Understanding the mechanism of bubble-particle interactions plays a critical role in advancing flotation technology. In this study, submicron size bubbles with an average diameter less than 1 μm and a life time of at least several hours were generated using a novel hydrodynamic cavitation method. Effect of mechanical force and water chemistry on generation and stability of submicron size bubbles is investigated. With recent development in measuring zeta potential distributions of colloidal systems, interactions of bubbles and fine solid particles in various electrolyte, surfactant and frother solutions as well as in industrial process water were studied using the stable submicron size bubbles generated by hydrodynamic cavitation. The outcome of this study provides not only a better understanding of bubble-particle attachment mechanism and its role in flotation, but also a direct evidence of armour-coating of bubbles and enhanced bubble-particle interactions by in situ gas nucleation. / Chemical Engineering

The production of chlorate, chlorine and sodium hydroxiderelies heavily on electrical energy, so that savings in thisarea are always a pertinent issue. This can be brought aboutthrough increased mass transfer of reacting species to therespective electrodes, and through increased catalytic activityand uniformity of current density distribution at theseelectrodes. This thesis will present studies involvingmathematical modelling and experimental investigations of theseprocesses. They will show the effect that hydrodynamicbehaviour has on the total current density and cell voltages,along with the effects on current density distributions andindividual overpotentials atthe respective electrodes. Primary, secondary and psuedo-tertiary current densitydistribution models of a chlor-alkali anode are presented anddiscussed. It is shown that the secondary model presentsresults rather similar to the pseudo-tertiary model, when thecurrent density distribution is investigated, although thepotential distribution differs rather markedly. Furthermore, itis seen that an adequate description of the hydrodynamicsaround the anode is required if the potential distribution, andthereby the prevalence of side-reactions, is to be reasonablepredicted. A rigorous tertiary current density distribution model ofthe chlorate cell is also presented, which takes into accountthe developing hydrodynamic behaviour along the height of thecell. This shows that an increased flowrate gives more uniformcurrent density distributions. This is due to the fact that theincreased vertical flowrate of electrolyte replenishes ioncontent at the electrode surfaces, thus reducing concentrationoverpotentials. Furthermore, results from the model lead to theconclusion that it is the hypochlorite ion that partakes in themajor oxygen producing side-reaction. A real-scale cross-section of a segmented anode-cathode pairfrom a chlorate cell was designed and built in order to studythe current density distribution in industrial conditions.These experiments showed that increased flowrate brought aboutmore even current density distributions, reduced cell voltageand increased the total current density. An investigation ofthe hydrodynamic effects on the respective electrodeoverpotentials shows the anode reactions being more favoured byincreased flowrate. This leads to the conclusion that theuniform current density distribution, caused by increasedflowrate, occurs primarily through decreasing the concentrationoverpotential at the anode rather than by decreasing thebubble-induced ohmic drop at the cathode. Finally, results from experiments investigating thebubble-induced free convection from a small electrochemicalcell are presented. These experiments show that Laser DopplerVelocimetry is the most effective instrument for investigatingthe velocity profiles in bubble-containing electrochemicalsystems. The results also show that the flow can transform fromlaminar to turbulent behaviour on both the vertical andhorizontal planes, in electrochemical systems where bubbles areevolved.

<p>The production of chlorate, chlorine and sodium hydroxiderelies heavily on electrical energy, so that savings in thisarea are always a pertinent issue. This can be brought aboutthrough increased mass transfer of reacting species to therespective electrodes, and through increased catalytic activityand uniformity of current density distribution at theseelectrodes. This thesis will present studies involvingmathematical modelling and experimental investigations of theseprocesses. They will show the effect that hydrodynamicbehaviour has on the total current density and cell voltages,along with the effects on current density distributions andindividual overpotentials atthe respective electrodes.</p><p>Primary, secondary and psuedo-tertiary current densitydistribution models of a chlor-alkali anode are presented anddiscussed. It is shown that the secondary model presentsresults rather similar to the pseudo-tertiary model, when thecurrent density distribution is investigated, although thepotential distribution differs rather markedly. Furthermore, itis seen that an adequate description of the hydrodynamicsaround the anode is required if the potential distribution, andthereby the prevalence of side-reactions, is to be reasonablepredicted.</p><p>A rigorous tertiary current density distribution model ofthe chlorate cell is also presented, which takes into accountthe developing hydrodynamic behaviour along the height of thecell. This shows that an increased flowrate gives more uniformcurrent density distributions. This is due to the fact that theincreased vertical flowrate of electrolyte replenishes ioncontent at the electrode surfaces, thus reducing concentrationoverpotentials. Furthermore, results from the model lead to theconclusion that it is the hypochlorite ion that partakes in themajor oxygen producing side-reaction.</p><p>A real-scale cross-section of a segmented anode-cathode pairfrom a chlorate cell was designed and built in order to studythe current density distribution in industrial conditions.These experiments showed that increased flowrate brought aboutmore even current density distributions, reduced cell voltageand increased the total current density. An investigation ofthe hydrodynamic effects on the respective electrodeoverpotentials shows the anode reactions being more favoured byincreased flowrate. This leads to the conclusion that theuniform current density distribution, caused by increasedflowrate, occurs primarily through decreasing the concentrationoverpotential at the anode rather than by decreasing thebubble-induced ohmic drop at the cathode.</p><p>Finally, results from experiments investigating thebubble-induced free convection from a small electrochemicalcell are presented. These experiments show that Laser DopplerVelocimetry is the most effective instrument for investigatingthe velocity profiles in bubble-containing electrochemicalsystems. The results also show that the flow can transform fromlaminar to turbulent behaviour on both the vertical andhorizontal planes, in electrochemical systems where bubbles areevolved.</p>

No description available.

MATOS, Rafael Pereira de. Estudos fitogeográficos e modelagem ecológica do gênero Dimorphandra Schott (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). 2015. 79 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T23:15:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_rpmatos.pdf: 22298599 bytes, checksum: 27e3572d95bd054957b2112cc860b0b2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jairo Viana (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-09-27T23:45:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_rpmatos.pdf: 22298599 bytes, checksum: 27e3572d95bd054957b2112cc860b0b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T23:45:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_rpmatos.pdf: 22298599 bytes, checksum: 27e3572d95bd054957b2112cc860b0b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Studying patterns of distribution of organisms is relevant in ecology, biogeography and conservation studies under even to understand the evolution of biodiversity. Dimorphandra Schott. is a widespread neotropical genus with 25 taxa in Brazil, occurring in savanna (Cerrado) and ombrophylous vegetation (Amazonia and Atlantic Rain Forest). This work aims to understand the factor that drives the richness and diversity of Dimorphandra. We used SIG, ecological modeling and databank of SpeciesLink and bibliography. These data were classified within biogeographic provinces according to a biogeographically regionalization scheme and according to groups generated by a cluster analysis in the PC-ORD program and a Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) by PAUP program. At the same time, ecological distribution models were formulated to the past, present and future based on algorithms (BIOCLIM and CCSM) using the softwares MAXENT and DIVA-GIS, referring to each group according to the UPGMA results. The richness and diversity centers were in the Amazon region. The species more widespread were D. mollis Benth. and D. gardneriana Tul., occurring in the Seasonal Tropical Dry Forests (STDFs) in the northeast-southeast direction. Three phytogeographic groups were determined by the cluster analysis: A) Amazon and its two subgroups: Broad Amazon and North of Negro River Basin; B) Ecotones Brazilian Savanna/Atlantic Forest; and C) Guyana Highlands. PAE analysis pointed two major clades with good support (>80% bootstrap). Some distribution patterns were determined: 1) Broad Amazon Pattern, 2) Restricted to northern Amazon Pattern, 3) Guyana Shield Pattern, 4) Ecotones Brazilian Savanna/Atlantic Forest Pattern and 5) Micro Endemic Minas Gerais’ Brazilian Savanna Pattern. Predictive modeling results demonstrated a trend on reduction of most potential occurrence areas, except in small regions in Guyana Highlands, which expanded in a future scenario. Finally, we can conclude that distribution of the genus through South America was known as well its richness and diversity centers, besides it has been checked a general trend on reduction of potential occurrence area of this genus in a future scenario except in high areas which are considered refugia. / Estudar padrões de distribuição dos organismos é relevante na ecologia, biogeografia e biologia da conservação fornecendo subsídios para compreender a evolução da biodiversidade. Dimorphandra Schott é um gênero de distribuição neotropical com 25 espécies no Brasil, distribuídas tanto em formações savânicas (Cerrado) como ombrófilas (Floresta Amazônica e Atlântica). Este trabalho objetivou entender como está distribuída e quais os fatores ambientais estão associados à riqueza e a diversidade de Dimorphandra. Foram utilizadas ferramentas de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, modelagem ecológica e dados de ocorrência obtidos da rede SpeciesLink, informações bibliográficas e visitas à herbários. Esses dados foram classificados dentro de províncias biogeográficas de acordo com um esquema de regionalização biogeográfica e com os grupos gerados por uma análise de agrupamento – UPGMA realizada no programa PC-ORD e uma análise parcimoniosa de endemicidade (PAE) feita por meio do programa PAUP. Paralelamente, modelos ecológicos de distribuição baseados em algoritmos (BIOCLIM e CCSM) foram formulados para opassado, presente e futuro em ambiente do MAXENT e DIVA-GIS. Ambos os centros de riqueza e diversidade foram a região amazônica. As espécies com mais ampla distribuição foram D. mollis Benth. e D. gardneriana Tul., ambas ocorrendo no corredor de formações vegetacionais abertas e secas no sentido nordeste-sudeste. Três blocos fitogeográficos foram determinados pela análise de agrupamento: A) Amazônia; B) Ecótono Cerrado/Floresta Atlântica; e C) Escudo das Guianas. A análise de PAE evidenciou dois grandes clados com suporte estatístico (bootstrap) acima de 80%. Foram estabelecidos os seguintes padrões de distribuição: 1) Amplo na Amazônia, 2) Restrito ao Norte da Amazônia (acima do Rio Negro), 3) Escudo das Guianas, 4) Ecótono Cerrado/Floresta Atlântica, e 5) Microendêmico aos Cerrados de Minas Gerais. Os resultados da modelagem preditiva demonstraram uma tendência de redução da maior parte da área de ocorrência potencial do gênero em um cenário futuro, com exceção de pequenas regiões no Escudo das Guianas, as quais teriam condições de expandir a distribuição das espécies. Como conclusões, conheceu-se a distribuição do gênero pela América do Sul, seus centros de riqueza e diversidade, no caso a região amazônica, além de ter sido verificada uma tendência geral na redução da área potencial de ocorrência do gênero no futuro e expansão em áreas de altas altitudes, consideradas refúgios.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:26:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KORTZ_Alessandra_2012.pdf: 9274749 bytes, checksum: d0ff255829e7affe4ffbd746dcdef364 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-15 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Durante o Pleistoceno, os neotrópicos passaram por fases de flutuações climáticas, e muitos estudos sugerem que havia condições mais frias e mais secas do que as atuais em algumas regiões, e que houve expansão e/ou retração na distribuição das formações vegetais. Entretanto, a maior parte do debate sobre as mudanças na vegetação durante o Quaternário teve foco nas florestas úmidas e pouca atenção tem sido dada ao papel das mudanças climáticas no Pleistoceno na diversificação de espécies da América do Sul tropical, com enfoque nas áreas secas. As florestas tropicais sazonalmente secas (SDTFs, na sigla em inglês) apresentam um alto nível de endemismo e permanecem pobremente caracterizadas em termos biogeográficos, sendo um dos ecossistemas mais ameaçados. Os dados de ocorrência atual de espécies do gênero Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae), que possuem espécies representativas do dossel em formações de SDTFs, foram utilizados para a produção de modelos de distribuição potencial, em cenários climáticos atual e do último máximo glacial (LGM) para verificar a existência de áreas potenciais historicamente estáveis. Os modelos de distribuição gerados indicaram padrões de distribuição peculiares para as espécies, relacionados a condições climáticas e ambientais específicas em formações de SDTFs, o que aponta que essas formações devem ser tratadas como heterogêneas. De maneira geral, as áreas potenciais foram maiores e mais contínuas, relacionando diferentes populações das espécies para os cenários climáticos do pleistoceno quando comparadas às atuais. As espécies foram confirmadas como representativas de formações de SDTFs, em dois padrões gerais: um mais associado à caatinga e ao carrasco no nordeste do Brasil e outro localizado preferencialmente na porção sudeste, em formações de floresta estacional semidecidual. As áreas historicamente estáveis mostraram particularidades para cada espécie que, analisadas em conjunto, apresentaram notável semelhança com essas áreas estáveis de SDTFs apontadas recentemente na literatura, ainda que tenha sido utilizada uma metodologia diferente. Essas áreas também foram de modo geral coincidentes com localidades onde há registros de condições semiáridas no LGM.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Estudar padrÃes de distribuiÃÃo dos organismos à relevante na ecologia, biogeografia e biologia da conservaÃÃo fornecendo subsÃdios para compreender a evoluÃÃo da biodiversidade. Dimorphandra Schott à um gÃnero de distribuiÃÃo neotropical com 25 espÃcies no Brasil, distribuÃdas tanto em formaÃÃes savÃnicas (Cerrado) como ombrÃfilas (Floresta AmazÃnica e AtlÃntica). Este trabalho objetivou entender como està distribuÃda e quais os fatores ambientais estÃo associados à riqueza e a diversidade de Dimorphandra. Foram utilizadas ferramentas de Sistemas de InformaÃÃo GeogrÃfica, modelagem ecolÃgica e dados de ocorrÃncia obtidos da rede SpeciesLink, informaÃÃes bibliogrÃficas e visitas à herbÃrios. Esses dados foram classificados dentro de provÃncias biogeogrÃficas de acordo com um esquema de regionalizaÃÃo biogeogrÃfica e com os grupos gerados por uma anÃlise de agrupamento â UPGMA realizada no programa PC-ORD e uma anÃlise parcimoniosa de endemicidade (PAE) feita por meio do programa PAUP. Paralelamente, modelos ecolÃgicos de distribuiÃÃo baseados em algoritmos (BIOCLIM e CCSM) foram formulados para opassado, presente e futuro em ambiente do MAXENT e DIVA-GIS. Ambos os centros de riqueza e diversidade foram a regiÃo amazÃnica. As espÃcies com mais ampla distribuiÃÃo foram D. mollis Benth. e D. gardneriana Tul., ambas ocorrendo no corredor de formaÃÃes vegetacionais abertas e secas no sentido nordeste-sudeste. TrÃs blocos fitogeogrÃficos foram determinados pela anÃlise de agrupamento: A) AmazÃnia; B) EcÃtono Cerrado/Floresta AtlÃntica; e C) Escudo das Guianas. A anÃlise de PAE evidenciou dois grandes clados com suporte estatÃstico (bootstrap) acima de 80%. Foram estabelecidos os seguintes padrÃes de distribuiÃÃo: 1) Amplo na AmazÃnia, 2) Restrito ao Norte da AmazÃnia (acima do Rio Negro), 3) Escudo das Guianas, 4) EcÃtono Cerrado/Floresta AtlÃntica, e 5) MicroendÃmico aos Cerrados de Minas Gerais. Os resultados da modelagem preditiva demonstraram uma tendÃncia de reduÃÃo da maior parte da Ãrea de ocorrÃncia potencial do gÃnero em um cenÃrio futuro, com exceÃÃo de pequenas regiÃes no Escudo das Guianas, as quais teriam condiÃÃes de expandir a distribuiÃÃo das espÃcies. Como conclusÃes, conheceu-se a distribuiÃÃo do gÃnero pela AmÃrica do Sul, seus centros de riqueza e diversidade, no caso a regiÃo amazÃnica, alÃm de ter sido verificada uma tendÃncia geral na reduÃÃo da Ãrea potencial de ocorrÃncia do gÃnero no futuro e expansÃo em Ãreas de altas altitudes, consideradas refÃgios. / Studying patterns of distribution of organisms is relevant in ecology, biogeography and conservation studies under even to understand the evolution of biodiversity. Dimorphandra Schott. is a widespread neotropical genus with 25 taxa in Brazil, occurring in savanna (Cerrado) and ombrophylous vegetation (Amazonia and Atlantic Rain Forest). This work aims to understand the factor that drives the richness and diversity of Dimorphandra. We used SIG, ecological modeling and databank of SpeciesLink and bibliography. These data were classified within biogeographic provinces according to a biogeographically regionalization scheme and according to groups generated by a cluster analysis in the PC-ORD program and a Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) by PAUP program. At the same time, ecological distribution models were formulated to the past, present and future based on algorithms (BIOCLIM and CCSM) using the softwares MAXENT and DIVA-GIS, referring to each group according to the UPGMA results. The richness and diversity centers were in the Amazon region. The species more widespread were D. mollis Benth. and D. gardneriana Tul., occurring in the Seasonal Tropical Dry Forests (STDFs) in the northeast-southeast direction. Three phytogeographic groups were determined by the cluster analysis: A) Amazon and its two subgroups: Broad Amazon and North of Negro River Basin; B) Ecotones Brazilian Savanna/Atlantic Forest; and C) Guyana Highlands. PAE analysis pointed two major clades with good support (>80% bootstrap). Some distribution patterns were determined: 1) Broad Amazon Pattern, 2) Restricted to northern Amazon Pattern, 3) Guyana Shield Pattern, 4) Ecotones Brazilian Savanna/Atlantic Forest Pattern and 5) Micro Endemic Minas Geraisâ Brazilian Savanna Pattern. Predictive modeling results demonstrated a trend on reduction of most potential occurrence areas, except in small regions in Guyana Highlands, which expanded in a future scenario. Finally, we can conclude that distribution of the genus through South America was known as well its richness and diversity centers, besides it has been checked a general trend on reduction of potential occurrence area of this genus in a future scenario except in high areas which are considered refugia.

Evaporated thin film sandwich structures of Au-SiOX-Au have been studied. These normally show electroforming effects and subsequently electron emission, electroluminescence, negative resistance and thermal-voltage memory effects. Previous work in the field is critically reviewed. It was shown that the time dependence of the device current and emission current can be explained by making certain modifications to the filamentary conduction theory of Dearnaley. Detailed direct current-voltage measurements have revealed the existence of two different types of breakdown behaviour. At voltages less than 20 V single-hole breakdowns were observed, while in the voltage range 20-30 V large scale irreversible breakdown behaviour took place. The dependence of the voltage at which this occurs (Vß) on insulator thickness and temperature, together with measurements of the device temperature at breakdown and visual evidence of damage after breakdown, has led to the conclusion that this type of breakdown is a thermal effect. Such measurements also pointed to the existence of a high field region within the insulator, and potential distribution measurements confirmed this hypothesis. The high field region was also in evidence at low temperatures where the device current (Ic) showed a log Ic α Vb1/2 dependence on applied voltage (Vb). Measurements of electron attenuation lengths in SiOx gave values of 400-1000 Å irrespective of temperature. The temperature independence was consistent with the emitted electron energy distributions at 77 and 300 K. It was shown that electrons underwent Bragg diffraction through the top Au electrode. The angular distribution of emitted electrons became more isotropic with increasing voltage. Measurements on other systems showed that Al-SiOx/B2O3-Al devices could withstand very high voltages and give improved emission efficiency, while Au-CaBr2-Au and Au-Si3N4-Au devices showed very high initial currents and current-voltage characteristics which were irreversible.

À l’échelle macroscopique, à savoir celle du paysage, la couverture végétale des milieux arides apparaît comme fortement hétérogène. Cette organisation spatiale des peuplements est habituellement attribuée aux processus de facilitation et de compétition qui opèrent à l’échelle microscopique des individus végétaux. Le qualificatif d’auto-organisées fut donc attribué à ces végétations qui se structurent en l’absence d’hétérogénéité préexistante du milieu physique. L’auto-organisation de la végétation fut particulièrement bien étudiée dans le cas des structures périodiques connues dès les années '50 sous le nom de brousses tigrées. Depuis les années '90, un pas en avant dans la compréhension de ce phénomène fut accompli grâce au développement de modèles mécanistes de la dynamique de la phytomasse et des ressources, émanant du cadre théorique de l'auto-organisation des structures dissipatives. Ces modèles se rejoignent sur un ensemble de prédictions robustes et vérifiables concernant la formation, le maintien et la modulation par l'environnement des structures macroscopiques. Durant le même laps de temps, notre niveau d’analyse a connu une expansion sans précédent, à la fois dans le temps et dans l’espace, grâce au développement de l’imagerie satellitaire et des outils d’analyse spatiale. Nous nous trouvons dès lors à un moment charnière pour la validation macroscopique des théories d’auto-organisation des végétations en milieu aride. Le présent travail s'articule en quatre études, chacune traitant d'une prédiction différente. Nous avons mis en évidence les principales variables responsables de la formation des structures et de leur modulation en termes d’échelle et de géométrie. Enfin avons démontré la mobilité des structures sous l’effet d’une pente de terrain.

Orientadores: Luiz Octavio Marcondes Machado, Gabriel Corrêa Costa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T15:46:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_CarlosBarrosde_D.pdf: 15759383 bytes, checksum: 3888b2cb944f52bf1ab91fa7eb9cebb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O bioma Cerrado é um hotspot de conservação que se encontra em grande risco devido à agricultura ou pastagens. Levando-se em conta que alguns grupos têm maior risco de extinção, e este parece ser o caso dos Psittacidae, e ainda que por muito tempo não havia informações disponíveis sobre essas espécies, a situação era crítica. Isso, no entanto, vem lentamente mudando, e graças ao trabalho de algumas universidades brasileiras já existem informações disponíveis sobre o grupo. Neste trabalho usamos dados adquiridos em campo no Cerrado Central (DF e GO), e também dados presentes na literatura para investigar a alimentação, distribuição de potencial e também a comunicação sonora do grupo. Examinamos a existência de padrões de alimentação entre estas espécies, e também se a dieta pode ser um bom preditor da sua distribuição. Investigamos também a comunicação sonora quanto a presença de chamados específicos para a espécie, dado o grande número de espécies presentes no Cerrado. Também investigamos o alcance de comunicação destas espécies, bem como o impacto que o ruído humano pode ter nesse alcance / Abstract: The Cerrado biome is a conservation hotspot that is currently at great risk, due to agriculture or pasture. On the other hand, some groups have more risk of extinction. That seems to be the case of Psittacidae, as they are one of the most threatened bird groups of the world. For a long time there were no information available on these species, so that the situation was critical. This is slowly changing, and thanks to the work of some Brazilian universities there are now some information available on the group. In this work we use new data acquired at the Central Cerrado, and also data present in literature, to further investigate the feeding, potential distribution and also the sound communication of the group. We examine the existence of feeding patterns among these species, and also if diet may be a good predictor of the species distributions. We also investigate the sound communication. We examine the presence of specific calls for the species, the range of communication of these species, and also the impact that human noise may have in their sound communication / Doutorado / Ecologia / Doutor em Ecologia