Orientador: Gustavo Fraidenraich / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T18:14:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_TarcisioAndradePires_M.pdf: 2081899 bytes, checksum: a3053bff77b641167994209d4971dc47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Este trabalho propõe um estimador ótimo de velocidade utilizando a matriz de covariância da função de máxima verossimilhança para radares de abertura sintética (SAR) com geometria circular, denominados ArcSAR, com alvos distribuídos móveis. Radares ArcSAR podem ser utilizados em aplicações meteorológicas na detecção de nuvens, que são modeladas como alvos distribuídos por refletirem diversos ecos. Este tipo de alvo apresenta algumas dificuldades na estimação de parâmetros por ter seu espectro não simétrico, fazendo o receptor ter um somatório de sinais refletidos. Além desse problema há ainda o ruído que descaracteriza o espectro do sinal recebido e outras complicações que os alvos móveis originam, como mudanças na informação de fase do sinal. Devido à forma de operação do ArcSAR, é necessário estimar a velocidade do alvo de forma precisa para saber a localização geográfica. A estimação do método proposto apresenta o menor erro e a maior precisão dentre os métodos já existentes na literatura. A sua eficiência é comprovada por meio de simulações / Abstract: This work proposes an optimal velocity estimator, using maximum likelihood covariance matrix, for synthetic aperture radars (SAR) with circular geometry, called ArcSAR, with mobiles distributed targets. ArcSAR radars can be used in meteorological applications for detecting clouds, which are modeled as distributed targets due several echo reflections. This kind of target presents some parameters estimation difficulties, because its spectrum is non symmetrical, causing a sum of reflected signals over the receptor. Besides this problem, the noise corrupts the received signal spectrum and there are other complications that mobile targets introduce, like changes at the signal phase information. Due ArcSAR operation, it is necessary a good accuracy on target velocity estimation to know its geographic location. The proposed method estimation presents the lowest error and the best accuracy among the existent methods in the literature. Its accuracy is proven by simulations / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: José Cândido Silveira Santos Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T00:47:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miranda_MarcoAntonioMiguel_M.pdf: 2405422 bytes, checksum: 5c4caff040f0d11939f7dc322d5df4f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho analisa a viabilidade de uma nova proposta de radar meteorológico utilizando duas antenas fixas e idênticas, destinado a detectar e localizar fenômenos meteorológicos como chuva e nuvem. Uma das antenas transmite o sinal e recebe os ecos provenientes dos alvos de interesse, caracterizando um radar monoestático, enquanto que a segunda antena apenas recebe os ecos, caracterizando um radar biestático. Para o desenvolvimento de um modelo realístico, medidas de campo utilizando este radar são realizadas, para que o sinal recebido seja caracterizado estatisticamente. Com o modelo estabelecido, é então deduzida uma expressão analítica e geral para o coeficiente de correlação entre os sinais recebidos pelas duas antenas, em função de parâmetros físicos relevantes, tais como a distância entre as antenas (linha de base), a banda do sinal transmitido e a diretividade da antena. Essa análise serve como base para o projeto de um detector para o radar, sob o critério de razão de verossimilhança, em que se procura maximizar a probabilidade de detecção a partir de uma dada probabilidade de falso alarme. No projeto, são evidenciadas a variável e a regra de decisão em função de uma série de amostras dos sinais recebidos. Por fim, apresenta-se uma análise do desempenho do detector projetado para diferentes valores de coeficiente de correlação entre os sinais / Abstract: This work analyzes the feasibility of a new proposal for meteorological radars using two identical fixed spaced antennas, aimed at detecting and locating meteorological phenomena such as rain and clouds. One of the antennas transmits the signal and receives its echoes from the scatterers, characterizing monostatic radar, whereas the other antenna only receives these echoes, characterizing bistatic radar. In order to develop a realistic model, field measurements using this setup are carried out, so that the received signal can be statistically characterized. From this model, it is then derived a general analytical expression for the correlation coefficient of the signals received by the two antennas, as a function of relevant physical parameters, namely distance between antennas (baseline distance), signal bandwidth, and antenna directivity. This analysis is used for the design of a detector for the proposed radar, based on the likelihood ratio method, which intends to maximize the detection probability for a given false-alarm probability. In the design process, the decision variable and the decision rule are properly defined in terms of the set of signals samples. Finally, the performance analysis of the detector is presented for different values of the correlation coefficient between the signals / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Este projeto de mestrado apresenta uma caracterização das chuvas estimadas pelo radar meteorológico Doppler de dupla polarização banda S (SPOL) do Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica (DAEE) e Fundação Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica (FCTH) durante eventos com ou sem alagamento para cada bairro da cidade de São Paulo durante o ano de 2015. A caracterização foi determinada a partir da função densidade de probabilidade (PDF) da chuva acumulada e da taxa de precipitação, duração da chuva e fração da área de cada bairro onde ocorreu a chuva. Na média, os eventos de alagamento estavam associados com um volume de chuva maior que 30mm e taxa precipitação máxima maior que 30mm/h. Com relação à duração não foi possível encontrar um padrão médio, pois a chuva teve duração mínima de 20 minutos e máxima de 23 horas. Por outro lado, eventos de alagamento tinham alcançado mais de 27% da área do bairro com taxa de precipitação maior que 30 mm/h e 50 mm/h. Destaca-se ao longo desta análise que os bairros localizados próximos aos rios Tietê e Pinheiros e a região central da cidade de São Paulo apresentaram maior probabilidade de ocorrência de alagamento com volumes de chuva mais baixos do que a média de 30 mm por dia e também registraram maior recorrência de pontos alagados. Por último foi desenvolvido um método de regressão logística binária para calcular a probabilidade de ocorrência de alagamentos nos diversos bairros da cidade São Paulo. Este modelo utiliza como parâmetros de entrada a duração da chuva, a taxa de precipitação máxima e a chuva acumulada nas últimas 24 horas. O modelo apresentou uma probabilidade de detecção (POD) média de 1% e uma taxa de falso alarme média (FAR) de 0,6 para os eventos de alagamento, já para eventos sem alagamento o POD médio foi de 96% e a FAR foi de 2,5%. Portanto o modelo consegue prever os casos sem alagamento. / This dissertation project presents a characterization of the rainfall estimated from a dual-polarization S-band Doppler meteorological radar (SPOL) of the Department of Water and Electric Energy (DAEE) and Foundation Technological Center of Hydraulics (FCTH) during with or without flooding events for each neighborhood of the city of São Paulo over the year 2015. The characterization was determined by the probability density function (PDF) of the accumulated rainfall and the precipitation rate, rainfall duration and rainfall-area fraction in the neighborhoods. In average, flood events were associated with a rainfall volume greater than 30mm and a maximum rainfall rate greater than 30mm/h. Regarding the duration, it was not possible to find an average pattern, because the rain had a minimum duration of 20 minutes and a maximum of 23 hours. On the other hand, flood events had reached more than 27% of the neighborhood\'s area with a precipitation rate greater than 30 mm/h and 50 mm/h. It is highlighted throughout this analysis that the neighborhoods located near the Tietê and Pinheiros rivers and central region of the city of São Paulo presented a higher probability of flood occurrence with rainfall volumes lower than the average of 30 mm per day and also recorded higher recurrence of flooded spots. Finally, a binary logistic regression method was developed to estimate the probability of occurrence of flooding in the various neighborhoods of the city of São Paulo. This model uses as input parameters rainfall duration, maximum rainfall rate and accumulated rainfall in the last 24 hours. The model presented a mean probability of detection (POD) of 1% and a mean false alarm rate (FAR) of 0,6 for flood events. On the other hand, for events without occurrence of flood a mean POD was 96% and FAR 2,5. Therefore, the model can predict the events without flooding.

Este projeto de mestrado apresenta uma caracterização das chuvas estimadas pelo radar meteorológico Doppler de dupla polarização banda S (SPOL) do Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica (DAEE) e Fundação Centro Tecnológico de Hidráulica (FCTH) durante eventos com ou sem alagamento para cada bairro da cidade de São Paulo durante o ano de 2015. A caracterização foi determinada a partir da função densidade de probabilidade (PDF) da chuva acumulada e da taxa de precipitação, duração da chuva e fração da área de cada bairro onde ocorreu a chuva. Na média, os eventos de alagamento estavam associados com um volume de chuva maior que 30mm e taxa precipitação máxima maior que 30mm/h. Com relação à duração não foi possível encontrar um padrão médio, pois a chuva teve duração mínima de 20 minutos e máxima de 23 horas. Por outro lado, eventos de alagamento tinham alcançado mais de 27% da área do bairro com taxa de precipitação maior que 30 mm/h e 50 mm/h. Destaca-se ao longo desta análise que os bairros localizados próximos aos rios Tietê e Pinheiros e a região central da cidade de São Paulo apresentaram maior probabilidade de ocorrência de alagamento com volumes de chuva mais baixos do que a média de 30 mm por dia e também registraram maior recorrência de pontos alagados. Por último foi desenvolvido um método de regressão logística binária para calcular a probabilidade de ocorrência de alagamentos nos diversos bairros da cidade São Paulo. Este modelo utiliza como parâmetros de entrada a duração da chuva, a taxa de precipitação máxima e a chuva acumulada nas últimas 24 horas. O modelo apresentou uma probabilidade de detecção (POD) média de 1% e uma taxa de falso alarme média (FAR) de 0,6 para os eventos de alagamento, já para eventos sem alagamento o POD médio foi de 96% e a FAR foi de 2,5%. Portanto o modelo consegue prever os casos sem alagamento. / This dissertation project presents a characterization of the rainfall estimated from a dual-polarization S-band Doppler meteorological radar (SPOL) of the Department of Water and Electric Energy (DAEE) and Foundation Technological Center of Hydraulics (FCTH) during with or without flooding events for each neighborhood of the city of São Paulo over the year 2015. The characterization was determined by the probability density function (PDF) of the accumulated rainfall and the precipitation rate, rainfall duration and rainfall-area fraction in the neighborhoods. In average, flood events were associated with a rainfall volume greater than 30mm and a maximum rainfall rate greater than 30mm/h. Regarding the duration, it was not possible to find an average pattern, because the rain had a minimum duration of 20 minutes and a maximum of 23 hours. On the other hand, flood events had reached more than 27% of the neighborhood\'s area with a precipitation rate greater than 30 mm/h and 50 mm/h. It is highlighted throughout this analysis that the neighborhoods located near the Tietê and Pinheiros rivers and central region of the city of São Paulo presented a higher probability of flood occurrence with rainfall volumes lower than the average of 30 mm per day and also recorded higher recurrence of flooded spots. Finally, a binary logistic regression method was developed to estimate the probability of occurrence of flooding in the various neighborhoods of the city of São Paulo. This model uses as input parameters rainfall duration, maximum rainfall rate and accumulated rainfall in the last 24 hours. The model presented a mean probability of detection (POD) of 1% and a mean false alarm rate (FAR) of 0,6 for flood events. On the other hand, for events without occurrence of flood a mean POD was 96% and FAR 2,5. Therefore, the model can predict the events without flooding.

Weather is a major contributing factor in aviation accidents, incidents and delays. Doppler weather radar has emerged as a potent tool to observe weather. Aircraft carry an onboard radar but its range and angular resolution are limited. Networks of ground-based weather radars provide extensive coverage of weather over large geographic regions. It would be helpful if these data can be transmitted to the pilot. However, these data are highly voluminous and the bandwidth of the ground-air communication links is limited and expensive. Hence, these data have to be compressed to an extent where they are suitable for transmission over low-bandwidth links. Several methods have been developed to compress pictorial data. General-purpose schemes do not take into account the nature of data and hence do not yield high compression ratios. A scheme for extreme compression of weather radar data is developed in this thesis that does not significantly degrade the meteorological information contained in these data. The method is based on contour encoding. It approximates a contour by a set of systematically chosen ‘control’ points that preserve its fine structure upto a certain level. The contours may be obtained using a thresholding process based on NWS or custom reflectivity levels. This process may result in region and hole contours, enclosing ‘high’ or ‘low’ areas, which may be nested. A tag bit is used to label region and hole contours. The control point extraction method first obtains a smoothed reference contour by averaging the original contour. Then the points on the original contour with maximum deviation from the smoothed contour between the crossings of these contours are identified and are designated as control points. Additional control points are added midway between the control point and the crossing points on either side of it, if the length of the segment between the crossing points exceeds a certain length. The control points, referenced with respect to the top-left corner of each contour for compact quantification, are transmitted to the receiving end. The contour is retrieved from the control points at the receiving end using spline interpolation. The region and hole contours are identified using the tag bit. The pixels between the region and hole contours at a given threshold level are filled using the color corresponding to it. This method is repeated till all the contours for a given threshold level are exhausted, and the process is carried out for all other thresholds, thereby resulting in a composite picture of the reconstructed field. Extensive studies have been conducted by using metrics such as compression ratio, fidelity of reconstruction and visual perception. In particular the effect of the smoothing factor, the choice of the degree of spline interpolation and the choice of thresholds are studied. It has been shown that a smoothing percentage of about 10% is optimal for most data. A degree 2 of spline interpolation is found to be best suited for smooth contour reconstruction. Augmenting NWS thresholds has resulted in improved visual perception, but at the expense of a decrease in the compression ratio. Two enhancements to the basic method that include adjustments to the control points to achieve better reconstruction and bit manipulations on the control points to obtain higher compression are proposed. The spline interpolation inherently tends to move the reconstructed contour away from the control points. This has been somewhat compensated by stretching the control points away from the smoothed reference contour. The amount and direction of stretch are optimized with respect to actual data fields to yield better reconstruction. In the bit manipulation study, the effects of discarding the least significant bits of the control point addresses are analyzed in detail. Simple bit truncation introduces a bias in the contour description and reconstruction, which is removed to a great extent by employing a bias compensation mechanism. The results obtained are compared with other methods devised for encoding weather radar contours.

Рассмотрены различные способы измерений скорости ветра на различной высоте в нижних слоях атмосферы. Предложена новая конструкция радара для неконтактного измерения скорости ветра. В качестве излучателя антенной решетки предложено использовать трехэлементную вибраторную антенну. Выполнено электродинамическое моделирование антенной решетки. Предложена антенная решетка, формирующая 5 лучей шириной 7 градусов. Рассмотрена треугольная и квадратная сетка размещения элементов. Доказано преимущество антенной решетки с треугольной сеткой. Рассмотрено влияние амплитудного распределения мощности по элементам антенной решетки на диаграмму направленности. Исследовано влияние кластеризации решетки по 4 и 7 элементов. Доказано преимущество 4-х элементных кластеров. Исследовано влияние дискрета фазирования на характеристики антенны. Предложена 4-битовая схема фазовращателей. Схема управления фазовращателями оптимизирована на минимум управляющего тока. Определена дальность действия предложенного радара. / Various methods of wind speed measuring at different heights in the lower atmosphere are considered. A new scheme for constructing a radar for non-contact measurement of wind speed is proposed. A three-element dipole antenna is proposed as the radar antenna array element. The antenna array electrodynamic modeling is performed. The antenna array forming 5 beams with a width of 7 degrees are suggested. The square and triangular grid of elements placement in the antenna array is considered. The advantages of the antenna array with the triangular grid are justified. The influence of the amplitude distribution of radiated power in the antenna array on the radiation pattern is studied. The effect of clustering of the antenna array on its radiation is studied. 4- and 7-element clusters are considered. The advantage of 4-element clusters is proved. The effect of phasing discretization on the antenna characteristics is investigated. The 4-bit phase shifter scheme is proposed. The phase shifter control scheme is optimized for a minimum of the control current. The radar monitoring range is defined.

Weather radars are increasingly used for the study of clouds, understanding the precipitation systems and also for forecasting very short range weather (one hour to a few hours). Now, Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) data are available in India and it is possible to study cloud properties at fine temporal and spatial scales. Radar is a complex system and calibration of a radar is not an easy job. But derived cloud properties strongly depend on the absolute magnitude of the reflectivity. Therefore, there is a need to check how data from two or more radars compare if they measure a common volume. Chennai and SHAR radars are within 66 km from each other, and the data collected during their calibration and intercomparison experiment in 2006 enables the comparison of their reflectivity(Z) values. Individual reflectivity are compared after plotting SHAR versus Chennai in a scatter plot. Fitting a least square linear best fit line shows that the intercept has a value around 6 dBZ and the slope of the line is 1.06. Thus, there is a trend as well, and the difference between the two radars increase with Z, and for Z around 40 dBZ (for SHAR DWR), the difference between the two is around 8.5 dBZ. Visual intercomparison also validated the results. Data from the two radars are compared with Precipitation Radar (PR) data on board TRMM satellite. TRMM radar slightly overestimates compared to Chennai radar above the range of 30 dBZ. After standardized, SHAR data is used for understanding the evolution and propagation of cloud systems. The diurnal variation in convection is strong in the study region, with increase around local evening and morning and weakening around midnight except in December. Average liquid water content in the clouds is about 0.5 gm/m3. There is some seasonal dependence but no clear dependence on cloud size. Smaller systems of May have more liquid water content compared to larger ones. For nowcasting vertically projected maximum reflectivity is taken. A threshold of 30 dBZ is set to identify the cloud systems. Both center of gravity tracking (CG) and cross-correlation (CC) methods are used to track them. Frequent merging and splitting is common in the clouds which makes storm tracking difficult. Tracking by CC is giving better result than that by the CG method in the case of large systems (i.e., clusters). For smaller systems (individual cloud systems), CC method gives better result than CG method but not as good as cluster.

Esta tesis explora la precisión de dos métodos de estimación de precipitación, Auto-Estimator y CRR (Convective Rainfall Rate), generados a partir de imágenes infrarrojas y visibles del Meteosat. Ambos métodos junto con una serie de correcciones de la intensidad de lluvia estimada se aplican y se verifican en dos casos de inundaciones acaecidas en zonas mediterráneas. El primer caso ocurrió en Albania del 21 al 23 de septiembre de 2002 y el segundo, conocido como caso Montserrat, ocurrió en Cataluña la noche del 9 al 10 se junio de 2000. Por otro lado se investiga la posibilidad de realizar calibraciones de ambos métodos directamente con datos de estaciones pluviométricas cuando lo común es calibrar con datos de radares meteorológicos. También se propone cambios en algunas de las correcciones ya que parecen mejorar los resultados y se propone una nueva corrección muy eficiente que utiliza las descargas eléctricas para determinar la zonas más convectivas y de mayor precipitación de los sistemas nubosos. / This Thesis work explores the precision of two methods to estimate rainfall called Auto-Estimator and CRR (Convective Rainfall Rate). They are obtained by using infrared and visible images from Meteosat. Both Algorithms within a set of correction factors are applied and verified in two severe flood cases that took place in Mediterranean regions. The first case has occurred in Albania from 21 to 23 September 2002 and the second, known as the Montserrat case, has occurred in Catalonia the night from the 9 to 10 of June 2000. On the other hand it is explored new methods to perform calibrations to both satellite algorithms using direct rain rates from rain gauges. These kinds of adjustments are usually done using rain rates from meteorological radars. In addition it is proposed changes on some correction factors that seem to improve the results on estimations and it is defined an efficient correction factor that employ electrical discharges to detect the most convective and rainy areas in cloud systems.

Honeywell Technology Solutions Lab, India / Weather is a major contributing factor in aviation accidents, incidents and delays. Doppler weather radar has emerged as a potent tool to observe weather. Aircraft carry onboard radars but their range and angular resolution are limited. Networks of ground-based weather radars provide extensive coverage of weather over large geographic regions. It would be helpful if these data can be transmitted to the pilot. However, these data are highly voluminous and the bandwidth of the ground-air communication links is limited and expensive. Hence, these data have to be compressed to an extent where they are suitable for transmission over low-bandwidth links. Several methods have been developed to compress pictorial data. General-purpose schemes do not take into account the nature of data and hence do not yield high compression ratios. A scheme for extreme compression of weather radar data is developed in this thesis that does not significantly degrade the meteorological information contained in these data. The method is based on contour encoding. It approximates a contour by a set of systematically chosen ‘control points’ that preserve its fine structure up to a certain level. The contours may be obtained using a thresholding process based on NWS or custom reflectivity levels. This process may result in region and hole contours, enclosing `high' or `low' areas, which may be nested. A tag bit is used to label region and hole contours. The control point extraction method first obtains a smoothed reference contour by averaging the original contour. Then the points on the original contour with maximum deviation from the smoothed contour between the crossings of these contours are identified and are designated as control points. Additional control points are added midway between the control point and the crossing points on either side of it, if the length of the segment between the crossing points exceeds a certain length. The control points, referenced with respect to the top-left corner of each contour for compact quantification, are transmitted to the receiving end. The contour is retrieved from the control points at the receiving end using spline interpolation. The region and hole contours are identified using the tag bit. The pixels between the region and hole contours at a given threshold level are filled using the color corresponding to it. This method is repeated till all the contours for a given threshold level are exhausted, and the process is carried out for all other thresholds, thereby resulting in a composite picture of the reconstructed field. Extensive studies have been conducted by using metrics such as compression ratio, fidelity of reconstruction and visual perception. In particular the effect of the smoothing factor, the choice of the degree of spline interpolation and the choice of thresholds are studied. It has been shown that a smoothing percentage of about 10% is optimal for most data. A degree 2 of spline interpolation is found to be best suited for smooth contour reconstruction. Augmenting NWS thresholds has resulted in improved visual perception, but at the expense of a decrease in the compression ratio. Two enhancements to the basic method that include adjustments to the control points to achieve better reconstruction and bit manipulations on the control points to obtain higher compression are proposed. The spline interpolation inherently tends to move the reconstructed contour away from the control points. This has been somewhat compensated by stretching the control points away from the smoothed reference contour. The amount and direction of stretch are optimized with respect to actual data fields to yield better reconstruction. In the bit manipulation study, the effects of discarding the least significant bits of the control point addresses are analyzed in detail. Simple bit truncation introduces a bias in the contour description and reconstruction, which is removed to a great extent by employing a bias compensation mechanism. The results obtained are compared with other methods devised for encoding weather radar contours.