Les piles à combustible microbiennes, en tant que biotechnologie potentiellement durable, peuvent assurer la conversion directe de la matière organique en électricité en utilisant des biofilms bactériens comme biocatalyseurs. Dans un context politique où les législations françaises et européennes favorisent et imposent la revalorisation des déchets organiques provenant des industries ou des collectivités territoriales, les biopiles microbiennes semblent un moyen peu couteux et prometteur pour répondre à ce besoin. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'améliorer les connaissances sur la formation des biofilms électroactifs à la surface de l'anode, et de comprendre les mécanismes impliqués dans la compétition entre les bactéries électroactives et les autres communautés bactériennes dans le but d'améliorer la sélection des bactéries électroactives dans le biofilm anodique. Une attention particulière sera portée sur les forces de cisaillement comme un outil de control de la formation des biofilms anodiques. Ces recherches ont pour but à long terme d'améliorer la production d’électricité produite par les biopiles microbiennes, et plus particulièrement d’améliorer les performances du compartiment anodique, en vue d’appliquer cette technologie dans les stations d’épurations pour la réduction du coût énergétique du traitement des eaux usées. A travers cette thèse, différents points sur la dynamique des communautés bactériennes lors de la formation du biofilm ont été mis en évidence. La formation du biofilm est divisée en deux étapes. Dans un premier temps, les bactéries électroactives (EAB) non spécifiques se développent dans toutes les biopiles, produisant ou non de l'électricité et dans le milieu liquide comme sur l’anode. Les EAB spécifiques deviennent ensuite plus compétitives et prédominantes mais seulement dans les biopiles produisant de l'électricité et seulement dans le biofilm anodique. Cette deuxième étape correspond à une augmentation exponentielle de la production d'électricité. A partir de ces résultats, nous émettons l'hypothèse qu'une inhibition de la première étape devrait diminuer la compétition entre les EAB non spécifiques et spécifiques au cours de la colonisation anodique, et favoriser la croissance des EAB spécifiques dans le biofilm. Nous proposons d'utiliser la contrainte de cisaillement pour sélectionner les EAB spécifiques pendant l'étape d'adhésion en détachant les EAB non spécifiques. Dans un premier temps, pour cette étude, des biopiles avec une configuration de chambre à écoulement de cisaillement ont été conçues, construites et mises en place. Les résultats démontrent que sous une contrainte de cisaillement élevée, l'abondance des EAB spécifiques telle que Geobacter était très élevée, jusqu'à 30,14% en opposition à une contrainte de cisaillement faible où l'abondance relative était inférieure à 1%. En outre, la contrainte de cisaillement diminue le pourcentage de couverture de la surface anodique, ce qui montre que la sélection des EAB spécifiques se produit en détachant d'autres bactéries. Ainsi, la contrainte de cisaillement pourrait être utilisée pour sélectionner les EAB spécifiques durant les premières étapes d’adhésion. Enfin, l'effet de la contrainte de cisaillement sur la sélection microbienne au cours de la croissance du biofilm a été étudié. Ces résultats confirment les conclusions précédentes: les EAB spécifiques sont sélectionnées lorsque les contraintes de cisaillement sont plus élevées. Ce travail démontre le rôle majeur des contraintes de cisaillement dans la formation du biofilm L'utilisation de contraintes de cisaillement pourrait être un moyen de contrôler la sélection des EAB et la quantité de matières mortes dans les biofilms anodiques. C’est un facteur qui devrait être pris en compte dans l’architecture et la mise en place des réacteurs / Microbial fuel cells (MFCs), as a potentially sustainable biotechnology, can directly convert organic matter into electricity by using bacterial biofilms as biocatalysts. In a political context where European legislation favors and imposes the revalorization of organic waste from industries, MFC seems an inexpensive and promising technology to meet this need. The aim of this thesis is to improve knowledge of the formation of electroactive biofilms on the anodic surface, and to understand the mechanisms involved in the competition between electroactive bacteria (EAB) and other bacteria. Special attention will be paid to shear force as a tool to control the formation of anodic biofilms. First, bacterial successions have been studied under stationary conditions and in standard laboratory configurations. The results show that the formation of the biofilm is divided in two stages. At first, non-specific EAB grow in all MFCs, producing or not electricity. Then, specific EAB become predominant only in MFCs producing electricity and is associated to an exponential increase of electricity. From these results, we hypothesize that inhibition of the first step should decrease the competition between nonspecific and specific EAB. We propose to use the shear stress to select specific EAB during the adhesion. First, MFCs with a shear stress flow chamber configuration were designed, constructed and set up. The results show that the proportion of specific EAB such as Geobacter was higher, up to 30.14% as opposed to a lower shear stress (less than 1%). Then, the effect of shear stress on microbial selection during biofilm growth was studied. These results confirm the previous conclusions: specific EAB are selected when shear stress is higher. This work demonstrates the major role of shear stress in biofilm formation and could be a way to control the selection of EAB. This factor should be taken into account in the architecture and implementation of the reactors

Step-growth polymerization provided an effective method for the preparation of several high performance polymers. Step-growth polymerization was used for syntheses of poly(siloxane imides), polyesters, poly(triazole esters), poly(triazole ether esters), and epoxy networks. Each of these polymeric systems exhibited novel structures, and either photoreactive capabilities, or high performance properties. There is an increasing trend towards the development of photoactive adhesives. In particular these polymers are often used in flip bonding, lithography, stimuli responsive polymers, drug delivery, and reversible adhesives. The ability to tailor polymer properties carefully with exposure to light allows for very unique stimuli responsive properties for many applications. This dissertation primarily investigates photoreactive polymers for reversible adhesion for use in the fabrication of microelectronic devices. In particular cyclobutane diimide functionality within polyimides and poly(siloxane imides) and o-nitro benzyl ester functionality within polyesters acted effectively as chromophores to this end. Thermal solution imidization allowed for the effective synthesis of polyimides and poly(siloxane imides). 1,2,3,4-Cyclobutane tetracarboxylic dianhydride acted as the chromophore within the polymer backbone. The polyimides obtained exhibited dispersibility only in dipolar, aprotic, high boiling solvents such as DMAc or NMP. The obtained poly(siloxane imides) demonstrated enhanced dispersibility in lower boiling organic solvents such as THF and CHCl₃. Dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile testing effectively measure the mechanical properties of the photoactive poly(siloxane imides) and confirmed elastomeric properties. Atomic force microscopy confirmed microphase separation of the photoactive poly(siloxane imides). ¹H NMR spectroscopy confirmed formation of maleimide peaks upon exposure to narrow band UV light with a wavelength of 254 nm. This suggested photo-cleavage of the cyclobutane diimide units within the polymer backbone. Melt transesterification offered a facile method for the synthesis of o-nitro benzyl ester-containing polyesters. ¹H NMR spectroscopy confirmed the structures of the photoactive polyesters and size exclusion chromatography confirmed reasonable molecular weights and polydispersities of the obtained samples. ¹H NMR spectroscopy also demonstrated a decrease in the integration of the resonance corresponding to the o-nitro benzyl ester functionality relative to the photo-stable m-nitro benzyl ester functionality upon exposure to high-intensity UV light, suggesting photo-degradation of the adhesive. ASTM wedge testing verified a decrease in fracture energy of the adhesive upon UV exposure, comparable to the decrease in fracture energy of a commercial hot-melt adhesive upon an increase in temperature. Click chemistry was used to synthesize polyesters and segmented block copolyesters. Triazole-containing homopolyesters exhibited a marked increase (~40 °C) in Tg, relative to structurally analogous classical polyesters synthesized in the melt. However, the triazole-containing homopolyesters exhibited insignificant dispersibility in many organic solvents and melt-pressed films exhibited poor flexibility. Incorporation of azide-functionalized poly(propylene glycol) difunctional oligomers in the synthesis of triazole-containing polyesters resulted in segmented block copolyesters which exhibited enhanced dispersibility and film robustness relative to the triazole-containing homopolyesters. The segmented triazole-containing polyesters all demonstrated a soft segment Tg near -62 °C, indicating microphase separation. Dynamic mechanical analysis confirmed the presence of a rubbery plateau, with increasing plateau moduli as a function of hard segment content, as well as increasing flow temperatures as a function of hard segment content. Tensile testing revealed increasing tensile strength as a function of hard segment, approaching 10 MPa for the 50 wt % HS sample. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the presence of microphase separated domains, as well as semicrystalline domains. These results indicated the effectiveness of click chemistry towards the synthesis of polyesters and segmented block copolyesters. Click chemistry was also used for the synthesis of photoactive polyesters and segmented block polyesters. The preparation of 2-nitro-p-xylylene glycol bispropiolate allowed for the synthesis of triazole-containing polyesters, which exhibited poor dispersibility and flexibility of melt-pressed films. The synthesis of segmented photoactive polyesters afforded photoactive polyesters with improved dispersibility and film robustness. ¹H NMR spectroscopy confirmed the photodegradation of the o-nitro benzyl functional groups within the triazole-containing polyesters, which indicated the potential utility of these polyesters for reversible adhesion. Synthesis of the glycidyl ether of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutane diol (CBDOGE) allowed for the subsequent preparation of epoxy networks which did not contain bisphenol-A or bisphenol-A derivatives. Preparation of analogous epoxy networks from the glycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (BPA-GE) provided a method for control experiments. Tensile testing demonstrated that, dependent on network Tg, the epoxy networks prepared from CBDOGE exhibited similar Young's moduli and tensile strain at break as epoxy networks prepared from BPAGE. Dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated similar glassy moduli for the epoxy networks, regardless of the glycidyl ether utilized. Tg and rubbery plateau moduli varied as a function of diamine molecular weight. Melt rheology demonstrated a gel time of 150 minutes for the preparation of epoxy networks from CBDO-GE and 78 minutes for the preparation of epoxy networks from BPA-GE, with the difference attributed to increased sterics surrounding CBDO-GE. These results indicated the suitability of CBDO-GE as a replacement for BPA-GE in many applications. / Ph. D.