Orientador: Roberto Perez Xavier / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T05:11:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pires_PauloFernandoRavacci_D.pdf: 6584205 bytes, checksum: 739eaf46946561db1cdef0606b9985b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Os metaconglomerados auríferos da Formação Moeda, Supergrupo Minas, encontram-se em porções basais dessa formação, em contato com litotipos do Supergrupo Rio das Velhas. Os metaconglomerados mineralizados formam estreitos horizontes, todavia com teores de ouro elevados, normalmente sotopostos por planos de cisalhamento tangenciais ao acamamento. Os horizontes que hospedam a mineralização aurífera consistem de metaconglomerados suportados por clastos ou matriz arenosa de granulação média; os clastos incluem seixos de quartzo de veio, com dimensões centimétricas, clastos angulosos de metachert e BIF, além de metavulcânicas ácidas. Características consideradas comuns nestes metaconglomerados incluem a presença de pirita arredondada, com ou sem inclusões de material carbonoso, comumente mostrando sobrecrescimento de pirita de segunda geração, pirofilita e, localmente, clorita. Adicionalmente também se observa que os horizontes mineralizados apresentam maior concentração da matéria carbonosa. Estas características se assemelham aos horizontes mineralizados de Witwatersrand, na África do Sul. A formação dos filossilicatos hidratados e da pirita de sobrescimento é atribuída à percolação de fluidos hidrotermais, em momento de pós-pico metamórfico, durante o desenvolvimento de zonas de cisalhamento subparalelas ao acamamento. O geotermômetro da clorita indica temperaturas em torno de 3000 C para a formação desses minerais. A matéria carbonosa relacionada à mineralização aurífera mostra-se com baixo grau de cristalinidade, de acordo com os estudos de microespectroscopia Raman. Sua distribuição e concentração encontram-se diretamente vinculadas a porções onde os metaconglomerados da base da Formação Moeda (unidade I) apresentam menor espessura, ou seja, em paleo-canais relacionados a altos estruturais. Diferentes tipos de pirita foram observados nos horizontes mineralizados, dentre os quais se destacam a pirita de sobrecrescimento, pirita arredondada compacta, pirita arredondada porosa e pirita euhedral / Abstract: The Quadrilátero Ferrífero has historically been one of the most important gold province in Brazil, with a significant number of productive greenstone-hosted lode gold deposits within the Rio das Velhas Supergroup together with those associated with the metasedimentary sequence of the Minas Supergroup. At the base of the Moeda formation, Minas Supergroup, particularly at the contact with rocks of the Rio das Velhas Supergroup, there are several medium to small size, high grade gold deposits hosted by metaconglomerates, which bear similar features with the world-class Witwatersrand gold fields in South Africa. The gold mineralization forms narrow horizons within the metaconglomerates, generally above bedding-parallel shear planes. The host metaconglomerate_ consist of different proportions of clasts of centimeter size vein quartz, metachert, BIF and felsic metavolcanics, immersed in an arenaceous matrix of medium grain size. A higher concentration of carbonaceous matter, the presence of rounded pyrite, with or without inclusions of carbonaceous matter and overgrowths of later pyrite, pyrophyllite and, locally, chlorite are the main characteristics of the gold-bearing horizons in the metaconglomerates. Pyrophyllite, chlorite and the overgrowth pyrite are interpreted as the result of hydrothermal fluids which circulated along the bedding parallel shear zones, after the peak of metamorphism. The chlorite geothermometry yielded 300°C as an estimate for the precipitation of these hydrothermal minerais and gold mineralization. The ore-related carbonaceous matter displays a low degree of cristallinity, as demonstrated by Raman micro-espectroscopy analysis, and shows more significant concentrations where the Moeda Formation metaconglomerates are thinner (e.g. Unit I), that is, in paleo channel related to structural highs. Pyrite overgrowth, rounded compact pyrite, rounded porous pyrite and euhedrical pyrite are the most frequent types of pyrite observed in the mineralized reefs, in which trace element analyses and sulphur isotopic studies were undertaken. The average concentrations of As (O, 13at%) and Ni (0,08at%) in the different types of pyrite are generally higher than the values of these elements obtained in pyrite from gold deposits (As=0,07at%; Ni=0,007at%) of the Rio das Velhas Supergrupo, considered as a source area from the metaconglomeratic pyrites. Additionally , d34S values ranging from -13%0 to -20%0 indicate a diagenetic origin for the rounded pyrite of the Batatal Formation, implying that being rounded is not a necessary pre-requisite to support a detritic origin. The porous pyrite rich with inclusions of carbonaceous matter shows d34S values between 2%0 and 4 %O, close to those d34S values, yilded by the pyrite yielded by the pyrite from the Rio das Velhas Supergroup gold deposits. Nevertheless, the former contains higher concentrations of As and Ni than the latter, whose values rarely exceed 0,23at% for As and tclose to O at% for Ni. The compact pyrite in the mineralized reefs displays d34S values ranging from -6%0 to 9%0. Reasons to explain this large d34S interval include (1) a detritic origin of the pyrite, with the large 034S variation attributed to the existence of different source areas (Hallbauer,1986; England et aI., 2002); (2) bacterial reduction of the seawater S04 to H2S (Ohmoto et aI., 1993; Strauss e Beukes, 1996); (3) mixing of oxidizíng (S04-bearing) and reducing (H2S-bearing) fluids during diagenesis or hydrothermal event. Alternative (1) implies that the atmosphere was reducing in the Archean, whereas an oxidizing nature for the Archean atmosphere has to be considered for (2) and (3). Gold occurs mainly confined to fractures, together with pyrophyllite, in rounded pyrite, in paragenesis with pyrophyllite, chlorite and skeletal pyrite (possible replacement of the carbonaceous matter), and as inclusions or fractures in overgrowth pyrite. These modes of occurrence of the gold, together with its absence in rounded compact pyrite, suggest that part of the mineralization was epigenetic and linked to the influence of hydrothermal fluids. Thus, shear zones, carbonaceous matter and the presence of conglomerate layers rich in Fe-Mg minerais seem to have played an important role in the precipitation of the gold by hydrothermal fluids. In this context, the gold occurrences and deposits hosted by the Moeda Formation metaconglomerates are interpreted as paleoplacer deposits, highly modified by hydrothermal processes along shear zones, or typical shear zone-hosted gold deposits. Gold may have been remobilized both from the host rock and from rocks of the Rio das Velhas Supergroup. Considering the depositional aspects related to the metaconglomerates, the conspicuous occurrence of carbonaceous matter in the ore zones, the presence of bedding-parallel shear zones and the similarities with Witwatersrand, possible potential areas to contain conglomerate-hosted gold mineralization are the southern sector of the Gandarela Syncline and western sector of the Ouro Fino Syncline / Doutorado / Metalogenese / Doutor em Ciências

Orientadores: Álvaro Penteado Crósta, Ana Maria Góes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T05:13:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maziviero_MarianaVelcic_M.pdf: 11852522 bytes, checksum: da3a2bbea2799f9f4339b2eec4ce7dcf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Atualmente são conhecidas em toda superfície terrestre cerca de 180 estruturas formadas por impacto de meteoritos. No Brasil, foram diagnosticadas seis estruturas originadas por este tipo de evento: Araguainha (MT-GO), Vargeão (SC), Vista Alegre (PR), Cerro do Jarau (RS), Serra da Cangalha (TO) e Riachão (MA). A área de estudos é a estrutura de impacto de Riachão (7º43'S/46º39'W), uma estrutura de impacto do tipo complexa, ligeiramente elíptica, em avançado estágio erosivo e com diâmetro de aproximadamente 4 km. Esta estrutura situa-se na porção centro-oeste da Bacia do Parnaíba, onde predominam arenitos e, subordinadamente, rochas carbonáticas intercaladas com siltitos pertencentes à parte superior do Grupo Balsas depositados entre o Pensilvaniano e Permiano. Estudos geológicos dessa estrutura foram realizados nas décadas de 1960 e 1980, resultando na caracterização geológica preliminar da mesma. Neste trabalho, a partir da integração de dados geológicos e de sensoriamento remoto, foi possível caracterizar geológica e geneticamente a estrutura de Riachão. As unidades litoestratigráficas identificadas correspondem a diferentes níveis da Formação Pedra de Fogo, e, possivelmente, da Formação Piauí, diferenciando-se daquelas estabelecidas nos estudos prévios. O modo de ocorrência destas unidades em superfície é compatível com o modelo de estruturas complexas, no qual o núcleo soerguido exibe camadas mais antigas, circundadas por camadas mais jovens. Em relação às evidências de deformação por impacto foram identificadas rochas intensamente deformadas no interior da estrutura, deformação essa compatível com a origem por impacto meteorítico. Microscopicamente, foram descritas feições deformacionais tais como lamelas de Böhm, healed fractures, feather features, fraturas planares (PF), grãos extremamente fraturados e feições de deformação planares (PDF). Destas, apenas esta última é evidência definitiva da gênese por impacto meteorítico, tendo sido identificada em Riachão pela primeira vez. Com base na interpretação dos lineamentos interpretados a partir das imagens de sensores remotos e limites morfoestruturais de Riachão, sugere-se que a estrutura se formou por um impacto oblíquo com sentido de noroeste para sudeste. O modelo semiquantitativo elaborado permitiu inferir que, após a formação da estrutura, cerca de 280 m de espessura de rochas foram removidos por erosão, o que explica a ocorrência reduzida de indicadores de deformação por choque e/ou a aparente ausência de brechas de impacto e estruturas do tipo shatter cone / Abstract: At the present, about 180 meteorite impact structures have been identified on Earth. In the Brazilian territory, six structures of impact origin are known so far: Araguainha (MT-GO), Vargeão (SC), Vista Alegre (PR), Cerro do Jarau (RS), Serra da Cangalha (TO) and Riachão (MA). In this study, we focused on Riachão impact structure. This crater is located in Maranhão State of northeastern Brazil (S7º42', W46º38'). This semi-circular complex structure has a diameter of 4.2 km, and is in advanced state of erosion. The region containing the Riachão crater is located in central-west portion of the Parnaíba Basin. The strata in the Riachão area are part of the depositional sequence of the Balsas Group deposited between the Pensylvanian and Permian. The first geological studies on Riachão were made in 1960's and 1980's. In this work, by means of integrating geological field observation, petrographic examination of rock samples, and remote sensing data, we achieved a detailed geological and genetic characterization of the structure. The identified lithostratigraphic units consist of different levels of the Pedra de Fogo Formation, and, possibly, the Piauí Formation. This characterization is different from the one previously proposed. The exposure of such geological units is in accordance with models of complex structures, since the lower unit (Piauí Formation) is exposed at the central uplift, surrounded by the younger strata of the Pedra de Fogo Formation. Regarding macroscopic evidences of impact, we identified highly deformed rocks within Riachão structure exhibiting microscopic deformation features such as böhm lamellae, healed fractures, feather features, planar fractures (PF), fragmented grains and planar deformation features (PDF) were observed. PDF is an unequivocal microscopic shock-diagnostic evidence and its occurrence in Riachão is reported here for the first time. The lineament patterns and morphologic characteristics of the structure point towards a possible oblique impact with the impactor striking from northwest to southeast. We estimated the amount of rocks removed by erosion in the Riachão structure to be about 280 m. The absence of the crater-fill impact breccias, shatter cones, as well as the restricted occurrence of microscopic shock effects, are interpreted as the result of intense and relatively deep erosion after the formation of the initial crater / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências