Thesis (D. Min.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 1995. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 256-268).

The use of figurative language can be found in all kinds of texts but the manner it is used differs. This piece of work deals with the frequency of the use of metaphors in general and the distribution of its three subcategories - new, conventional and dead metaphors - in articles from a broadsheet paper and a tabloid. Ten articles, five from The New York Times and five from the New York Daily News, were analyzed and scrutinized for metaphors. The analysis and the categorisation of the metaphors point towards that there should be a higher frequency of metaphors in the broadsheet paper and that the distribution of the subkinds is the same in the two papers. However, results state that there is a great range of variation in the frequency of the metaphor in the individual tabloid articles compared to the broadsheet articles. This point to the conclusion that none of the two papers can be said to generally contain a higher frequency of metaphor compared to the other, simply because with tabloids there is no norm to compare with.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Westminster Theological Seminary, 1991. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 210-214).

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Scholars have researched various aspects of animal imagery in the Hebrew Bible, but there is, to date, no investigation which concentrates exclusively on the animal metaphors in the book of Jeremiah.  This thesis seeks to bring to light this neglected area of study.  This study examines the language and imagery of the animal metaphors for the nation of Israel and considers the contribution they make to the theology of the book.  Since different interpretations have been given to many of the metaphors in question, our in-depth study of these metaphors endeavours to solve some of the questions regarding the meaning of these images. Chapter one spells out the approach taken in the investigation.  The major theoretical approaches to metaphor are discussed and the theory of Eva Kittay is chosen as the methodological basis.  Chapters two, three and four comprise the body of the investigation.  Eighteen metaphors are analysed, grouped into three categories, each of which constitutes a chapter: pastoral metaphors, mammal metaphors, and bird metaphors.  Each metaphor is analysed by using the same basic three-step procedure.  First the metaphor is identified, its limits are clearly defined, and, when there is question, it is established that we are in fact dealing with a metaphor for the nation of Israel.  Second, the text-critical problems of the passage are addressed, and third, the imagery of the vehicle is clarified, as well as what it tells us and how the vehicle informs us about the topic. Our study shows animal metaphors are essential elements of the message of the book of Jeremiah and make important theological claims about the nation of Israel.  For example, several of the animal metaphors assert that Israel’s apostasy has run so deep that she is unable to mend her broken relationship with Yahweh.  The restoration of Israel to Yahweh can be accomplished only through a unilateral act of Yahweh.

With the recent discovery of traumatic brain injuries developing in retired professional football players, this study seeks to explore players’ perceptions of their careers in the sport, and how this may reflect notions of personal health over the long-term. Current and former football players, athletic staff, and other members of the football community were interviewed with the goal of learning about the full trajectory of a football career. Using grounded metaphorical analysis to examine the interview data, our study found the use of metaphor by participants to be integral in players’ descriptions of their careers. Participants likened aspects of their careers to enduring a war, having a religious experience, and being part of a family unit. Long-term, post-career health implications are discussed in relation to players’ conceiving of their experiences through these metaphors, along with limitations of the study and directions for future research. / text

This study is a descriptive, psycholinguistic analysis of three sixth-grade high, three eighth-grade average, and three tenth-grade low readers' processing of naturally occurring text metaphors. Subjects read a 3,667-word self-contained story. The oral reading miscues generated in reading the metaphors were analyzed according to the Goodman Taxonomy of Oral Reading Miscues. The taxonomy analyzes miscues on morphemic, syntactic, and semantic levels. Two additional categories were added to the taxonomy to determine the miscues' effect on the meaning and metaphoricality of the metaphors. Metaphors in the text were identified according to theoretically based criteria, and categorized on the basis of the Metaphor Feature Matrix. The primary purposes of the study were to determine how strategies and cuing systems are utilized in reading metaphoric expressions, the relationship between the processing of metaphoric expressions and comprehending of the text, and variations in processing the different kinds of metaphors found in the text. A secondary purpose was to compare the sixth, eighth, and tenth grade readers' processing of the metaphors. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means, correlation coefficients, and cross-tabulations were utilized in analyzing the data. Among the major findings of the study were the following: (1) Metaphorical expressions were processed less successfully than the text as a whole. Metaphor processing involved less successful utilization of semantic and syntactic information, and of correction strategies. (2) Success in processing the text as a whole was positively related to success in processing the metaphoric expressions. (3) Retelling Scores were found to be positively related to no change in the meaning of the metaphors, and retention of metaphoricality with structural changes. (4) Metaphor processing is affected differently by the various kinds of metaphors found in the text. (5) The eighth-grade average readers were more successful processors of metaphors than the younger, more proficient sixth graders and the older, less proficient tenth graders. Findings of the study indicate a "psychologically real" difference between metaphorical and non-metaphorical language, as well as among various kinds of metaphors. Less successful processing of metaphors indicates that violations inherent in metaphorical language affect the predictive aspect of the reading process.

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