Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of History, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Examines the processes of disappearance during the late 16th and 17th centuries--through assimilation or extermination--of the native Indians encountered by Spaniards in present-day Chihuahua, Mexico.

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This dissertation analyses the survival strategies that wealthy people in Mexico City have designed and implemented to protect themselves from kidnapping with special focus on household employment relationships. This particular crime has demonstrated a particular evolution in the last 20 years that deserves analysis. Once a political crime, it became an economic crime that at first only targeted wealthy individuals and then over time began targeting working class victims. Based on extensive qualitative fieldwork in Mexico City which included a year in the field, 78 interviews with employers, employees, kidnapping victims and members of the police forces and justice system and the creation of a news reports database this thesis presents a detailed history of the evolution of kidnapping in the period 1968-2009. This is followed by an in depth analysis of the strategies elites use to protect themselves from this crime. Special attention is focused on the hiring process of household employees, namely drivers, as evidence suggests that most kidnappings are organized or facilitated in some way by a close collaborator of the victim. The hiring process is approached as a problem of trust. Signaling theory is the main framework used for the solving of this problem, as well as some ideas found in transaction cost economics, namely vertical integration. The results point towards strategic behavior from the actors involved that seeks to minimize the risk of being kidnapped for the employer. Signaling helps us uncover the specific mechanisms by which employer establish their prospective employees’ trustworthiness. The use of informal social networks made up of strong ties is one of the most salient mechanisms used to guarantee honest employees and this, together with a composite set of properties is signaled throughout. This thesis contributes to the literature on crime in Latin America as well as to the sociological literature on signaling, a branch of analytical sociology.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2007. / "May 2007" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-192).

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-07, Section: B, page: 4054. Adviser: Benjamin C. Amick. Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osmar Sanches.pdf: 736312 bytes, checksum: 34003117aef15c5e2a451633b5552154 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work has as central objective analyze the behavior of the informal economy in RMSP (Região Metropolitana de São Paulo) in the period 2002 to 2008, and their possible determinants. The procedure used research is, in their vast majority, the bibliographical research, which has as a source some of the main authors and research institutes who studies the informal economy in the international sphere. In addition, are used empirical data supplied mainly by IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) through its PME (Pesquise Mensal de Emprego) and datas from INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Geografia) through its ENOE (Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo). It is also used a comparative analysis of the development of the informal economy between RMSP and RMCM (Região Metropolitana da Cidade do México). The focus of comparative analysis is the RMSP. The RMCM, in this case, serves as a reference, that is, in order to verify that the findings made for the RMSP has resonance in another reality. One of the conclusions of this work is that the determinants of the informal economy can be found in three major lines of the analysis: labor market, demographic aspects and economic growth. And from the observation of the determinants contained in these lines of the analysis with the informal economy, it was possible to reach other conclusions. In the case of RMSP, for the period 2002 to 2008, the informal economy presented a mild trend for reduction, went out of 45.11% of the population occupied and turning to 44.26%. Therefore, after these observations, the trend is for the RMSP the reduction of the informal economy observed is related to the growth of PIB on quarterly average rates around 4.5% over the last two years. This growth in PIB favored the reduction of unemployment a marked increase in the region, which possibly led people employed in the informal economy to find occupations in formal economy. However, the reduction of the informal economy has not been more marked due to the growth of PEA (População Economicamente Ativa) which has a strong positive correlation with the informal economy. The RMCM, for the period 2002 to 2008, presented a growth of the informal economy, and in 2002 the population occupied in the informal economy was in 51.10% from 52.07% in 2008. The trend is that this growth in the informal economy is related to economic growth little consistent in Mexico, which gave a lower capacity for generation of jobs for the region. In addition, the growth of PEA, the same way as for the RMSP, has stimulated a growth of the occupied in the informal economy / Este trabalho tem como objetivo central analisar qual o comportamento da economia informal na RMSP (Região Metropolitana de São Paulo) no período entre 2002 a 2008, e quais os seus possíveis determinantes. O procedimento de pesquisa utilizado é, em sua grande maioria, a pesquisa bibliográfica, que tem como fonte alguns dos principais autores e institutos de pesquisa que estudam a economia informal em âmbito internacional. Além disso, são utilizados dados empíricos fornecidos principalmente pelo IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) por meio de sua PME (Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego) e dados do INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Geografia) por meio de sua ENOE (Encuesta Nacional de Ocupacion y Empleo). Também é utilizada uma análise comparativa do desenvolvimento da economia informal entre a RMSP e a RMCM (Região Metropolitana da Cidade do México). O foco da análise comparativa é a RMSP. A RMCM, neste caso, serve como uma referência, ou seja, para que se possa verificar se as constatações feitas para a RMSP têm ressonância em outra realidade. Uma das conclusões deste trabalho é que os determinantes da economia informal podem ser encontrados dentro de três grandes linhas de análise: mercado de trabalho, aspectos demográficos e crescimento econômico. E a partir da observação da relação dos determinantes contidos nestas linhas de análise com a economia informal, foi possível chegar a outras conclusões. No caso da RMSP, para o período entre 2002 a 2008, a economia informal apresentou uma leve tendência de redução, saindo de 45,11% da população ocupada e passando para 44,26%. Portanto, após estas observações, a tendência é de que para a RMSP a redução da economia informal observada esteja relacionada ao crescimento do PIB em torno de taxas médias trimestrais em torno de 4,5% ao longo dos dois últimos anos. Este crescimento do PIB favoreceu a redução do desemprego de forma acentuada na região, o que possivelmente levou as pessoas ocupadas na economia informal a encontrarem ocupações na economia formal. Porém, a redução da economia informal não foi mais acentuada devido ao crescimento da PEA (População Economicamente Ativa) que apresentou forte correlação positiva com a economia informal. A RMCM, para o período entre 2002 a 2008, apresentou um crescimento da economia informal, sendo que em 2002 a população ocupada na economia informal estava em 51,10% passando em 2008 para 52,07%. A tendência é de que este crescimento da economia informal esteja relacionado a um crescimento econômico pouco consistente no México, o que proporcionou uma menor capacidade de geração de empregos para a região. Além disso, o crescimento da PEA, da mesma forma que para a RMSP, estimulou um crescimento dos ocupados na economia informal

The intended contribution of this work is to systematically discuss a selection of methodological topics and some of the empirical and technical issues that have been driving the measurement of inequality in Mexico so far. This discussion has two strands: firstly, the general case, and second, the particular case of Mexico. The general case include some philosophical concerns, along with a review of the traditional inequality measurement, the most common operational decisions in empirical calculations, and the recent methodological contribution of development literature that is mostly centered around the capability approach of Sen (1985b). The philosophical part contrasted with other approaches and rejected the Marxist view of economic inequality, which is mostly viewed as an outcome of exploitation. The distributional judgments are compared with more ancient schools of thought in regards to justice. Another methodological issue is such that social inequality, approximated by income inequality, might be considered as an additional functioning that measures the degree of social cohesion in the country, this finding is an implication that comes from the definition of functionings within the capability approach; then, social inequality is a functioning that is different in nature from other measures of destitution, and it is also different from the destitution that is captured by absolute poverty measurement. Our general case includes a review of the most popular ways to measure inequality, such as normative and pragmatic inequality measures that are mentioned with their properties, with their rankings of the distributions provided by the use of stochastic dominance and quantile comparisons, and the construction of statistical models and some graphic representations of income economic inequality; the approach of inequality concerns included in the measurement of relative poverty is rejected for the sake of clarity. Then this general view would guide us to a better understanding of the Mexican literature for the consideration of income distribution. The measurement of destitution provided by governmental offices is necessary to discuss, because there might be some lack of coherence between the design of the measurement and the complex legal system in Mexico. We also consider a set of regulatory concerns that might not be unique to the Mexican law, but may be generalized for developing countries as a whole. Some of the methodological discussions that show how the Mexican research has been influenced by the international literature about human destitution will be good to clarify, looking at the value judgments that have been automatically accepted by the researchers. A sensitivity analysis was performed to the empirical calculation of inequality in Mexico, so the measurement showed to be different in regards to a variety of operational concerns: the recipient unit, the different data from income and consumption-expenditure surveys, various non-responses and underreported biases, the inclusion of a regional price index, among other things. In this work was also covered the reasons why it might be the case that destitution and poverty assessment was studied more deeply than inequality itself, so the possible ambiguity of inequality with poverty measurement is challenged in this work with a variety of theoretical remarks and empirical arguments. The final topic for the particular case of Mexico is to shed light in regards to the context of the capability approach and the use of equivalence scales, because these methodological approaches consider respectively directly and indirectly the assessment of distributional judgments. This discussion is followed by an empirical assessment of inequality measures that is related with a set of functionings and services, where a direct relationship of measures of inequality with other measures of destitution is made clear.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--York University, 2004. Graduate Programme in Political Science. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 467-490). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ99208