No description available.

No description available.

Uncoated defects in hot dip metal-coated steel products result from non-wetting of the steel surface by the molten alloy. The occurrence of uncoated defects is highly detrimental to product quality and production efficiency; uncoated defects compromise the appearance and anti-corrosion performance of hot dip metal-coated steel products and causes time delays in the application of subsequent surface treatments. Although many studies have been directed towards evaluating the effect of steel pre-heat temperature and oxidation on the formation of uncoated defects, fewer investigations have analysed how oil-derived residues remaining on steel surface following the cold rolling and furnace cleaning processes impact upon hot dip metallic coating quality. Furthermore, although a considerable amount of research has focussed on the process of deposit formation in lubricants used in other applications, the composition of oily residues remaining after the continuous annealing process, and the origins of these residues in the original rolling oil formulation, are poorly understood. The primary focus of the present work has been to gain an improved understanding of relationships between cold rolling oil composition, oil residue-formation characteristics and the occurrence of uncoated defects in 55Al-43.4Zn-1.6Si hot dip metallic coatings. Several key classes of rolling oil ingredients which decompose to leave high levels of thermally-stable residue have been identified. The thermal decomposition processes undergone by a variety ingredients within these classes have been studied under both oxidising and reducing conditions using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC) techniques, with chemical characterisation of the decomposition process and the resultant thermally-stable residue by infrared spectroscopy. Model blends of each ingredient in a typical cold rolling oil base ester have also been evaluated by TGA and PDSC to identify the impact of ingredient concentration and chemical structure on the amount of oily residue formed. The results of these investigations have been related to the impact of the ingredients on 55Al-43.4Zn-1.6Si hot dip metallic coating quality through the performance of industrial-scale hot dipping trials and hot dip simulation studies. In order to translate these results into a context more closely aligned with industrial conditions, the effect of processing variables, including furnace atmosphere and the availability/concentration of iron in contact with the rolling oil at the steel surface, on the decomposition process of a fully-formulated commercial cold rolling oil has also been investigated. The information gained can potentially be used to tailor operating conditions within the cold rolling/continuous hot dip metallic coating processes to enhance steel surface cleanliness. Finally, the deposit-forming tendencies of an array of different commercial cold rolling oils have been evaluated, leading to the development of a thermal analysis-based test for screening cold rolling oils with respect to their likely impact upon 55Al-43.4Zn-1.6Si hot dip metallic coating quality. This test, together with the understanding obtained on the effect of different rolling oil ingredients on hot dip metallic coating quality, can be used within the industry to formulate improved cold rolling oils.

No description available.

No description available.

Le matériau composite Cu/NFC (Nano Fibre de Carbone) peut être utilisé en tant que drain thermique par les industriels de l'électronique de puissance. En remplacement du cuivre, il doit combiner une conductivité thermique élevée et un coefficient de dilatation thermique adapté à celui de la céramique du circuit imprimé (alumine ou nitrure d’aluminium). Après avoir étudié les propriétés de la matrice cuivre et des NFC, plusieurs méthodes de synthèse du composite Cu/NFC ont été développées. Le composite a tout d’abord été élaboré par métallurgie des poudres. Puis, dans le but d’améliorer l’homogénéité, il a été envisagé de revêtir individuellement chaque NFC par du cuivre déposé par voie chimique electroless ainsi que par une méthode originale de décomposition d’un sel métallique. Des mesures de densité et de propriétés thermiques (conductivité et dilatation) ainsi que les caractérisations microstructurales de ces matériaux montrent la complexité de l’élaboration d’un tel composite. En effet, la dispersion des nanofibres, la nature des interfaces fibres/matrice et surtout les phénomènes thermiques à l’échelle nanométrique sont autant de paramètres à contrôler afin d’obtenir les propriétés recherchées. La simulation numérique et analytique, qui a été mise en oeuvre en parallèle a été corrélée aux résultats expérimentaux, afin de prédire les propriétés finales de nos matériaux. / Cu/CNF (Carbon Nano Fiber) composite materials can be used as heat sink in power electronic devices. They can substitute Copper by combining a high thermal conductivity and a coefficient of thermal expansion close to the printed circuit one (alumina or aluminum nitride). After studying the properties of Copper matrix and CNF, three methods were set up for the elaboration of the Cu/CNF composite materials. It was first synthesized by a simple powder metallurgy process. Second, in order to obtain a better homogeneity, CNF were individually coated with Cu by an electroless deposition method. Third, an original technique involving the decomposition of a metallic salt has been used. Measurements of the density, the thermal properties (conductivity and dilatation), and the characterization of the microstructure of the composite materials have been performed. It reveals the complexity of the realization of such a composite. Indeed, the dispersion of CNF and the chemical nature of the Cu/CNF interfaces have to be controlled in order to reach the desired thermal properties. Analytical and numerical simulations have been conducted and correlated with the experimental results to predict final properties of our materials.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Nesta dissertação são apresentados resultados de simulações Monte Carlo de fluorescência de raios X (XRF), utilizando o programa GEANT4, para medidas de espessura de revestimento metálico (Ni e Zn) em base metálica (Fe). As simulações foram feitas para dois tamanhos de espessura para cada metal de revestimento, (5μm e 10μm), com passos de 0,1 μm e 0,001 μm e com 106 histórias. No cálculo da espessura do revestimento foram feitas as aproximações de feixe de raios X monoenegético, com a análise da transmissão apenas da energia do K-alfa e para uma geometria compatível com um sistema real de medição (ARTAX-200). Os resultados mostraram a eficiência da metodologia de simulação e do cálculo da espessura do revestimento, o que permitirá futuros cálculos, inclusive para multirevestimentos metálicos em base metálica. / This dissertation is presented results of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) Monte Carlo simulations) using GEANT4 for metallic coating (Ni and Zn) thickness determination on metallic base (Fe). The simulations were made for two values of coating thickness for each covering (5 μm and 10 μm), with steps of 0.1 μm and 0.001 μm, and with 106 stories. The monoenergetic x-ray approach was used assuming the transmission of only K-alpha line. The experiment and geometry was similar to the real system of measurement (ARTAX-200 ). The results showed the efficiency of the simulation methodology, as well as the ability to measure the thickness of coating by XRF. Thus, a continuation of this study for multilayer metal coating could be promising.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Nesta dissertação são apresentados resultados de simulações Monte Carlo de fluorescência de raios X (XRF), utilizando o programa GEANT4, para medidas de espessura de revestimento metálico (Ni e Zn) em base metálica (Fe). As simulações foram feitas para dois tamanhos de espessura para cada metal de revestimento, (5μm e 10μm), com passos de 0,1 μm e 0,001 μm e com 106 histórias. No cálculo da espessura do revestimento foram feitas as aproximações de feixe de raios X monoenegético, com a análise da transmissão apenas da energia do K-alfa e para uma geometria compatível com um sistema real de medição (ARTAX-200). Os resultados mostraram a eficiência da metodologia de simulação e do cálculo da espessura do revestimento, o que permitirá futuros cálculos, inclusive para multirevestimentos metálicos em base metálica. / This dissertation is presented results of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) Monte Carlo simulations) using GEANT4 for metallic coating (Ni and Zn) thickness determination on metallic base (Fe). The simulations were made for two values of coating thickness for each covering (5 μm and 10 μm), with steps of 0.1 μm and 0.001 μm, and with 106 stories. The monoenergetic x-ray approach was used assuming the transmission of only K-alpha line. The experiment and geometry was similar to the real system of measurement (ARTAX-200 ). The results showed the efficiency of the simulation methodology, as well as the ability to measure the thickness of coating by XRF. Thus, a continuation of this study for multilayer metal coating could be promising.

La thèse a mis en œuvre deux méthodes inverses pour l’évaluation non destructive d’un milieu multicouche anisotrope : la microscopie acoustique et les courants de Foucault. Pour la microscopie acoustique, nous avons adapté un modèle de propagation de l'onde acoustique dans un milieu multicouche, en calculant les coefficients de réflexion et de transmission d’un revêtement multicouche sur un substrat et en modélisant la réponse acoustique V(z) propre à la microscopie acoustique. Une méthode inverse utilisant l’algorithme de Levenberg-Marquardt donne accès à l’épaisseur, au module de Young et à la densité du revêtement. Pour les courants de Foucault, une méthode inverse similaire basée sur le formalisme de Tree a été mise au point, qui donne accès à l’épaisseur, à la conductivité électrique et à la perméabilité magnétique du revêtement. Après des vérifications de l’algorithme sur des matériaux massifs de référence, nous avons appliqué ces méthodes à un métal revêtu pour tuyauteries de centrale thermique : de l’acier inoxydable austénitique type 304 revêtu par pulvérisation thermique de superalliage Hastelloy C22 à base de nickel. La corrosion sèche sous l’effet des gaz chauds (air contenant du gaz SO2) amincit graduellement la paroi des tubes, ce qui peut les rendre dangereux. Il a fallu tenir compte de l’effet du grenaillage préalable à la pulvérisation, qui crée une mince couche de martensite à laquelle les courants de Foucault sont très sensibles : un modèle à trois couches substrat / martensite / revêtement a été utilisé. Nous avons caractérisé des échantillons de métal avant et après exposition à l’air avec ou sans SO2 à 650°C. Les deux méthodes d’évaluation non destructive permettent une détermination très satisfaisante de l’épaisseur de revêtement et se complètent bien. L’évaluation des caractéristiques physiques (acoustiques et électromagnétiques) met en évidence des hétérogénités du revêtement liées à son mode d’élaboration et des évolutions au cours du temps. Des pistes d’amélioration des méthodes sont proposées. / In the current work, we investigate the nondestructive evaluation of a thermal sprayed coating (Hastelloy C22 Ni-based alloy) on substrate (type 304 austenitic stainless steel) using acoustic microscopy and ECT method. Two models were built for the evaluation of this kind of material: one is for acoustic V(z) measurement and the other is for swept eddy current measurement. The implementation of these two models is used for the evaluation and properties measurement of the thermal sprayed coatings, such as elastic properties, electromagnetic properties. In particular, the main achievements and results are as follows: 1. Acoustic wave propagation in an anisotropic multilayered medium was investigated. The formula for calculating the reflection and transmission coefficients of the multilayered medium on or without a substrate were derived, which is necessary for the modeling of acoustic V(z) measurement of the thermal sprayed coating on substrate. 2. A model was built for the acoustic V(z) measurement of the thermal sprayed coatings on substrate, which can deal with anisotropic multilayered media. Specifically, we used a model of multilayered coatings with graded properties on substrate to calculate the acoustic reflection coefficient of our sample. Treating the thermal sprayed coating, deposited on a 304 steel substrate, as FGMs, we evaluated the coating thickness and the Young’s modulus evolution along the depth of the coating. 3. A model was built for the swept eddy current measurement of the thermal sprayed coatings. Since before the spraying process, the surface of the substrate is usually shot-peened (SP), the coated material is considered as a three-layer medium. The coating thickness and electromagnetic properties of each of the 3 layers were determined by an effective reverse process. 4. The thermal sprayed coated material after exposure in different conditions, i.e., as-received, heat-treated in air and heat-treated in SO2 environment, and after different exposure time was evaluated by the integrity of acoustic microscopy and ECT method. The coating thickness and the electromagnetic properties of the coated material under different conditions were measured.

No description available.