京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21599号 / 理博第4506号 / 新制||理||1647(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉山 弘, 教授 秋山 芳展, 准教授 竹田 一旗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

This study reports the synthesis of graphene by oxidizing graphite to graphite oxide using H2SO4 and KMnO4 and reducing graphene oxide to graphene by using NaBH4. Graphene was then characterized using FT-IR, TEM, AFM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and solid state NMR. Nafion-Graphene in combination with a mercury film electrode, bismuth film electrode and antimony film electrode was used as a sensing platform for trace metal analysis in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.6) at 120 s deposition time, using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Detection limits were calculated using 3σblank/slope. For practical applications recovery studies was done by spiking test samples with known concentrations of metal ions and comparing the results to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). This was then followed by real sample analyses.

This study reports the synthesis of graphene by oxidizing graphite to graphite oxide using H2SO4 and KMnO4 and reducing graphene oxide to graphene by using NaBH4. Graphene was then characterized using FT-IR, TEM, AFM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and solid state NMR. Nafion-Graphene in combination with a mercury film electrode, bismuth film electrode and antimony film electrode was used as a sensing platform for trace metal analysis in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.6) at 120 s deposition time, using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Detection limits were calculated using 3σblank/slope. For practical applications recovery studies was done by spiking test samples with known concentrations of metal ions and comparing the results to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). This was then followed by real sample analyses.

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Dept. of Chemistry) / This study reports the synthesis of graphene by oxidizing graphite to graphite oxide using H2SO4 and KMnO4 and reducing graphene oxide to graphene by using NaBH4. Graphene was then characterized using FT-IR, TEM, AFM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and solid state NMR. Nafion-Graphene in combination with a mercury film electrode, bismuth film electrode and antimony film electrode was used as a sensing platform for trace metal analysis in 0.1 M acetate buffer (pH 4.6) at 120 s deposition time, using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). Detection limits were calculated using 3σblank/slope. For practical applications recovery studies was done by spiking test samples with known concentrations of metal ions and comparing the results to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). This was then followed by real sample analyses. / South Africa

CnrX est un senseur périplasmique, ancré à la membrane, appartenant au complexe CnrYXH qui contribue à réguler l'expression des gènes impliqués dans la résistance au nickel et au cobalt chez Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34. La résistance est induite par la libération de CnrH, un facteur sigma de type ECF (Extracytoplasmic Function), par le complexe CnrYX en réponse à Ni et Co. Nous avons cherché à comprendre la manière dont CnrXs, le domaine senseur de CnrX, détecte les ions métalliques, les stratégies utilisées pour sélectionner spécifiquement Ni ou Co ainsi que la nature du signal engendré par cette interaction. Les techniques spectroscopiques et biophysiques telles que l'UV-visible, la RPE, le XAS et l'ITC ont permis d'étudier les sites métalliques en solution. Le dimère de CnrXs possède quatre sites de liaison au cobalt. Deux des sites (sites F) sont retrouvés dans la protéine entière dont nous avons maintenant un excellent modèle avec le mutant CnrXs-H32A. Les deux autres sites (sites E) ont un signal spectroscopique atypique probablement dû à la formation d'un complexe binucléaire de cobalt. Nous présentons également des structures à haute résolution de CnrXs dans ses formes apo et métallées par le nickel, cobalt ou zinc. Nous avons établi que la forme zinc est la forme inactive de la protéine et que le mécanisme de détection est engendrée par la substitution du zinc par le nickel et le cobalt dans le site F, conduisant à une modification majeure du site de liaison au métal. Tandis que le zinc est pentacoordiné dans une sphère 3N2O, Ni et Co recrutent le soufre de la seule méthionine (Met123) comme sixième ligand pour former un site octaédrique. Nous suggérons que Met123 soit l'interrupteur moléculaire dont la liaison avec le métal fait évoluer la structure de la protéine vers une conformation active. A notre connaissance, ces résultats constituent la première étude structurale et spectroscopique d'un senseur de métal périplasmique impliqué dans un système de transduction du signal dépendant d'un facteur sigma de type ECF. / CnrX is the membrane-anchored periplasmic sensor of the CnrYXH complex that contributes to regulate the expression of the genes involved in cobalt and nickel resistance in Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34. This resistance is induced by the release of the ExtraCytoplasmic Function (ECF) sigma factor CnrH from the CnrYX complex upon sensing of Ni or Co. We addressed the metal sensing mechanisms of CnrXs, the strategies used to select Ni or Co and the nature of the signal onset. Biophysical and spectroscopic techniques allowed us to study the metal binding sites in solution. The CnrXs dimer contains four cobalt binding sites. Two (F sites) are present in the full-length protein which H32A-CnrXs mutant is an excellent model of. The two other sites have an unusual spectroscopic signal that might be due to the formation of a binuclear cobalt complex. We present also high-resolution structures of CnrXs in the apo, Ni-, Co-, and Zn-bound forms. We propose that Zn-bound CnrX typifies the resting state of the complex and that the sensing mechanism is triggered by the substitution of Zn for Ni or Co in the F site. This substitution leads to dramatic changes in the metal-binding site. While the Zn ion is pentacoordinated in a 3N2O sphere, Ni or Co ions recruit the thioether sulfur of the only methionine (Met123) residue as a sixth ligand to form an octahedral site. We propose that the Met123 side chain recruitment is the qualitative change that switches on the sensing mechanism by remodeling the four-helix bundle that accommodates the metal-binding site. To our knowledge these results represent the first structural and spectroscopic study of a periplasmic metal sensor involved in transmembrane signal transduction for the activation of an ECF-type sigma factor.

The monitoring of pharmaceuticals, heavy metal, pH and free chlorine concentration in drinking water is important for public health and the environment. However, conventional laboratory-based analytical methods are labor-intensive, expensive, and time consuming. This thesis focuses on developing an integrated, highly sensitive, easy-to-use, and low-cost pharmaceuticals, heavy metal, pH and free chlorine sensing system for drinking water quality monitoring. A low-temperature, solution-processed modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) on glassy carbon electrode is developed for detecting low levels of acetaminophen. The adsorption properties of βCD are combined with the high surface area of carbon nanotubes towards enhanced electrochemical sensing of acetaminophen with a limit of detection of 11 nM and linear range from 0.05-300 μM. Also, a systematic investigation is carried out using four types of modified MWCNT-βCD. A novel, one-step approach called Steglich esterification modified MWCNT-βCD results in large effective surface area, and fast electron transfer towards sensitive detection of acetaminophen and 17β-estradiol (E2, primary female sex hormone) in the range of 0.005–20 and 0.01–15 μM, with low detection limits of 3.3 and 2.5 nM, respectively. The similar MWCNT-βCD modified electrodes can also detect heavy metal ion (lead, Pb2+) with a limit of detection of <10 ppb. Low frequency noise behavior of these sensors are studied. A spin-coated Pd/PdO based pH sensor, and amine-modified carbon electrode-based free chlorine sensor are fabricated on a common substrate together with the pharmaceuticals and heavy metal sensors. A Wheatstone-bridge temperature sensor is fabricated based on silicon and PEDOT:PSS on another substrate. All the sensors are connected to an Arduino microcontroller based data acquisition system with a smartphone application interface. The integrated sensing system is easy-to-use, low-cost, and can provide accurate monitoring data with real drinking water samples. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Low-cost, easy-to-use, and sensitive monitoring system for pharmaceuticals, heavy metal, pH and free chlorine in drinking water is crucial for public health safety. In this thesis, we develop solution-based synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified by β-cyclodextrin for electrochemical sensing of pharmaceuticals and heavy metal. The modification approaches are compared and characterized to analyze their electrochemical behavior and sensing performances. The developed sensors are highly sensitive toward the detection of acetaminophen (a widely used pain-killer) and estrogen hormone in drinking water. We also develop a modified spin-coating technique to deposit palladium/palladium oxide films for potentiometric pH sensor, a calibration-free free chlorine sensor based on modified carbon electrode, and a resistive temperature sensor. The developed pH, free chlorine and temperature sensors are highly sensitive, and stable with fast response time. All the sensors are integrated and interfaced with a custom-made and smartphone-controlled electronic readout system for accurate and on-site drinking water quality monitoring at low cost.