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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Uncooled Infrared Focal Plane Arrays With Integrated Readout Circuitry Using Mems And Standard Cmos Technologies

Eminoglu, Selim 01 January 2003 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis reports the development of low-cost uncooled microbolometer focal plane arrays (FPAs) together with their integrated readout circuitry for infrared night vision applications. Infrared microbolometer detectors are based on suspended and thermally isolated p+-active/n-well diodes fabricated using a standard 0.35 &micro / m CMOS process followed by a simple post-CMOS bulk-micromachining process. The post-CMOS process does not require any critical lithography or complicated deposition steps / and therefore, the FPA cost is reduced considerably. The integrated readout circuitry is developed specially for the p+-active/n-well diode microbolometers that provides lower input referred noise voltage than the previously developed microbolometer readout circuits suitable for the diode type microbolometers. Two FPAs with 64 &times / 64 and 128 &times / 128 array formats have been implemented together with their low-noise integrated readout circuitry. These FPAs are first of their kinds where such large format uncooled infrared FPAs are designed and fabricated using a standard CMOS process. The fabricated detectors have a temperature coefficient of -2 mV/K, a thermal conductance value of 1.55 &times / 10-7 W/K, and a thermal time constant value of 36 ms, providing a measured DC responsivity (&amp / #8476 / ) of 4970 V/W under continuous bias. The measured detector noise is 0.69 &micro / V in 8 kHz bandwidth, resulting a measured detectivity (D*) of 9.7 &times / 108 cm&amp / #8730 / Hz/W. The 64 &times / 64 FPA chip has 4096 pixels scanned by an integrated 16-channel parallel readout circuit composed of low-noise differential transconductance amplifiers, switched capacitor integrators, and sample-and-hold circuits. It measures 4.1 mm &times / 5.4 mm, dissipates 25 mW power, and provides an estimated NETD value of 0.8 K at 30 frames/sec (fps) for an f/1 optics. The measured uncorrected voltage non-uniformity for the 64 &times / 64 array after the CMOS fabrication is 0.8 %, which is reduced further down to 0.2 % for the 128 &times / 128 array using an improved FPA structure that can compensate for the fixed pattern noise due to the FPA routing. The 128 &times / 128 FPA chip has 16384 microbolometer pixels scanned by a 32-channel parallel readout circuitry. The 128 &times / 128 FPA measures 6.6 mm &times / 7.9 mm, includes a PTAT temperature sensor and a vacuum sensor, dissipates 25 mW power, and provides an estimated NETD value of 1 K at 30 fps for an f/1 optics. These NETD values can be decreased below 350 mK with further optimization of the readout circuit and post-CMOS etching steps. Hence, the proposed method is very cost-effective to fabricate large format focal plane arrays for very low-cost infrared imaging applications.
12

Návrh a simulace čipu mikrobolometru v MEMS technologii / Design and Simulation of Micro-Bolometer in MEMS Technology

Svatoš, Vojtěch January 2014 (has links)
Tato diplomová práce zkoumá problematiku detektoru infračerveného záření nazývaného bolometr. Cílem je pokrok v detekci infračerveného záření použitím odlišné absorpční vrstvy modifikovanou karbonovými nanotrubicemi. V teoretické části jsou uvedeny základní fyzikální pojmy z problematiky teplotního managmentu a základních fyzikálních vztahů bolometru. Design bolometru je představen a popsán. Teplotně mechanické simulace předvídají chování bolometru při detekci infračerveného záření. PSpice model je vytvořen a kombinuje termální a elektrické vlastnosti čipu bolometru. Dále je uveden proces výroby bolometru, které je detailně popsán.
13

Utilizing Thermo-elastic Stress Analysis to Aid Development of Test-to-Model Correlation Criteria

Jenkins, Caitlin January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
14

Détecteurs micro-bolométriques non refroidis : Application pour une mission spatiale vers les petits corps du système solaire

Brageot, Emily 30 November 2012 (has links)
Les micro-bolomètres non-refroidis bénéficient de développements technologiques récents qui se traduisent par des matrices de plus en plus grandes (1024*768 pixels), pour des pixels de plus en plus petits (17 µm) et de plus en plus sensibles bien que non-refroidis (NETD<60 mK @300 K). L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les détecteurs micro-bolométriques non-refroidis afin de tester leurs capacités en imagerie et en spectroscopie en vue de leur utilisation dans le cadre d'une mission spatiale vers les petits corps du système solaire, dont en particulier la mission Marco Polo R. J'ai étudié le fonctionnement de ces détecteurs en prenant pour exemple le détecteur Nano640Etm de la société Ulis, représentatif de la technologie des micro-bolomètres non-refroidis disponible actuellement. J'ai mesuré la stabilité dans le temps de son signal, l'homogénéité de la matrice du détecteur, et l'influence de différents paramètres de fonctionnement (température du plan focal, temps d'intégration des pixels, gain). La réponse du détecteur est linéaire en fonction de la température de scène à la puissance 4. Les résultats de cette caractérisation m'ont permis de mesurer le NETD du détecteur dans le cadre de cette expérience. J'ai ensuite testé les capacités du détecteur Nano640Etm en imagerie radiométrique calibrée afin d'estimer les erreurs maximales de calibration pour un, deux, ou trois points de calibration placés différemment dans la gamme de température observée / The recent progress of the uncooled micro-bolometer technology has lead to larger detector matrices (1024*768 pixels), with smaller pixel sizes (17 µm) and a higher sensitivity although it is an uncooled technology (NETD<60 mK @300 K). The objective of this thesis is to study uncooled micro-bolometer detectors in order to assess their performance for imagery and spectroscopy within the framework of a space mission towards small bodies of the solar system, including the Marco Polo R mission. I have studied these detectors through the example of the Nano640Etm detector of the Ulis society, which represents well the currently available uncooled micro-bolometer technology. I have measured its signal stability through time, the detector's matrix homogeneity, and the influence of various operating parameters (focal plane temperature, integration time of the pixels, gain). The detector's response is linear as a function of the scene temperature to the power of 4. The results of this characterization allowed me to measure the detector's NETD within this experiment. Then, I tested the Nano640Etm detector's ability to perform calibrated radiometric images in order to estimate the maximum calibration error for one, two, or three calibration points chosen differently within the observed temperature range. Lastly, I assessed the detector's performances for dispersive spectroscopic measurements, using its signal to noise ratio, as a function of the observation wavelength, the scene temperature, and the spectral resolution. The results of these tests are very positive.
15

Cmos Readout Electronics For Microbolometer Type Infrared Detector Arrays

Toprak, Alperen 01 February 2009 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis presents the development of CMOS readout electronics for microbolometer type infrared detector arrays. A low power output buffering architecture and a new bias correction digital-to-analog converter (DAC) structure for resistive microbolometer readouts is developed / and a 384x288 resistive microbolometer FPA readout for 35 &micro / m pixel pitch is designed and fabricated in a standard 0.6 &micro / m CMOS process. A 4-layer PCB is also prepared in order to form an imaging system together with the FPA after detector fabrication. The low power output buffering architecture employs a new buffering scheme that reduces the capacitive load and hence, the power dissipation of the readout channels. Furthermore, a special type operational amplifier with digitally controllable output current capability is designed in order to use the power more efficiently. With the combination of these two methods, the power dissipation of the output buffering structure of a 384x288 microbolometer FPA with 35 &micro / m pixel pitch operating at 50 fps with two output channels can be decreased to 8.96% of its initial value. The new bias correction DAC structure is designed to overcome the power dissipation and noise problems of the previous designs at METU. The structure is composed of two resistive ladder DAC stages, which are capable of providing multiple outputs. This feature of the resistive ladders reduces the overall area and power dissipation of the structure and enables the implementation of a dedicated DAC for each readout channel. As a result, the need for the sampling operation required in the previous designs is eliminated. Elimination of sampling prevents the concentration of the noise into the baseband, and therefore, allows most of the noise to be filtered out by integration. A 384x288 resistive microbolometer FPA readout with 35 &amp / #956 / m pixel pitch is designed and fabricated in a standard 0.6 &amp / #956 / m CMOS process. The fabricated chip occupies an area of 17.84 mm x 16.23 mm, and needs 32 pads for normal operation. The readout employs the low power output buffering architecture and the new bias correction DAC structure / therefore, it has significantly low power dissipation when compared to the previous designs at METU. A 4-layer imaging PCB is also designed for the FPA, and initial tests are performed with the same PCB. Results of the performed tests verify the proper operation of the readout. The rms output noise of the imaging system and the power dissipation of the readout when operating at a speed of 50 fps is measured as 1.76 mV and 236.9 mW, respectively.
16

Development Of High Fill Factor And High Performance Uncooled Infrared Detector Pixels

Kucuk, Seniz Esra 01 September 2011 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis presents the design, fabrication and characterization of high performance and high fill factor surface micromachined uncooled infrared resistive microbolometer detectors which can be used in large format focal plane arrays (FPAs). The detector pixels, which have a pixel pitch of 25 &mu / m, are designed and fabricated as two-level structures using the enhanced sandwich type resistor while the active material is selected as Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO). First level of the pixel structure is allocated for the formation of the support arms in order to obtain longer support arms hence lower thermal conductance values to get the desired high performance levels. The pixel body is built in the second level such that the fill factor and absorption of the detector is maximized. Structural and sacrificial layer thicknesses are also optimized in order to increase the absorption coefficient of the pixel in the 8-12 &mu / m wavelength range. The thermal simulations are conducted using finite element method (FEM) by CoventorWare software. The designed pixel has a fill factor of 92 % together with the thermal conductance and thermal time constant values calculated as 16.8 nW/K and 19.3 ms in the simulations, respectively. The pixels are fabricated at METU MEMS facilities after the design of a CMOS compatible process flow. All process steps are optimized individually to obtain the expected high performance. Characterization step of the pixels includes the measurements of temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), noise and thermal conductance value together with the thermal time constant. Effective TCR of the pixel is measured as -2.81 %/K for a pixel with a support arm resistance of 8 k&Omega / and total resistance of 55 k&Omega / . The corner frequency of 1/f noise in the pixel is 9.5 kHz and 1.4 kHz under 20 &mu / A and 10 &mu / A current bias, respectively. The total rms noise is 192 pA within 8.4 kHz bandwidth for a current bias of 20 &mu / A. Thermal conductance, Gth, of the pixel is measured as 17.4 nW/K with a time constant of 17.5 ms. The measurement results indicate that the single pixels designed and fabricated in the scope of this thesis are applicable to large format FPAs in order to obtain a high performance imager. The expected NETD values are 33 mK and 36 mK for 384x288 and 640x480 format FPAs, respectively.
17

Nano systèmes électromécaniques résonants à haute fréquence (NEMS HF) : une rupture technologique pour l'imagerie infrarouge non refroidi / High frequency nano electro mechanical systems (NEMS HF) : a breakthrough in infrared imaging technology

Laurent, Ludovic 13 July 2017 (has links)
Les progrès de la microélectronique, axés en premier lieu sur l’amélioration des performances et la réduction des coûts des processeurs et des mémoires, ont aussi bénéficié depuis de nombreuses années aux capteurs, à l’éclairage, aux actionneurs et autres technologies dites More than Moore. La détection infrarouge à l’aide de détecteurs thermiques fait partie de ces bénéficiaires. Les détecteurs thermiques actuels utilisent principalement une fine couche résistive (typiquement du dioxyde de vanadium ou du silicium amorphe) déposée sur une membrane suspendue comme thermomètre : ce sont les microbolomètres. Cette technique a permis de produire des caméras thermiques dont le coût de fabrication a drastiquement chuté avec des performances qui se rapprochent des détecteurs photoniques onéreux, fonctionnant à des températures cryogéniques. Néanmoins, le coût de ces imageurs reste encore excessif pour des applications grand public (conduite nocturne, smartphones, domotique) tandis que les applications militaires (surveillance, lunettes portatives) demandent des performances accrues dans un budget maîtrisé. Un des objectifs des industriels du domaine est donc de réduire la surface des détecteurs, le pas pixel, afin d’augmenter le nombre de rétines fabriquées sur une plaque de silicium. Néanmoins, la réduction de cette surface diminue de facto le flux infrarouge incident sur le pixel, et donc le signal. Il faut donc améliorer la sensibilité des détecteurs à chaque nouveau pas pixel. La technologie résistive, largement employée par l’industrie jusqu’à maintenant, se prêtait volontiers à cet exercice jusqu’au pas de 17 µm, permettant de densifier d’un facteur 4 le nombre de détecteurs tous les 5 ans. L’auto-échauffement lié à la lecture résistive et le bruit en 1/f sont les principales causes du ralentissement observé dans cette réduction des échelles ces dernières années. Nos travaux se sont focalisés sur un nouveau principe de détection au pas de 12 µm, fonctionnant avec un auto-échauffement minime. Dans cette approche, une planche suspendue est mise en résonance mécanique autour de deux bras ancrés subissant une torsion. L’actionnement et la détection électrostatique du mouvement de la membrane sont réalisés avec deux électrodes situés 2 µm sous la planche. La modification du module d’Young avec la température et les contraintes thermiques vont modifier la fréquence de résonance. Les résonateurs mécaniques étant peu bruités, le suivi cette fréquence de résonance doit permettre de réaliser des détecteurs thermiques performants. Le travail de thèse a consisté à concevoir, fabriquer et caractériser de tels pixels et à comparer cette technique aux détecteurs résistifs. Différents modèles (linéaire et nonlinéaire) du mouvement de la structure sont présentés et comparés aux caractérisations expérimentales de résonateurs fabriqués en réseaux denses, selon différentes variantes. Nous avons mesuré le bruit fréquentiel de nos détecteurs puis leur sensibilité à un flux infrarouge. Les meilleurs dispositifs montrent une limite de sensibilité de 30 pW/√Hz. Une résolution sur la scène (NETD) de 2 K est obtenu pour un temps d’intégration adapté au temps image. Ces performances sont inégalées pour un résonateur non refroidi à ces dimensions. Nous montrons qu’un NETD de 20 mK est atteignable au pas de 12 µm (pour un temps de réponse de 10 ms) en se focalisant sur 3 axes de recherche : une cointégration des résonateurs avec leur électronique de lecture, une acquisition plus précise du signal par un temps d’intégration adapté au temps image et l’amélioration de la sensibilité thermique (TCF) du résonateur d’un facteur 10. Pour ce dernier point, nous présentons des méthodes afin d’améliorer le TCF. Finalement, nous étudions des architectures de pixels au pas de 5 µm présentant des performances théoriques proches de celles requises par l’imagerie infrarouge (NETD=70 mK et τth=8 ms). Des perspectives de transductions tout optiques sont finalement évoquées. / Progress in microelectronics has been mainly driven by informatics needs for addressing both increased performances and lower costs for processors and memories, according to the well-known Moore’s Law. For many years, these tremendous progresses in silicon fabrication and integration have also contributed to the emergence of new type of devices, such as sensors, actuators, filters, clocks or imagers, forming a new class of devices called More than Moore. Uncooled infrared imaging, which uses thermal sensors belongs to this new class of devices. Today thermal sensors principally use a thin resistive layer (mainly vanadium dioxide or amorphous silicon) on a suspended membrane as a thermometer and are called microbolometers. The fabrication cost of thermal cameras has dramatically dropped over the last 20 years, while attaining performances close to the expensive cooled cameras. Nevertheless, the cost of these imagers still remains too high for consumer market (night driving, smartphones, home automation) whereas military applications (surveillance, personal googles) need improved resolutions – in an affordable camera. Therefore, one objective of the microbolometers industry roadmap is to scale down the sensor surface – the pixel pitch – in order to increase the number of imagers fabricated on a silicon wafer. Yet, the pixel pitch reduction goes necessarily with a reduction of the captured infrared power leading to a reduction of the sensor signal. As a consequence, the sensor sensitivity needs to be improved as the pixel pitch scales down. The resistive technology has managed this scaling so far, down to 17µm pixel pitch, allowing a densification of the sensors by a factor 4 every 5 years. Despite this success, the scaling has been recently slowed down, mostly because of microbolometers self-heating issue and 1/f noise which are inherent to the resistive transduction. Our work has focused on a new type of sensor at 12µm pixel pitch, which theoretically gets rid of self-heating and 1/f noise. In our approach, an absorbing plate is excited at its mechanical resonance through two tiny torsion arms using an actuation electrode placed 2µm underneath. Pixel motion is also transduced electrostatically. Since micromechanical resonators feature very low frequency noise, we believe that an uncooled infrared sensor based on the monitoring of its resonance frequency (which changes with temperature through the TCF) should be extremely sensitive. In our work, we present different models (linear and nonlinear) for the pixel mechanical behavior and compare them to experimental characterization of resonators which were fabricated in dense arrays, according to several designs. We measure the frequency stability of our sensors along with their sensitivity to infrared flux. The best devices show a resolution of 30pW/sqrt(Hz), with a response time lower than one millisecond. The scene resolution (NETD) is 2K for an integration time compatible with imaging frame rate. These performances overtake results previously published on this topic with such reduced pixel pitch. We show that a NETD of 20mK (with a response time of 10ms) is reachable at 12µm pixel pitch if we can address the following 3 challenges: a cointegration of the resonators with their electronics, a shared readout of several pixels in the imaging frame rate and an improved TCF by a factor 10. Therefore, we provide different methods in order to improve the TCF. Finally, we present different pixel designs at 5µm pixel pitch which show theoretical performances close to uncooled infrared imaging requirements (NETD=70mK and tau_th=8ms). An optical transduction may also be a new route toward even better signal to noise ratio at low pitch.
18

Rétines courbes : une approche bio-inspirée de simplification et miniaturisation des systèmes infrarouge / Curved retina : a bio-inspired approach to simplify and miniaturize infrared systems

Dumas, Delphine 08 December 2011 (has links)
Si dans les caméras actuelles, les matrices de photodétection sont planes, dans la nature, aucune surface focale n'est plane : la rétine est soit concave (œil humain), soit convexe (œil d'insecte). Ces architectures offrent deux solutions de miniaturisation et de simplification des systèmes de détection, qui ont fait l'objet des travaux de cette thèse. La courbure concave du détecteur permet de supprimer l'aberration de courbure de champ qui est particulièrement présente dans les instruments grand champ. L'étude théorique de cette solution, étayée par des applications concrètes, a permis de démontrer la simplification des architectures accessibles par cette approche, ainsi que les améliorations en termes de performances optiques. La courbure convexe permet quant à elle de miniaturiser les systèmes grand champ, en s'inspirant de l'œil composé des petits invertébrés. Cette architecture, constituée de groupes de pixels reliés par une métallisation souple, a été réalisée sur une matrice de détecteurs infrarouge en CdHgTe. Les composants obtenus sont fonctionnels et comparables en termes de performances aux valeurs standard. Ils ouvrent à la voie à des architectures grand champ extrêmement compactes. L'originalité du travail a porté sur la mise en forme sphérique de composants monolithiques, dont la couche active n'est pas modifiée, permettant ainsi de produire des systèmes avec un taux de remplissage de 100%. Après une étude de la souplesse d'échantillons de silicium aminci, le procédé de courbure a été transféré sur des composants fonctionnels: circuit de lecture Si-CMOS et matrice de micro-bolomètres infrarouge. La courbure concave des matrices de détection infrarouge de type micro-bolomètres, a mené à la réalisation de deux caméras. La première, constituée de deux lentilles du commerce, a permis de comparer les systèmes composés des détecteurs plan et courbe. Le gain lié à la courbure sphérique de la rétine sur l'uniformité de la réponse impulsionnelle a été prouvé grâce aux mesures de la fonction de transfert de contrastes (FTC). Enfin, à l'image d'un œil humain, un œil infrarouge composé d'une seule lentille et d'une matrice de micro-bolomètres courbée en concave a été réalisée. La qualité des images obtenues, ainsi que la FTC mesurée, ont mis en évidence le potentiel des plans focaux courbés pour des systèmes ultra-compacts, inenvisageables jusqu'à ce jour. / In natural world, plane retina, on which are based our cameras does not exist. The focal plane is either concave for human beings or convex in insects' eyes. Both curvatures offer novel solution to miniaturize and simplify the optical design, and both of them have been studied in this work.The concave curving of the focal plane suppresses one aberration, the field curvature, on which depends the image quality of large field of view instruments. Advantages in image quality and optical design have been studied by theoretical analysis and by real cases of instruments. The convex curvature results in a miniaturization achieved by reproducing the compound eye of small invertebrates. This design, which is composed of several groups of pixels interconnected by metallic lines, has been realized with cooled infrared detecting device. The performed detectors are still electrically functional with a comparable behaviour than conventional sensors. The originality of this work is the spherical curvature of monocrystalline and monolithic components; the active layer is not modified for this purpose. The process of curvature has been developed on thinned square silicon bare dies and then transferred to thinned functional devices: Si-CMOS and micro-bolometers. The concave curvature of bolometers leads to the realization of two cameras. The first one, composed of two commercial lenses, was dedicated to the comparison between a planar traditional camera and a curved detector system. Optical advantages, and especially the response uniformity, have been proved thanks to measures of the contrast modulation function (CMF). Finally, I have realized an infrared eye composed of a unique lens and a curved concave bolometer. Both the image quality obtained and CMF experiments proved the interest of the curved focal plane in miniaturized optical systems.
19

Improving the shutter-less compensation method for TEC-less microbolometer-based infrared cameras

Tempelhahn, A., Budzier, H., Krause, V., Gerlach, G. 29 August 2019 (has links)
Shutter-less infrared cameras based on microbolometer focal plane arrays (FPAs) are the most widely used cameras in thermography, in particular in the fields of handheld devices and small distributed sensors. For acceptable measurement uncertainty values the disturbing influences of changing thermal ambient conditions have to be treated corresponding to temperature measurements of the thermal conditions inside the camera. We propose a compensation approach based on calibration measurements where changing external conditions are simulated and all correction parameters are determined. This allows to process the raw infrared data and to consider all disturbing influences. The effects on the pixel responsivity and offset voltage are considered separately. The responsivity correction requires two different, alternating radiation sources. This paper presents the details of the compensation procedure and discusses relevant aspects to gain low temperature measurement uncertainty.
20

Exploiting Phase-change Material for Millimeter Wave Applications

Chen, Shangyi January 2021 (has links)
No description available.

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