Os sistemas de armazenamento de combustível podem apresentar vulnerabilidade á contaminação tanto química quanto microbiana, comprometendo a qualidade final do produto. Este trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar antimicrobianos para utilização no controle da contaminação microbiana de misturas diesel/biodiesel armazenadas e monitorar a degradação química deste combustível. Foram estudados dezoito diferentes produtos antimicrobianos indicados para utilização em combustíveis, quanto ao seu espectro de ação e dosagens contra diferentes grupos microbianos em diferentes tipos de misturas diesel/biodiesel, através de testes em laboratório e em campo. A degradação química da fase oleosa foi monitorada através de testes específicos para algumas características indicativas de qualidade e a análise da degradação microbiana foi acompanhada com espectrometria de infravermelho. Foi realizada a avaliação de um KIT comercial para a detecção de ATP por bioluminescência com a bactéria Pseudomonas e um inóculo não caracterizado ( ASTM1259-10) em fase aquosa (meio mineral e água de drenagem de tanques de estocagem). A toxicidade da fase aquosa que esteve em contato com a mistura B10 e um aditivo selecionado foi avaliada com o uso das espécies Lactuca sativa L. (alface) e Artemia salina Leach (micro-crustáceo), durante 30 dias. Um aditivo contendo 50% de oxazolidina como ativo antimicrobiano em sua formulação foi considerado efetivo para o controle preventivo da contaminação microbiana em misturas B10. Porém outras formulações contendo, isotiazolonas ou morfolinas podem constituir uma boa opção para tratamentos corretivos. O kit para determinação do ATP por bioluminescência testado neste estudo, na forma como está projetado, não é adequado para estimar o grau de contaminação microbiana da fase aquosa proveniente de tanques de combustíveis. Os resultados de toxicidade mostram que tanto a água que esteve em contato com o combustível tratado (com o aditivo) e não tratado apresentaram toxicidade para os organismos estudados. Porém, a água que esteve em contato com o combustível tratado com o biocida mostrou alta toxicidade aguda para ambos os organismos-teste utilizados. / The fuel storage systems may present vulnerability to chemical as well as microbial contamination, compromising final product quality. This goal was to select antimicrobials for use in the control of microbial contamination of diesel/biodiesel blends stored and monitor aspects of chemical degradation of the fuel. 18 different antimicrobial products suitable for use in fuels, as their spectrum of activity against different microbial groups and dosages, in different types of diesel/biodiesel blends by means of laboratory tests and field were studied. The chemical degradation of the oil phase was monitored using specific tests for certain characteristics indicative of quality and analysis of microbial degradation was monitored with infrared spectrometry. The evaluation of a commercial kit for the ATP bioluminescence detection in aqueous phase with Pseudomonas and a uncharacterized inoculum (ASTM1259 -10) (mineral medium and natural bottom water from storage tanks) was performed. The toxicity of aqueous phase which was in contact with the B10 blend and selected additive was evaluated with the use of the species Lactuca sativa L. (Lettuce) and Artemia salina Leach (microcrustacean) for 30 days. An additive containing 50% oxazolidine as antimicrobial agent in its formulation was considered effective for preventive control of microbial mixtures B10. But other formulations containing isothiazolones or morpholines could be a good option for corrective treatment. The kit for determination of ATP bioluminescence tested in this study as designed it’s unappropriate to estimate the degree of microbial contamination of the aqueous phase from the fuel tank. The toxicity results show that both the water that was in contact with the treated fuel (with additive) and untreated showed toxicity to studied organisms. However, the water that was in contact with the biocide treated fuel showed high acute toxicity to both test organisms used.

The theoretical part of the thesis is divided in the five main chapters. First chapter generally defines the term ?contamination?, which is closely related to the decontamination. Second chapter is focused on the microbial contamination, defines infectious agents, the mechanisms of its spread and points out microbes most likely to be misused as a biological weapon. Third chapter of the theoretical part addresses the decontamination itself. It defines the decontamination in general aiming for microbial decontamination, i.e. the biological agent surface and environment removal. Two basic groups of decontamination e.g. physical and chemical procedures are mentioned in this chapter. Fourth chapter presents valid standards describing various types of examinations for the desinfecting preparations efficacy evaluation. The last chapter of the theoretical part covers large-scale facilities, defines them and describes experimental facilities at the Department of large-scale testing in the National institute for nuclear, chemical and biological protection in Kamenna. The aim of the thesis is to create own methodology of the disinfactant efficiency testing with emphasis on the real condition simulation. The decontamination was carried out by means of following methods: aerosol generator method, decontamination by evaporation, manual sprayer and engine sprayer respectively. For the analysis we chose these disinfactants: Chirosan? Plus, Incidin OxyDes, Kohrsolin? FF, Korsolex? basic, Persteril? 36 and Sanosil? Super 25 Ag. The disinfectant efficiency was tested in 30, 60 and 120 m3 facilities. The tested B-agents were: Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus atrophaeus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. For the decontamination efficiency verification we used a modified surface assay, a modified suspension assay and an agarose assay. The following issues were of concern: We found out that, based on the analysis of different techniques of decontamination, the large-scale facility decontamination is feasible. The most effective method of decontamination appears the manual and engine spraying with the latter more convenient for spaces over the 30 m3 in the matter of time. The decontamination by evaporation was inefficient for the large-scale facility decontamination. Experiments revealed that method based on aerosol distribution is convenient for large-scale facility decontamination. However, the nature of decontaminating preparation has to be considered. All disinfactants tested have shown good bactericidal activity. Nevertheless, only Korsolex? basic a Persteril? 36 have shown sufficient sporicidal activity with equal effect. The disadvantage of the preparation Persteril? 36 is its significant corrosive activity, on the other hand is inexpensive. The preparation Korsolex? basic contains anticorrosive compounds, but is more expensive than Persteril? 36. Our results demonstrated that the most convenient method for the decomtamination of facilities up to the 30 m3 is the manual aerosol sprayer. For facilities of larger volume the engine sprayer decontamination is more convenient. From the preparations tested, only Korsolex? basic a Persteril? 36 are, with respect to advantages and disadvantages, usable in the Department of large-scale testing in the National institute for nuclear, chemical and biological protection in Kamenna.

Os sistemas de armazenamento de combustível podem apresentar vulnerabilidade á contaminação tanto química quanto microbiana, comprometendo a qualidade final do produto. Este trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar antimicrobianos para utilização no controle da contaminação microbiana de misturas diesel/biodiesel armazenadas e monitorar a degradação química deste combustível. Foram estudados dezoito diferentes produtos antimicrobianos indicados para utilização em combustíveis, quanto ao seu espectro de ação e dosagens contra diferentes grupos microbianos em diferentes tipos de misturas diesel/biodiesel, através de testes em laboratório e em campo. A degradação química da fase oleosa foi monitorada através de testes específicos para algumas características indicativas de qualidade e a análise da degradação microbiana foi acompanhada com espectrometria de infravermelho. Foi realizada a avaliação de um KIT comercial para a detecção de ATP por bioluminescência com a bactéria Pseudomonas e um inóculo não caracterizado ( ASTM1259-10) em fase aquosa (meio mineral e água de drenagem de tanques de estocagem). A toxicidade da fase aquosa que esteve em contato com a mistura B10 e um aditivo selecionado foi avaliada com o uso das espécies Lactuca sativa L. (alface) e Artemia salina Leach (micro-crustáceo), durante 30 dias. Um aditivo contendo 50% de oxazolidina como ativo antimicrobiano em sua formulação foi considerado efetivo para o controle preventivo da contaminação microbiana em misturas B10. Porém outras formulações contendo, isotiazolonas ou morfolinas podem constituir uma boa opção para tratamentos corretivos. O kit para determinação do ATP por bioluminescência testado neste estudo, na forma como está projetado, não é adequado para estimar o grau de contaminação microbiana da fase aquosa proveniente de tanques de combustíveis. Os resultados de toxicidade mostram que tanto a água que esteve em contato com o combustível tratado (com o aditivo) e não tratado apresentaram toxicidade para os organismos estudados. Porém, a água que esteve em contato com o combustível tratado com o biocida mostrou alta toxicidade aguda para ambos os organismos-teste utilizados. / The fuel storage systems may present vulnerability to chemical as well as microbial contamination, compromising final product quality. This goal was to select antimicrobials for use in the control of microbial contamination of diesel/biodiesel blends stored and monitor aspects of chemical degradation of the fuel. 18 different antimicrobial products suitable for use in fuels, as their spectrum of activity against different microbial groups and dosages, in different types of diesel/biodiesel blends by means of laboratory tests and field were studied. The chemical degradation of the oil phase was monitored using specific tests for certain characteristics indicative of quality and analysis of microbial degradation was monitored with infrared spectrometry. The evaluation of a commercial kit for the ATP bioluminescence detection in aqueous phase with Pseudomonas and a uncharacterized inoculum (ASTM1259 -10) (mineral medium and natural bottom water from storage tanks) was performed. The toxicity of aqueous phase which was in contact with the B10 blend and selected additive was evaluated with the use of the species Lactuca sativa L. (Lettuce) and Artemia salina Leach (microcrustacean) for 30 days. An additive containing 50% oxazolidine as antimicrobial agent in its formulation was considered effective for preventive control of microbial mixtures B10. But other formulations containing isothiazolones or morpholines could be a good option for corrective treatment. The kit for determination of ATP bioluminescence tested in this study as designed it’s unappropriate to estimate the degree of microbial contamination of the aqueous phase from the fuel tank. The toxicity results show that both the water that was in contact with the treated fuel (with additive) and untreated showed toxicity to studied organisms. However, the water that was in contact with the biocide treated fuel showed high acute toxicity to both test organisms used.

Os sistemas de armazenamento de combustível podem apresentar vulnerabilidade á contaminação tanto química quanto microbiana, comprometendo a qualidade final do produto. Este trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar antimicrobianos para utilização no controle da contaminação microbiana de misturas diesel/biodiesel armazenadas e monitorar a degradação química deste combustível. Foram estudados dezoito diferentes produtos antimicrobianos indicados para utilização em combustíveis, quanto ao seu espectro de ação e dosagens contra diferentes grupos microbianos em diferentes tipos de misturas diesel/biodiesel, através de testes em laboratório e em campo. A degradação química da fase oleosa foi monitorada através de testes específicos para algumas características indicativas de qualidade e a análise da degradação microbiana foi acompanhada com espectrometria de infravermelho. Foi realizada a avaliação de um KIT comercial para a detecção de ATP por bioluminescência com a bactéria Pseudomonas e um inóculo não caracterizado ( ASTM1259-10) em fase aquosa (meio mineral e água de drenagem de tanques de estocagem). A toxicidade da fase aquosa que esteve em contato com a mistura B10 e um aditivo selecionado foi avaliada com o uso das espécies Lactuca sativa L. (alface) e Artemia salina Leach (micro-crustáceo), durante 30 dias. Um aditivo contendo 50% de oxazolidina como ativo antimicrobiano em sua formulação foi considerado efetivo para o controle preventivo da contaminação microbiana em misturas B10. Porém outras formulações contendo, isotiazolonas ou morfolinas podem constituir uma boa opção para tratamentos corretivos. O kit para determinação do ATP por bioluminescência testado neste estudo, na forma como está projetado, não é adequado para estimar o grau de contaminação microbiana da fase aquosa proveniente de tanques de combustíveis. Os resultados de toxicidade mostram que tanto a água que esteve em contato com o combustível tratado (com o aditivo) e não tratado apresentaram toxicidade para os organismos estudados. Porém, a água que esteve em contato com o combustível tratado com o biocida mostrou alta toxicidade aguda para ambos os organismos-teste utilizados. / The fuel storage systems may present vulnerability to chemical as well as microbial contamination, compromising final product quality. This goal was to select antimicrobials for use in the control of microbial contamination of diesel/biodiesel blends stored and monitor aspects of chemical degradation of the fuel. 18 different antimicrobial products suitable for use in fuels, as their spectrum of activity against different microbial groups and dosages, in different types of diesel/biodiesel blends by means of laboratory tests and field were studied. The chemical degradation of the oil phase was monitored using specific tests for certain characteristics indicative of quality and analysis of microbial degradation was monitored with infrared spectrometry. The evaluation of a commercial kit for the ATP bioluminescence detection in aqueous phase with Pseudomonas and a uncharacterized inoculum (ASTM1259 -10) (mineral medium and natural bottom water from storage tanks) was performed. The toxicity of aqueous phase which was in contact with the B10 blend and selected additive was evaluated with the use of the species Lactuca sativa L. (Lettuce) and Artemia salina Leach (microcrustacean) for 30 days. An additive containing 50% oxazolidine as antimicrobial agent in its formulation was considered effective for preventive control of microbial mixtures B10. But other formulations containing isothiazolones or morpholines could be a good option for corrective treatment. The kit for determination of ATP bioluminescence tested in this study as designed it’s unappropriate to estimate the degree of microbial contamination of the aqueous phase from the fuel tank. The toxicity results show that both the water that was in contact with the treated fuel (with additive) and untreated showed toxicity to studied organisms. However, the water that was in contact with the biocide treated fuel showed high acute toxicity to both test organisms used.

The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DW AF) is the custodian of South Africa's water resources and its primary role is to maintain the fitness for use of water on a sustained basis. DW AF recognized that management and assessment of fitness for use can only be based on reliable monitoring data. For this purpose DWAF has already for a number of years operated a national programme which collects data on the chemical and physical quality of South Africa's water resources. The microbial quality of surface water is of growing concern in a number of areas in South Africa. Water of poor microbial quality has serious implications for domestic, recreational and agricultural use due to the risk of water-borne diseases. DW AF acknowledged the need for information on the microbial quality of South Africa's water resources to assess and manage the potential health risk to water users. As an initial step the development of a national microbial monitoring programme to assess the faecal pollution of surface waters was initiated. This study describes the development of the conceptual design of such a programme and demonstrates how a novel area prioritization procedure enhanced the design. The focus of the programme was to be areas where human health might be severely impacted by the microbial quality of surface water. To identify such areas, a procedure for the identification and prioritization of specific areas of concern was developed and used as part of the design approach. Two factors were identified for the quantification of the potential health risk. They were the threat of microbial pollution of water (the result ofland use) and the exposure of consumers to the water (sensitivity of water uses). A number of land and water uses information sources therefore served as the basis for determining priority among the different areas. The described approach to identify and prioritize specific areas of concern has a number of benefits. Primarily, the approach assists in focusing the monitoring efforts on problem areas without a need for extensive historical microbial water quality data. The approach could be used to optimize the spatial distribution of sampling stations and assist in determining their national distribution. The approach also allows for phased implementation of the programme which facilitates the development of skills and capacity, as well as required infrastructure needed for the large scale operation of the programme. The approach to focus on impacted areas is generic enough not to be restricted to the design of microbial water quality monitoring systems. Other monitoring objectives could also be dealt with in the same manner. During evaluation of the design on a pilot scale the conceptual design was found to meet the set information objectives. The conceptual design for the programme also deals effectively with constraints and changes in the external environment in which it has to operate. Implementation of the national programme has started and plans to expand the programme are progressing well. The concept of high risk areas and the procedure to identify and prioritize such areas as developed during this study is a critical component of the overall design. The programme appears to address a significant information need on an important aspect of water resources management and to do so in an efficient and effective manner. / Thesis (PhD (Water Resource Management))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第17994号 / 地環博第113号 / 新制||地環||23(附属図書館) / 80838 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 滋穂, 教授 勝見 武, 准教授 田中 周平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

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