The formation of pores in castings is dependent on local solidification rates and the gas content in the liquid metal. Segregation of the gas in the interdendritic regions and the pressure drop due to solidification shrinkage contribute to the homogeneous nucleation of pores. Heterogeneous nuclei and other non-nucleating mechanisms are sufficient but not necessary for pore formation. These conclusions derive from experiments on pore formation in iron and aluminum. The formation of pores due to carbon monoxide in supercooled iron has been investigated as a function of the degree of supercooling and concentrations of carbon and oxygen in the melt. Pore formation in Al and Al + Cu alloys, due to hydrogen, has been investigated under a variety of solidification conditions. This includes directional solidification, directional casting, and casting into moulds at low and high temperatures. The size, distribution, and morphology of the pores has been measured as a function of hydrogen content and alloy composition, and related to the casting conditions. Experiments have also been conducted on Al containing Ag¹¹⁰ to investigate macrosegregation during directional solidification of Al alloys. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mining Engineering, Keevil Institute of / Graduate

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The static relaxation program DEVIL has been updated to use N-body Finnis-Sinclair potentials. Initial calculations of self-interstitial and monovacancy formation energies confirm that the modified program is working correctly. An extra repulsive pair potential (constructed to leave the original fitting unaltered) overcomes some deficiencies in the published Finnis-Sinclair potentials. The modified potentials are used to calculate interstitial energies and relaxations in the b.c.c. transition metals vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten. Further adaptation enables DEVIL to model dislocations running parallel to any lattice vector. Periodic boundary conditions are applied in the direction of the dislocation line, giving an infinite straight dislocation. The energies per unit length of two different dislocations are compared with experiment. A study of migration of point defects in the perfect lattice provides information on the mobility of interstitials and vacancies. The possible reorientation of split dumbbell interstitials in a migration step comes under scrutiny. The total energy needed to form and migrate an interstitial is compared with that required for a vacancy. The interaction between point defects and dislocations is studied in detail. Binding energies for both sclf-intcrstitials and monovacancies at edge dislocations are calculated for the five metals mentioned above. Formation energies of the point defects in the neighbourhood of the edge dislocation are calculated for niobium, and the extent of the regions from which the defects are spontaneously absorbed are found. For split dumbbell interstilials, the size and shape of the absorption region depends on the orientation of the dumbbell. Migration of both interstitials and vacancies into the absorption zone is studied; the presence of the dislocation has a particularly dramatic effect on vacancy migration. The results on absorption zones are related to the dislocation sink strengths vital in radiation damage theory.

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Orientador: Roseana da Exaltação Trevisan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T20:28:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maia_IvanGoncalves_M.pdf: 1727519 bytes, checksum: 4ae95467cd56b424526ca03c4f577c25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Visando solucionar o problema da ocorrência de poros em um cordão de solda de um eixo automotivo, o presente trabalho apresenta um estudo da influência de diferentes fatores na ocorrência de porosidade em juntas de aço soldadas pelo processo MIG/MAG robotizado. Basicamente, foi estudada a influência de três fatores na ocorrência dos poros. São eles, a presença de uma camada rica em nitretos na extremidade de um dos tubos que compõe a junta, a limpeza das superfícies a serem soldadas e a vazão do gás de proteção. Após a soldagem dos corpos de prova foram retiradas de cada um deles, três amostras da seção transversal do cordão de solda. A porosidade foi quantificada pela técnica de análise metalográfica por microscopia ótica. Os resultados de porosidade foram apresentados de duas maneiras, uma sem qualquer tipo de restrição quanto aos poros encontrados, e outra em que houve distinção quanto à localização dos poros na seção transversal do cordão de solda. Quando a porosidade foi quantificada de maneira geral, sem qualquer tipo de distinção quanto à localização dos poros, dois fatores influenciaram a ocorrência de poros na junta soldada. São eles, a presença da camada rica em nitretos e a vazão do gás de proteção. No outro caso, levando em consideração a localização dos poros na seção transversal do cordão de solda, foi constatado que para o caso dos poros localizados na raiz da junta, a presença da camada rica em nitretos gerada pelo processo de corte a plasma na extremidade do tubo correspondente ao metal-base 1 afetou significativamente a porosidade resultante no cordão de solda. Além dos ensaios experimentais, ensaios práticos foram realizados no próprio chão de fabrica de produção dos eixos. A realização de ensaios práticos visou avaliar a solução proposta para eliminação da ocorrência de porosidade no cordão de solda dos eixos. Os resultados destes ensaios comprovaram que a substituição do gás utilizado para o corte a plasma na extremidade do tubo correspondente ao metal-base 1, de ar comprimido por oxigênio puro, inibiu a formação dos poros / Abstract: In order to solve the occurrence of pores in weld beads of an automotive axle, the present work studies the influence of three different factors on the occurrence of porosity in joints welded by robotized GMAW process. The factors analyzed were: the presence of a region enriched by nitrides on the surface of the tube related to the base metal 1, the surface cleanliness of the joint components, and the shielding gas flow. Three samples of the weld bead transversal section were retired in each specimen. The porosity was quantified by metalographic analysis technique using an optical microscope. The results were presented by two different ways. In one of this ways, pores were quantified without any kind of distinction. In the other way, pores were grouped in accordance of their location in the weld bead transversal section. The pores quantified without any kind of distinction were affected by the ¿presence of the coat¿ and by the shielding gas flow. The pores located near the joint root were affected only by the ¿presence of the coat¿. In addition to the experimental specimens, practical experiments were made in the axles line production. These practical experiments were developed to evaluate a proposed solution to prevent the occurrence of the pores on the weld bead of the axles. The results of these practical experiments proved that changing the compressed air used in the plasma cut of the extremities of the tube related to the base metal 1 by pure oxygen gas inhibited the pores formation / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica