally at low clamping forces and overestimate the leakage for larger ones.