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Thesis. 1976. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Meteorology. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaf 86. / M.S.

Thesis. 1976. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Meteorology. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Bibliography: leaf 76. / by Gerald Francis Riley, Jr. / M.S.

<p>The theory used in today’s weather- and climate models to describe processes near the earth’s surface, i.e. transport of heat, moisture and momentum between the ground and the atmosphere, is based on the idea that only local factors are important, such as temperature and wind speed near the ground. However, from measurements made at two sites, one agricultural and one marine, it has been found that large eddies, which are related to the convective boundary layer height, influence the turbulence structure near the ground during unstable conditions more than previously realized. Especially the momentum transport is affected. The large eddies have similar size over land and over the sea, typically 1000 m. The important difference being that over land diurnal variation plays a fundamental role; over the sea such variations are typically absent. </p><p>From the marine site it has also been found that the turbulence structure of the temperature field over the Baltic Sea is very different from over land. Instead of having a height dependence as expected from theory, the temperature structure seems to be constant with height within the surface layer. </p><p>Typically, the heat flux over the sea is smaller than over land during convective conditions. This gives rise to a turbulence transport regime which is fundamentally different from that observed during daytime convective conditions over land. </p>

The theory used in today’s weather- and climate models to describe processes near the earth’s surface, i.e. transport of heat, moisture and momentum between the ground and the atmosphere, is based on the idea that only local factors are important, such as temperature and wind speed near the ground. However, from measurements made at two sites, one agricultural and one marine, it has been found that large eddies, which are related to the convective boundary layer height, influence the turbulence structure near the ground during unstable conditions more than previously realized. Especially the momentum transport is affected. The large eddies have similar size over land and over the sea, typically 1000 m. The important difference being that over land diurnal variation plays a fundamental role; over the sea such variations are typically absent. From the marine site it has also been found that the turbulence structure of the temperature field over the Baltic Sea is very different from over land. Instead of having a height dependence as expected from theory, the temperature structure seems to be constant with height within the surface layer. Typically, the heat flux over the sea is smaller than over land during convective conditions. This gives rise to a turbulence transport regime which is fundamentally different from that observed during daytime convective conditions over land.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2003. / Dissertation supervisor: Qing Wang. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-145). Also available online.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Oklahoma, 1987. / Bibliography: leaves 180-185.

The purpose of this work is to examine the usefulness of various types of meteorological observations taken from commercial aircraft.Photographs of clouds were taken from routine flights over the southern United States. Samples of some of these pictures are presented. One set taken of a line of thunderstorms is related to a synoptic map and a U.S. Weather Bureau Radu Chart. A time-lapse sequence of convective development is examined with respect to the thermodynamic energies revealed by the appropriate radiosonde ascent. The results suggest that the freezing process is a vital source of energy in boosting the cloud tops to the heights observed. [...]

Instruments have been designed and assembled for the summation of areas of precipitation on a weather radar map. One technique uses the output from a system scanning the map to deflect the trace on the cathoderay tube of an oscilloscope in discrete steps depending on the intensity of the precipitation. This trace is photographed. Since the brightness of the trace is constant, exposure is a function of scan-time. Because scan-time is proportional to area scanned, the density on film resulting from this exposure is a function of area. Densitometry then yields these areas. A more convenient technique makes use of the fact that scan-time is proportional to the number of cycles of the a.c. output from the scanner, and areal summation is accomplished with an electronic counter. Examples of measurements are presented, and their meteorological value is discussed. [...]

The Alberta Rail Studies Project's AN/FPS-502 radar, equipped with "gray-scale" output circuitry and a broad vertical beam, was employed to study the storm of 18 July 1964. Defining the Total Radar Reflectivity permits the summation of the return from the three antenna beams to produce a composite of the echo through the entire depth of the storm. Time-meaned radar reflectivity profiles are obtained for the first time from this type of radar, and are used to derive equations to calculate the liquid water content of the storm. [...]