The genetic architectures of cancer and congenital disorders are heterogeneous and incompletely mapped. Rare and low-frequency variants of incomplete penetrance are emerging as an important class of germline and somatic variation, but their contribution to disease remains poorly characterised. This thesis aims to identify and assess pathogenic mutations in the 1q41q42 microdeletion syndrome, neural tube defects, neuropsychiatric disorders and cancer. Rare microdeletions at the 1q41q42 locus cause a clinically heterogeneous syndrome characterized by developmental delay, characteristic dysmorphic features and brain morphological abnormalities. Examining new and published patients with 1q41q42 microdeletions, we found that TP53BP2, encoding ASPP2, is a strong candidate for being the gene responsible for brain morphological abnormalities of the syndrome. Mice deficient for Trp53bp2 show multiple abnormalities overlapping the features of the 1q41q42 microdeletion syndrome such as dysmorphic lateral ventricles, heart and urogenital abnormalities. ASPP2 deficiency also causes neural tube defects, hopping gait, and male-specific motion hyperactivity in mice. We further identify candidate pathogenic TP53BP2 duplications, implicating TP53BP2 dosage sensitivity in the ganglionic eminences of the developing brain, manifested by structural abnormalities in the striatum and lateral ventricles of both deletion and duplication patients. ASPP2 controls neuroepithelial cell polarity via Par3 and genetic disruption of aPKC-Par3 interaction by rare missense variants was implicated in human neural tube defects. An integrative analysis of cancer genomic data revealed that PPP1R13B, encoding ASPP1, bears many hallmarks of a tumour suppressor gene, despite being mutated at a low absolute frequency. A subset of missense somatic mutations in ASPP genes genetically interact with TP53 mutations, disrupting an autoinhibitory mechanism to modulate p53-dependent transcription. In summary, this work identified novel candidate pathogenic variants in developmental disorders and cancer, and explored the mechanisms underlying their respective genotype-phenotype links.

Introdução: Durante as últimas décadas, a utilização de métodos moleculares como Hibridizacão in situ por fluorescência (FISH) e Hibridização Genômica Comparativa (array-CGH) mudou dramaticamente a perspectiva em relação à detecção de rearranjos genômicos submicroscópicos. O número de doenças identificadas como causada por microdeleções/microduplicações cromossômicas aumentou rapidamente, trazendo um papel crucial para a citogenética no diagnóstico destas condições. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e caracterizar microdeleções cromossômicas associadas a síndromes de malformações em um laboratório de citogenética de referência de um hospital público do sul do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo, em uma série consecutiva de amostras. O estudo foi baseado em registros hospitalares e laboratoriais de amostras de uma coorte de pacientes com suspeita clínica de microdeleção cromossômica. Foram selecionadas amostras de indivíduos em que o diagnóstico clínico proposto incluia uma suspeita de rearranjo nos cromossomos 4p16.3, 5p15.2, 5q35, 7q11.23, 8q24.12, 15q11-q12, 16p13.3, 17p13.3, 17p11. 2,2 e 22q11 que foram analisados por hibridização in situ por fluorescência (FISH). Em 11 amostras com microdeleções, hibridização genômica comparativa (array-CGH) foi realizada. Resultados: Um total de 504 amostras foram avaliadas, sendo as suspeitas mais comuns a deleção 22q11.2 (29,5%), a síndrome de Prader-Willi (21,6%), a síndrome de Williams-Beuren (15%) e da síndrome de Angelman (13 %). Em 120 deles (23,8%) desequilíbrios cromossómicas relacionadas com o diagnóstico clínico foram encontrados. A del7q11.23 foi a alteração mais frequente (8,5%) detectada, seguida por del22q11.2 (5,3%) e del15q11-q12 (4,5%). Conclusões: Nossos achados reforçam à estratégia de que um teste de citogenética molecular sensível associada com uma avaliação clínico qualificado são cruciais para a detecção e caracterização precisa de deleções cromossômicas submicroscópicas. Além disso, nosso estudo enfatiza a necessidade de educação continuada para o desenvolvimento e utilização de novas tecnologias para o diagnóstico citogenético, as quais, em nossa experiência, puderam ser introduzidas com sucesso em um hospital público do sul do Brasil. / Background: During the past decades, the widespread use of FISH and microarray-based technologies dramatically changed our perspective regarding detection of submicroscopic genomic rearrangements. The number of diseases identified as caused by chromosomal microdeletions/microduplications increased quickly, bringing a new and crucial role for cytogenetics in the diagnosis of these conditions. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and chraracterize chromosomal microdeletions associated with malformation syndromes in a reference cytogenetics laboratory from a public hospital of Southern Brazil. Methods: Using retrospective and prospective approaches, we evaluated a consecutive series of samples. The study was based in hospital and laboratorial records of samples from a cohort of subjects with clinical suspicion of a chromosomal microdeletion. We selected samples from subjects in whom a clinical diagnosis was proposed, which included deletion of chromosomes 4p16.3, 5p15.2, 5q35, 7q11.23, 8q24.12, 15q11-q12, 16p13.3, 17p13.3, 17p11.2,2 and 22q11 identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. In 11 samples with microdeletions, array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) was performed. Results: A total of 504 samples were evaluated, being the most common suspicions the 22q11.2 deletion (29.5%), the Prader-Willi syndrome (21.6%), the Williams-Beuren syndrome (15%) and the Angelman syndrome (13%). In 120 of them (23.8%) chromosomal imbalances related to the clinical diagnosis were found. The deletion 7q11.23 was the most frequently finding (8.5%), followed by del22q11.2 (5.3%) and del15q11-q12 (4.5%). Conclusions: Our findings provide support to the idea that a sensitive molecular cytogenetic test associated with a qualified clinical evaluation are crucial for the detection and precise characterization of submiscroscopic chromosome deletions. Additionally, our study emphasizes the need of continuing 6 education for the improvement of the cytogenetic diagnosis technology, which was successfully introduced in a public hospital of Southern Brazil.

Introdução: Durante as últimas décadas, a utilização de métodos moleculares como Hibridizacão in situ por fluorescência (FISH) e Hibridização Genômica Comparativa (array-CGH) mudou dramaticamente a perspectiva em relação à detecção de rearranjos genômicos submicroscópicos. O número de doenças identificadas como causada por microdeleções/microduplicações cromossômicas aumentou rapidamente, trazendo um papel crucial para a citogenética no diagnóstico destas condições. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e caracterizar microdeleções cromossômicas associadas a síndromes de malformações em um laboratório de citogenética de referência de um hospital público do sul do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo, em uma série consecutiva de amostras. O estudo foi baseado em registros hospitalares e laboratoriais de amostras de uma coorte de pacientes com suspeita clínica de microdeleção cromossômica. Foram selecionadas amostras de indivíduos em que o diagnóstico clínico proposto incluia uma suspeita de rearranjo nos cromossomos 4p16.3, 5p15.2, 5q35, 7q11.23, 8q24.12, 15q11-q12, 16p13.3, 17p13.3, 17p11. 2,2 e 22q11 que foram analisados por hibridização in situ por fluorescência (FISH). Em 11 amostras com microdeleções, hibridização genômica comparativa (array-CGH) foi realizada. Resultados: Um total de 504 amostras foram avaliadas, sendo as suspeitas mais comuns a deleção 22q11.2 (29,5%), a síndrome de Prader-Willi (21,6%), a síndrome de Williams-Beuren (15%) e da síndrome de Angelman (13 %). Em 120 deles (23,8%) desequilíbrios cromossómicas relacionadas com o diagnóstico clínico foram encontrados. A del7q11.23 foi a alteração mais frequente (8,5%) detectada, seguida por del22q11.2 (5,3%) e del15q11-q12 (4,5%). Conclusões: Nossos achados reforçam à estratégia de que um teste de citogenética molecular sensível associada com uma avaliação clínico qualificado são cruciais para a detecção e caracterização precisa de deleções cromossômicas submicroscópicas. Além disso, nosso estudo enfatiza a necessidade de educação continuada para o desenvolvimento e utilização de novas tecnologias para o diagnóstico citogenético, as quais, em nossa experiência, puderam ser introduzidas com sucesso em um hospital público do sul do Brasil. / Background: During the past decades, the widespread use of FISH and microarray-based technologies dramatically changed our perspective regarding detection of submicroscopic genomic rearrangements. The number of diseases identified as caused by chromosomal microdeletions/microduplications increased quickly, bringing a new and crucial role for cytogenetics in the diagnosis of these conditions. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and chraracterize chromosomal microdeletions associated with malformation syndromes in a reference cytogenetics laboratory from a public hospital of Southern Brazil. Methods: Using retrospective and prospective approaches, we evaluated a consecutive series of samples. The study was based in hospital and laboratorial records of samples from a cohort of subjects with clinical suspicion of a chromosomal microdeletion. We selected samples from subjects in whom a clinical diagnosis was proposed, which included deletion of chromosomes 4p16.3, 5p15.2, 5q35, 7q11.23, 8q24.12, 15q11-q12, 16p13.3, 17p13.3, 17p11.2,2 and 22q11 identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. In 11 samples with microdeletions, array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) was performed. Results: A total of 504 samples were evaluated, being the most common suspicions the 22q11.2 deletion (29.5%), the Prader-Willi syndrome (21.6%), the Williams-Beuren syndrome (15%) and the Angelman syndrome (13%). In 120 of them (23.8%) chromosomal imbalances related to the clinical diagnosis were found. The deletion 7q11.23 was the most frequently finding (8.5%), followed by del22q11.2 (5.3%) and del15q11-q12 (4.5%). Conclusions: Our findings provide support to the idea that a sensitive molecular cytogenetic test associated with a qualified clinical evaluation are crucial for the detection and precise characterization of submiscroscopic chromosome deletions. Additionally, our study emphasizes the need of continuing 6 education for the improvement of the cytogenetic diagnosis technology, which was successfully introduced in a public hospital of Southern Brazil.

Introdução: Durante as últimas décadas, a utilização de métodos moleculares como Hibridizacão in situ por fluorescência (FISH) e Hibridização Genômica Comparativa (array-CGH) mudou dramaticamente a perspectiva em relação à detecção de rearranjos genômicos submicroscópicos. O número de doenças identificadas como causada por microdeleções/microduplicações cromossômicas aumentou rapidamente, trazendo um papel crucial para a citogenética no diagnóstico destas condições. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e caracterizar microdeleções cromossômicas associadas a síndromes de malformações em um laboratório de citogenética de referência de um hospital público do sul do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo, em uma série consecutiva de amostras. O estudo foi baseado em registros hospitalares e laboratoriais de amostras de uma coorte de pacientes com suspeita clínica de microdeleção cromossômica. Foram selecionadas amostras de indivíduos em que o diagnóstico clínico proposto incluia uma suspeita de rearranjo nos cromossomos 4p16.3, 5p15.2, 5q35, 7q11.23, 8q24.12, 15q11-q12, 16p13.3, 17p13.3, 17p11. 2,2 e 22q11 que foram analisados por hibridização in situ por fluorescência (FISH). Em 11 amostras com microdeleções, hibridização genômica comparativa (array-CGH) foi realizada. Resultados: Um total de 504 amostras foram avaliadas, sendo as suspeitas mais comuns a deleção 22q11.2 (29,5%), a síndrome de Prader-Willi (21,6%), a síndrome de Williams-Beuren (15%) e da síndrome de Angelman (13 %). Em 120 deles (23,8%) desequilíbrios cromossómicas relacionadas com o diagnóstico clínico foram encontrados. A del7q11.23 foi a alteração mais frequente (8,5%) detectada, seguida por del22q11.2 (5,3%) e del15q11-q12 (4,5%). Conclusões: Nossos achados reforçam à estratégia de que um teste de citogenética molecular sensível associada com uma avaliação clínico qualificado são cruciais para a detecção e caracterização precisa de deleções cromossômicas submicroscópicas. Além disso, nosso estudo enfatiza a necessidade de educação continuada para o desenvolvimento e utilização de novas tecnologias para o diagnóstico citogenético, as quais, em nossa experiência, puderam ser introduzidas com sucesso em um hospital público do sul do Brasil. / Background: During the past decades, the widespread use of FISH and microarray-based technologies dramatically changed our perspective regarding detection of submicroscopic genomic rearrangements. The number of diseases identified as caused by chromosomal microdeletions/microduplications increased quickly, bringing a new and crucial role for cytogenetics in the diagnosis of these conditions. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and chraracterize chromosomal microdeletions associated with malformation syndromes in a reference cytogenetics laboratory from a public hospital of Southern Brazil. Methods: Using retrospective and prospective approaches, we evaluated a consecutive series of samples. The study was based in hospital and laboratorial records of samples from a cohort of subjects with clinical suspicion of a chromosomal microdeletion. We selected samples from subjects in whom a clinical diagnosis was proposed, which included deletion of chromosomes 4p16.3, 5p15.2, 5q35, 7q11.23, 8q24.12, 15q11-q12, 16p13.3, 17p13.3, 17p11.2,2 and 22q11 identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. In 11 samples with microdeletions, array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) was performed. Results: A total of 504 samples were evaluated, being the most common suspicions the 22q11.2 deletion (29.5%), the Prader-Willi syndrome (21.6%), the Williams-Beuren syndrome (15%) and the Angelman syndrome (13%). In 120 of them (23.8%) chromosomal imbalances related to the clinical diagnosis were found. The deletion 7q11.23 was the most frequently finding (8.5%), followed by del22q11.2 (5.3%) and del15q11-q12 (4.5%). Conclusions: Our findings provide support to the idea that a sensitive molecular cytogenetic test associated with a qualified clinical evaluation are crucial for the detection and precise characterization of submiscroscopic chromosome deletions. Additionally, our study emphasizes the need of continuing 6 education for the improvement of the cytogenetic diagnosis technology, which was successfully introduced in a public hospital of Southern Brazil.

Such chromosomal rearrangements, which cannot be detected by using of cytogenetic banding of metaphase chromosomes, i.e. chromosomes smaller than 3 - 5 Mb, and therefore modern molecular genetic methods are used to detect them, are called "cryptic rearrangements". Their important role in human pathology is more and more significant. By using of the multiplex ligation-probe dependent amplification method (MLPA) we examined a group of 50 probands with idiopathic mental retardation. A cryptic rearrangement was found at 8 probands (16 %), at 6 of them it was demonstrably causal. Then we examined a group of 40 probands suspected of gene SHOX pathology. A cryptic rearrangement was found at 17 probands (42.5 %) and at 8 of them it was demonstrably causal. Presence of small deletion founded isolated at 7 probands was verified in a population set, but without a positive result. An analysis of mutations was made too.