The continuous growth in power system electric grid by adding new substations lead to construct many new transmission lines, transformers, control devices, and circuit breakers to connect the capacity (generators) to the demand (loads). These components will have a very heavy influence on the performance of the electric grid. The renewable technical solutions for these issues can be found by robust algorithms which can give us a full picture of the current state of the electrical network by monitoring the behavior of phase and voltage magnitude. In this thesis, the major idea is to implement several algorithms including weighted least square, extend kalman filter, and interior point method in three different electrical networks including IEEE 14, 30, and 118 to compare the performance of these algorithms which is represented by the behavior of phases and magnitude voltages as well as minimize the residual of the balance load flow real time measurements to distinguish which one is more robust. Also to have a particular understanding of the comparison between unconstraint and constraint algorithms.

My diploma thesis deals with the optimization and verification of conditions for separation of proteins, which are contained in the twigs of elder (Sambucus nigra L.) using the technique RP-HPLC. The measurements were made with the use of a HPLC system with a UV-VIS detector. Column Zorbax 300SB-C18 300 4,6 x 250 mm and particles the size of 5 microns were used. The theoretical part describes the attributes and usage of elder and especially its proteins. The basic characteristic of the used HPLC technique is introduced. The possibilities of how to identify proteins are described. The practical part demonstrates the individual steps of optimization of the HPLC method applied to the mixture of standard proteins. The application of this method in the real sample is also reported. The final part of the diploma thesis is focused on the comparison of analysed samples taken in different seasons.

The aim of this Master Thesis is the optimization and verification of conditions of separation of proteins from biological materials. For the separation a developed technique called micropreparative isoelectric focusing is being used. The theoretical part describes analytical methods of biological materials with a focus on proteins which were used for the optimization of the developing system in general. This part of the Master Thesis also presents this method itself. Furthermore, basic characteristics of other techniques used to control the efficiency of the micropreparative isoelectric focusing are introduced. The experimental part depicts the individual steps of optimization of the micropreparative isoelectric focusing. The ideal separation procedure was firstly found out on the individual standard proteins, secondly on their mixture and lastly the optimised procedure was applied to a real biological sample. The efficiency of the micropreparative isoelectric focusing was verified by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

Autism is a complex disorder with possible genetic, epigenetic and environmental components. As the etiology remains uncertain and an increase in incidence is suspected, the involvement of possible environmental risk factors has gained increasing attention. With this thesis, I aim to provide tools for assessing such risk factors. Firstly, I aim to construct a questionnaire for the analysis of an environmental component in the etiology of autism. Secondly, I aim to assess the importance of prenatal exposure to metals in certain diseases and thirdly I aim to construct a methodology enabling the analysis of the mitochondrial epigenome, which is especially interesting in relation to autism as mitochondrial diseases occur more frequently in an autistic population than in the general population. For the creation of the questionnaire the scientific literature was reviewed. The resulting questionnaire contains general, prenatal, neonatal and paternal risk factors. The metal analysis was conducted on the cord blood of patients who later developed autism, antinuclear antibodies positive rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes, which were then compared to healthy control subjects. My findings propose a link between elevated levels of cord blood cadmium or aluminum and rheumatic arthritis. In addition, elevated aluminum levels might be associated with autism. In regards to the analysis of the mitochondrial epigenome, to my knowledge, no standard protocol exists with frozen human whole blood as a source. In this thesis, I succeeded in creating the basis for such a protocol, however still needing several small modifications for an increased overall yield.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a otimização dos protótipos fabricados pelo processo FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) em procedimento baseado na análise do comportamento estrutural dos protótipos variando as estratégias de preenchimento das camadas. Para atingir tal objetivo, corpos de prova com diferentes orientações de preenchimento foram ensaiados experimentalmente e os resultados foram verificados em análise estrutural por elementos finitos. Foram verificados o caráter ortotrópico do material do protótipo e a validade do uso da Teoria Clássica dos Laminados na simulação de seu comportamento. Os conceitos e metodologia de análise foram validados em estudos de casos, mostrando a viabilidade de sua aplicação na obtenção de protótipos funcionais / The objective of this work is to develop an optimization procedure for FDM prototypes. This procedure is based on the structural analysis of the prototypes within different slice filling paths. In order to reach this objective, experimental tests with different filling trajectories are conducted and the results are used in structural analysis by finite element method. The orthotropic behavior of the prototype material and the use of the Classical Laminate Theory in the numerical simulation were validated. The results were applied in different case studies, showing the viability of its application in the design of functional prototypes.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal a otimização dos protótipos fabricados pelo processo FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) em procedimento baseado na análise do comportamento estrutural dos protótipos variando as estratégias de preenchimento das camadas. Para atingir tal objetivo, corpos de prova com diferentes orientações de preenchimento foram ensaiados experimentalmente e os resultados foram verificados em análise estrutural por elementos finitos. Foram verificados o caráter ortotrópico do material do protótipo e a validade do uso da Teoria Clássica dos Laminados na simulação de seu comportamento. Os conceitos e metodologia de análise foram validados em estudos de casos, mostrando a viabilidade de sua aplicação na obtenção de protótipos funcionais / The objective of this work is to develop an optimization procedure for FDM prototypes. This procedure is based on the structural analysis of the prototypes within different slice filling paths. In order to reach this objective, experimental tests with different filling trajectories are conducted and the results are used in structural analysis by finite element method. The orthotropic behavior of the prototype material and the use of the Classical Laminate Theory in the numerical simulation were validated. The results were applied in different case studies, showing the viability of its application in the design of functional prototypes.

La spectroscopie sur plasma induit par laser (LIBS) est une technique d'analyse élémentaire couplant l'ablation laser dans le cas des échantillons solides, à la spectroscopie d'émission atomique. Malgré de nombreux avantages qui en font une technique de plus en plus attractive, la spectroscopie LIBS n'est pas encore reconnue comme méthode d'analyse quantitative. En effet, les problèmes d'hétérogénéité des échantillons, d'effets matrice, d'auto-absorption des raies d'émission et surtout de manque de répétabilité participent à la dégradation des performances analytiques de la spectroscopie LIBS. Dans le but de faire évoluer la technique, ces travaux de thèse consistent à réaliser un cas particulier de démonstration de l'évaluation des performances analytiques d'un système LIBS de laboratoire en intégrant des notions de qualité. L'exemple porte ici sur l'analyse d'échantillons d'aciers certifiés. Une première étude concerne le déroulement de l'optimisation du système pour l'analyse quantitative. L'effet des différents paramètres expérimentaux sur le signal LIBS étant complexe, un protocole méthodique est indispensable. Une étude paramétrique est donc ici proposée en vue de déterminer les conditions expérimentales les plus propices à l'analyse quantitative. Une fois optimisée, la méthode LIBS est ensuite caractérisée grâce aux principes classiques de la validation de méthode. La justesse ainsi que la fidélité de la méthode sont évaluées dans des conditions de répétabilité et de précision intermédiaire. Cette dernière étude montre des résultats prometteurs pour la technique. L'application d'une carte de contrôle montre néanmoins un manque de stabilité du système de laboratoire et permet d'enclencher des actions correctives en vue d'améliorer ses performances analytiques. / Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is an elemental analytical technique which combines laser ablation with atomic emission spectroscopy. LIBS spectroscopy has many advantages but is not recognized as a fully quantitative method. Indeed, the problem of samples' heterogeneity, matrix effects, self-absorption of emission lines and the lack of repeatability deteriorate the analytical performances of LIBS. In order to improve this technique, the work presented in this thesis includes an example of analytical performances evaluation with the use of quality notions of a laboratory LIBS system. The method is here specially applied to the analysis of certified steel samples. A first study deals with the optimization of the LIBS system for the quantitative analysis. As the effect of the different experimental parameters on LIBS signal is complex, a methodical protocol is necessary. Here, a parametric study is proposed to determine the experimental conditions suitable for quantitative analysis. Once optimized, the LIBS method is then characterized with basics of method validation. The trueness and the precision of the method are evaluated in conditions of repeatability and intermediate precision. This study shows promising results for LIBS technique. The application of a control chart reveals however an instability of the laboratory system and enables to introduce corrective actions to improve its analytical performances.

This thesis deals with a study of methods sufficient to describe the behavior of bulk materials (homogeneous and non-homogeneous) during their transport by bucket elevators in the application focused on the optimization of the bucket shape and also on the optimization of operating parameters of whole elevator. More specifically, this thesis is based on the studying and creating analytical and numerical computational models which are used for description of flows and deformations especially of particulate materials. Firstly, the thesis is focused on the process of discharging the bucket – the relationship among the shape of the surface of a particulate material and geometry, position and movement of the bucket. The beginning and way of discharge of the bucket will be determined. Secondly, the thesis includes the overall computational model of a bucket elevator which is based on discrete element method and presented in the case study. The goal is to determine the limits of some classical physical and mathematical descriptions.

Les tensioactifs poly- et perfluoroalkylés (PFAS) sont des composés d’origine anthropique produits à partir des années 1950 et qui sont désormais considérés comme des polluants ubiquistes. La première partie de ce travail a consisté à optimiser et valider des procédures pour l’analyse ultra-trace des PFAS. Ces méthodes ont ensuite été utilisées afin d’apporter de nouveaux éléments de réponse sur l’occurrence et la dynamique des PFAS dans les environnements aquatiques. Une attention particulière a été accordée aux valeurs censurées (<LD). Dans les eaux de surface et les sédiments, à l’échelle nationale, le perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) s’est avéré prédominant parmi les acides perfluoroalkylés (PFAA) considérés ; la fraction organique du sédiment est apparue un facteur de contrôle clé des teneurs sédimentaires. L’utilisation des cartes auto-organisatrices de Kohonen a facilité la synthèse des résultats et les comparaisons entre sites. A une échelle plus locale, ces travaux ont permis de cartographier la contamination sédimentaire d’un estuaire macrotidal et d’étudier les facteurs de contrôle de leur distribution. La dynamique spatio-temporelle des PFAS et leur transfert aux premiers maillons trophiques ont été évalués en milieu fluvial urbain (la Seine) et en milieu estuarien (la Gironde). La détermination des facteurs d’amplification trophique en estuaire de Gironde confirme le caractère bioamplifiable du PFOS et de certains PFAA à longue chaîne. Le dernier axe de ces travaux concernait la recherche de PFAS d’intérêt émergent zwittérioniques et cationiques ; des résultats préliminaires semblent dissiper les inquiétudes concernant leur potentiel de bioaccumulation. / Poly- and perfluoroalkyl surfactants (PFAS) are anthropogenic compounds that have been used sincethe 1950s in a variety of applications and that have emerged as ubiquitously distributed contaminants.The first aim of this work was to optimize and validate analytical procedures for the trace-leveldetermination of PFAS. These methods were then applied to various sets of environmental samples,providing new elements to document the occurrence and environmental fate of PFAS in aquaticecosystems. In terms of statistical analyses, a special care has been devoted to incorporate nondetects(data <LOD). In French surface waters and sediments, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) wasthe prevailing perfluoroalkylated acid (PFAA); sediment organic carbon fraction was a key controllingfactor of PFAS sedimentary levels. Kohonen self-organizing maps were used to highlight similaritiesand differences between sites, providing evidence for distinctive features, sometimes at watershedscale. A mapping of PFAS in sediments was established in a macrotidal estuary, along with theirpartitioning behavior in the water column. The spatio-temporal dynamics of PFAS and transfer to thefirst trophic levels were investigated in an urban freshwater hydrosystem (the Seine River) and in anestuarine environment (Gironde estuary). In the Gironde estuary, trophic magnification factors (TMF)were significantly >1 for PFOS and several long-chain PFAA, providing new evidence for theirbiomagnification. The last theme addressed in this work was the analysis of newly-identified cationicand zwitterionic PFAS ; preliminary evidence seem to dispel concerns about the bioaccumulationpotential of the latter.

This master thesis deals with optimization of the shape of the stator and rotor slots of induction motor with focusing on increasing efficiency. The theoretical part introduces the principles of optimization algorithms. Another part is devoted to design the shape of slots and its influence on the shape of slots on machine. On the models of motor was conducted the optimized shape of slots by using a genetic algorithm. Firstly, it was performed by using the analytical calculation in the RMxprt program, then by using the finite element method on two different models, whose difference simulates the influence of the production technology on the efficiency of the motor. Laboratory measurement was made on a real machine as well. The results of the measurement, calculations and optimizations are compared in the work.