No description available.

No description available.

Removal of nitrogen elements in culture water is one of the major concerns in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Maintaining a low concentration of nitrogen compounds is essential for a good quality of aquaculture production. Due to fish is very sensitive to the toxic ammonium/ammonia, nitrification biofiltration tank is often an integrate part of filtration in RAS to remove ammonium via nitrification. However, nitrate accumulation via nitrification in RAS is often observed during the operation, which is usually solved by replacing with the fresh water into the system. With the concern of water consumption, bio-electrochemical system (BES) is introduced in this study to realize simultaneous nitrate removal for the system while generating the electricity through electron transferring. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) with an anion exchange membrane (AEM) was constructed. The removal of nitrate from aquaculture water generated from RAS was achieved by nitrate migration across the AEM and heterotrophic denitrification in the anode chamber. To further investigate the potential application of BES in RAS, the cathode chamber was incubated with biofilm to do the nitrification while the denitrification processing in the anode chamber. The study gave a total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency of 38.72% ± 4.99, and a COD removal of 86.09% ± 9.83. The average daily electricity generation was 67.98 A m-3 ± 13.91, and nitrate-nitrogen concentration remained at 21.02 ± 2.62 mg L-1 throughout the experiment. These results of treating aquaculture water indicate that BES has a potential to install within RAS for enhanced nitrogen removal. / MS / The demand of aquaculture products is continuously increasing; however, the wastewater discharges from aquaculture systems also brings the environmental concerns. Recirculating aquaculture system is one of the reliable aquaculture systems applies in fish farming, which is able to treat the culture water within the system loop. The ammonia, which is produced and released continuously from deamination of protein, is the primary concern in aquaculture system due to its toxicity. The ammonia/ammonium and can be removed by the nitrification biofiltration part in recirculating aquaculture system. Nitrification process removes ammonia or ammonium to nitrate, which is less toxic to fish. During the operation, nitrate accumulation via nitrification in recirculating aquaculture system is often observed. High level of nitrate in culture water may leads to fish health issues. To have a good quality of aquaculture production, exchanging with the fresh water into the system regularly is needed for the recirculating aquaculture system. With the consideration of water consumption, bio-electrochemical system was brought in this study to perform simultaneous nitrogen compounds removal for the recirculating aquaculture system while generating the electricity through electron transferring. Microbial fuel cell, which is a form of bio-electrochemical system, with an anion exchange membrane was designed. The microbial fuel cell was constructed with two chambers, which are anode and cathode. The cathode chamber was incubated with biofilm to do the nitrification, whereas the denitrification was processing in the anode chamber to achieve the nitrate removal. Culture water with a certain amount of ammonia/ammonium that obtained from recirculating aquaculture system first entered the cathode chamber of microbial fuel cell, and oxidized to nitrate via nitrification. The generated nitrate in cathode chamber migrated across anion exchange membrane to the anode chamber, and removed via denitrification process to complete nitrogen compounds removal for the entire system. The study presented a total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency of 38.72% ±4.99, and a chemical oxygen demand removal of 86.09% ±9.83 from the system. The average daily electricity generation was 67.98 A m⁻³ ± 13.91, and nitrate-nitrogen concentration remained at 21.02 ± 2.62 mg L⁻¹ for the system throughout the experiment period. These results of treating aquaculture water indicate that bio-electrochemical system has a potential to apply within recirculating aquaculture system for enhanced nitrogen removal, while reducing the water consumption and generating the electricity.

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

This study demonstrated a technique for fabricating simple, low-cost Paper Microbial fuel cells (PMFC’s) in the model of a previous study to, for the first time, produce voltage from wastewater effluent. The PMFC’s were created by stacking and gluing the main components of an MFC together: reservoir layer; anode; cation exchange membrane (CEM); air cathode. A wax printer was used to create the hydrophobic borders of the PMFC’s on filter paper, and graphite paint was applied to the paper to create the anode. The CEM’s considered were filter paper, wax, and Nafion, with Nafion being the most efficient. Finally, the air cathode was made using carbon veil, and leads (or resistors) were placed in both anode and cathode layers for voltage measurement. Confirming previous studies’ results, the PMFC’s had a rapid startup time and sustained voltage for at least 10 minutes. The study also found that: Nafion was the best CEM; painting one side of the anode had the highest voltage; higher surface area increased voltage; increased time from sampling decreased voltage. Thus, this study proved that the small, low-cost PMFC devices described in previous studies can produce a voltage using primary effluent, and showed that the surface area of the PMFC could be optimized to increase voltage.

M.Tech. (Civil Engineering) / This study presents work on the design and construction of three dual-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) using a sandwich separator electrode assembly (SSEA) and membrane cathode assembly (MCA) for the dual purposes of energy generation from domestic wastewater and wastewater treatment. MFC1 was designed using an improvised SSEA technique (i.e. a separator electrode membrane electrode configuration, SEMEC) by gluing a sandwich of anode, membrane and a mesh current collector cathode to an anode chamber made from a polyethylene wide-mouth bottle. The reactor was filled with 1500 mL of domestic wastewater and operated on a long fed-batch mode with a residence time of 3 weeks. The reactor was inoculated with a mixed culture of bacteria present in the wastewater stream. The aim was to study the impact of wastewater COD concentration on power generation and wastewater treatment efficiency. For MFC2 and MFC 3, cathodes were constructed using the MCA technique consisting of a membrane and a mesh current collector cathode, with the anode electrode at the opposite side of stacked Perspex sections used for the anode chamber. The impact of electrode material on current production was examined in this study. For MFC2 a mesh current collector treated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and activated carbon (AC) functioned as the cathode, while the MFC3 cathode was an uncatalyzed mesh current collector. The two reactors were both filled with 350 mL of domestic wastewater...

This thesis presents a novel hybrid biological solid-state system which makes use of biological components in an in-vitro environment to produce functionality incapable by CMOS circuits alone. A "biocell" comprised of lipids and ion pumps is mated to a CMOS IC in a compact configuration and the IC is powered solely from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), often referred to as the 'life energy currency.' The biocell is a fuel cell that produces a membrane potential in the presence of ATP which is used by the IC as an electrical power supply. The design represents the first of a new class of devices combining both biological and solid-state components, which exploit the unique properties of transmembrane proteins in engineered solid-state systems. This work also suggests that the richness of function of biological ion channels and pumps, functionality that is impossible to achieve in CMOS alone, may be exploited in systems that combine engineered transmembrane proteins as biological components integrated with solid-state devices.

Répondre aux besoins énergétiques croissants de nos sociétés et limiter leur impact sur l’environnement est un enjeu actuel majeur. De nouvelles technologies alternatives comptent tirer profit de sources d’énergie négligées. Le potentiel énergétique des eaux usées peut être exploité par de nouvelles technologies telles que les piles à combustible microbiennes (PACM). Ces piles, pouvant produire de l’énergie électrique à partir d’eaux usées, montrent une diminution de leur rendement énergétique lorsque leur taille augmente, ce qui ne permet pas encore leur application industrielle. Ces travaux de thèse visent à identifier certains verrous de ce changement d’échelle et à proposer de nouvelles directions pour leur optimisation. Une première partie s’est intéressée à l’influence des collecteurs de courant anodiques sur les performances électriques et sur le développement du biofilm électro-actif. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse qu’à grande échelle, les collecteurs de courant peuvent être un élément limitant à la production d’électricité. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, quatre PACM avec une anode de 490 cm² connectée de différentes manières ont été étudiées. L’augmentation du nombre de collecteurs a permis une hausse de la puissance produite par les PACM. La disposition des collecteurs affecte la répartition du potentiel sur la surface d’anode et peut engendrer dans certains cas, des gradients de potentiel qui influencent la structure microbiologique du biofilm, en particulier Geobacter. Par ailleurs, des mesures d’impédance ont montré que multiplier les collecteurs augmente la capacité de double couche de l’anode et engendre un courant capacitif dont l’importance pour les performances de fonctionnement en cycles de charge/décharge est non négligeable. La suite du travail s’est attachée à prendre en compte différents aspects physiques, notamment l’aspect hydrodynamique, afin de modéliser leur fonctionnement. Pour cela, trois PACM de volumes différents ont été mises en œuvre et testées à différents débits. Les données de configuration, d’opération et de performances de ces piles ont permis de construire des modèles statistiques de régression linéaire multiple prédisant la valeur de puissance maximale. Ces deux modèles ont montré que la puissance maximale produite était principalement corrélée à la vitesse de l’électrolyte circulant dans la pile et à la contrainte de cisaillement appliquée à l’anode par le mouvement du fluide. Ces deux parties ont également montré que l’abondance dans le biofilm de Geobacter, une bactérie électro-active très répandue dans les PACM, n’était pas corrélée avec la puissance maximale. Tout en étant très abondante, son seul nombre n’explique donc pas entièrement les performances électriques d’une PACM. / Facing increasing energy needs and limiting their impact on the environment are current and major issues for society. Renewable energy development is needed and new alternative technologies could benefit from exploiting neglected energy sources, such as microbial fuel cells (MFC), for energy production. MFCs can be operated with wastewater and produce a reasonable quantity of energy at the small laboratory-scale. Unfortunately, when their size is increased, their efficiency dramatically decreases, which prevents their industrial use. This thesis aims at identifying some obstacles to scale-up of MFC and proposing new directions for its optimization. The first part of the study was focused on the influence of anodic current collectors on electrical performance and on electroactive biofilm development. Our hypothesis was that they could be a limiting factor for electricity production at large scales. To test this hypothesis, four MFCs were operated with a 490 cm² anode connected to the external circuit in a different ways. Increasing the number of collectors improved the power. Collector’s layout influenced electrical potential on the anode surface and created an electrical potential gradient on the anode and this gradient shaped the microbiological structure of the biofilm. This effect especially concerns Geobacter, whose clade G. metallireducens is favored at strongly negative potentials. In addition, impedance measurements showed that multiplying collectors increased the double layer capacitance and, thus, generated a capacitive current that was important for MFC functioning in cycles of charge/discharge and that would improve its performance. Then, MFCs were considered as bioreactors and their different aspects, notably hydrodynamics, were taken into account to model their power output. Three MFCs of different volumes were operated under continuous-flow conditions and tested at four different flow rates. Configuration, operation and performance data were used to build two multiple linear regression statistical models: the first with variables selection through LASSO, the second with dimensionless numbers created with the Vaschy-Buckingham theorem. These two data-driven models showed that the maximal power was mostly correlated to electrolyte transfer rates inside MFC chamber and to shear stress at the anode generated by fluid movement. These two major experimental projects also showed that the abundance of Geobacter, an electroactive bacteria, inside the biofilm was widespread in MFCs, but it was not correlated to maximal power. Despite its large abundance, its quantity alone does not entirely explain the performance of a MFC. In order to succeed at MFC scale-up, fundamental research on electroactive biofilms, process engineering and modeling need to be associated and generalized as empirical results and their explanation.

Une Pile à Combustible Microbienne (PCM) convertit l’énergie chimique issue de l’oxydation de la matière organique directement en énergie électrique. L’oxydation du combustible est assurée par un biofilm dit « électroactif » se développant à la surface de l’anode et jouant le rôle de catalyseur microbien. L’anode microbienne formée à partir d’un consortium bactérien, issu dans cette étude de terreau de jardin, est associée à une cathode à air abiotique à la surface de laquelle se produit la réduction de l’oxygène. L’assemblage d’une anode microbienne et d’une cathode à air abiotique pour construire une PCM est un réel challenge tant les conditions optimales de chacune sont différentes. Ces travaux de thèse ont donc pour objectif d'anticiper le fonctionnement global de la PCM pour concevoir une anode microbienne et une cathode abiotique capables de fonctionner ensemble de façon optimale. Une partie expérimentale conséquente vise à concevoir une PCM optimale en menant des essais sur différents designs de réacteur. Un modèle numérique, basé sur l’expérimentation et calculant les distributions secondaires de courant et de potentiel au sein de la PCM, vient compléter l’étude expérimentale afin d’optimiser l’architecture de la PCM et maximiser les performances délivrées. La configuration « Assemblage Séparateur-Electrodes » consiste à intercaler le séparateur entre la bioanode et la cathode à air dans le but de diminuer la résistance interne du système. Ce design a permis de concevoir des PCMs délivrant d’excellentes performances jusqu’à 6.42 W.m-2. In fine, le prototype « Bioelec », utilisé comme modèle de démonstration, est réalisé à l’échelle du laboratoire avec un assemblage en série et en parallèle de plusieurs PCMs élaborées avec cette configuration « ASE ». / A Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) can convert the chemical energy contained in low-cost organic matter directly into electrical energy. The oxidation of organic matter is performed by a biofilm known as “electroactive” that develops on the anode surface and acts as a microbial catalyst. The microbial anode, formed from indigenous bacteria of compost leachate, is combined with an abiotic air-cathode catalyzing the reduction of oxygen. The association of a bioanode and an abiotic air-cathode in an MFC is a major challenge as their optimal conditions are so divergent. The purpose of this PhD work is to anticipate the global mechanisms of an MFC in order to develop a microbial anode and an abiotic air-cathode able to operate together in an optimal way. A consequent experimental part aims to develop an optimal MFC by carrying out tests on several reactor designs. A numerical model, based on the experimental results, calculates the secondary distributions of current and potential in the cell. The model supports the experimental study and is used to optimize the MFC architecture and maximize the delivered performances. The configuration “Separator-Electrodes Assembly” consists of sandwiching the separator between the bioanode and the air-cathode in order to decrease the internal resistance of the system. This design provided excellent results as MFCs delivered great power densities up to 6.42 W.m-2. Finally, a prototype “Bioelec”, used as a demonstrative model, was built with several MFCs connected in series or in parallel, each of them designed with the “ASE” configuration.