The initial research of this thesis involves the evaluation of different strategies for developing diverse chemistries of highly stable coatings for the automated 96-blade (thin-film) solid phase microextraction (SPME) system. Thin-film geometry increases the volume of extractive phase, and consequently improves the sensitivity of the analysis. Sol-gel technology was used for the preparation of octadecyl (C18)-silica gel thin-film coating. The evaluation of the C18-silica gel SPME extractive phase resulted in stable physical and chemical characteristics and long-term reusability with a high degree of reproducibility. Biocompatible polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer was used for the preparation of particle-based extractive phases in order to improve the biocompatible characteristics of SPME coatings for the extraction from biological samples. Three different immobilization strategies were evaluated for developing highly stable coatings for the automated 96-blade SPME system. The spraying was found to be the optimal method in terms of stability and reusability for long-term use. The optimized C18-PAN coating demonstrated improved biocompatibility, stability, and reusability for the extraction of benzodiazepines from human plasma in comparison with those of C18-silica gel coating. To improve the biocompatible properties of the C18-PAN SPME coating for long-term direct analysis from whole blood, different modification strategies were studied and evaluated. The modification of the coating with an extra layer of biocompatible polyacrylonitrile resulted in significant improvement in the blood compatibility in long-term use. ‘Extracted blood spot’ (EBS) sampling was introduced as a novel approach to overcome the limitations of dried blood spot sampling. EBS includes the application of a biocompatible SPME coating for spot sampling of blood or other biofluids. The compatibility of EBS sampling with different analytical methods was demonstrated. The utilization of EBS as a fast sampling and sample preparation method resulted in a significant reduction of matrix effects through efficient sample clean-up. Modified polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB)-PAN and phenylboronic acid (PBA)-PAN 96-blade SPME coatings were developed and evaluated for the extraction of analytes in a wide range of polarity. These coatings demonstrated efficient extraction recovery for both polar and non-polar groups of compounds, and presented chemical and mechanical stabilities and reproducible extraction efficiencies for more than 100 usages in biological sample.

Pervaporation is a selective membrane technique in which a liquid feed mixture is separated by means of partial vaporization through a non-porous perm-selective membrane. This method can be used for the recovery of heat sensitive aroma compounds to avoid them from thermal damage in beverage industries. The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of feed temperature (30, 40, 50&deg / C), composition (different model solutions, strawberry essence), concentration (50, 100, 150 ppm) and permeate pressure (4, 8 mbar) on the recovery of aroma compounds of strawberry by pervaporation in terms of mass flux and selectivity. In addition, it was aimed to optimize the extraction conditions (extraction time, temperature, agitation speed, strawberry matrix) of Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), which is used for the analysis of strawberry aroma compounds. Optimum results for SPME were obtained at 40&deg / C, 700 rpm for 30 min and no matrix effect was observed. Pervaporation experiments were performed using a hydrophobic membrane, PERVAP 1070 (PDMS). As the feed temperature increased, the mass flux and selectivity increased and the total mass flux followed an Arrhenius type relation. Decreasing downstream pressure increased both total flux and selectivity, while increase in feed concentration led to higher organic fluxes but lower selectivities. In general, PERVAP 1070 showed a higher selectivity towards Methyl butyrate (MTB) than Ethyl butyrate (ETB) and MTB flux was affected negatively by the presence of ETB in the feed solution. Pervaporation experiments were also performed with a strawberry essence and strawberry model solution. The selectivities of MTB and ETB were negatively affected by the presence of other aroma compounds.

The ability to locate human remains, specifically in a forensic setting, is crucial to investigations. Research in the past two decades has identified volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as the source of the decomposition odor. The study examined the headspace (area directly above) of decomposing remains, Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) Pseudo Corpse Scents (formulations one and two), cadaveric blood, and decompositional fluid for target VOCs to which human remains detection (HRD) dogs could indicate. These samples were tested using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC/MS) for the exact odor profile and compared to literature about VOCs present in decomposition. The author hypothesized that a series of seven target chemical compounds (carbon disulfide, hexanal, nonanal, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, styrene, and benzoic acid methyl ester) would be present when the headspace of all samples tested. Ideally, a synthetic compound that will better mimic human decomposition odor profile can be created to aid in the training of HRD dogs. There are some disadvantages to using dogs in the field, and the lack of standardization when training HRD dogs is a major one. By examining VOC profiles of different sources of decomposition, a core set of VOCs of human decomposition may be identified to aid in the standardization of training. Of the eight target compounds chosen from the literature, only two were found in any samples tested for this experiment, hexanal and nonanal found in pig heart, deer liver, as well as human muscle and epidermis. Acetic acid was identified in every sample with the exception of the control. Also, in accordance with the literature, putrescine and cadaverine were not found in any of the samples.

abstract: One out of ten women has a difficult time getting or staying pregnant in the United States. Recent studies have identified aging as one of the key factors attributed to a decline in female reproductive health. Existing fertility diagnostic methods do not allow for the non-invasive monitoring of hormone levels across time. In recent years, olfactory sensing has emerged as a promising diagnostic tool for its potential for real-time, non-invasive monitoring. This technology has been proven promising in the areas of oncology, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Little work, however, has addressed the use of olfactory sensing with respect to female fertility. In this work, we perform a study on ten healthy female subjects to determine the volatile signature in biological samples across 28 days, correlating to fertility hormones. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the air above the biological sample, or headspace, were collected by solid phase microextraction (SPME), using a 50/30 µm divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) coated fiber. Samples were analyzed, using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). A regression model was used to identify key analytes, corresponding to the fertility hormones estrogen and progesterone. Results indicate shifts in volatile signatures in biological samples across the 28 days, relevant to hormonal changes. Further work includes evaluating metabolic changes in volatile hormone expression as an early indicator of declining fertility, so women may one day be able to monitor their reproductive health in real-time as they age. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Biomedical Engineering 2018

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Orientador: Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T16:12:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dutra_CamilaBraga_M.pdf: 978776 bytes, checksum: 0edde3491d6aa306de0b78cbd74ea7fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Nitrito e nitrato são os principais ingredientes usados no processo de cura conferindo aroma e cor avermelhada caracteristicos dos produtos curados como, por exemplo, a salsicha e atuando como antioxidantes e antimicrobianos, impedindo o crescimento de Clostridium botulinum. O efeito tóxico mais relevante da presença de nitrato e nitrito é a formação de nitrosaminas as quais são compostos N-nitroso que podem ser formados da reação de agentes nitrosantes com aminas secundárias ou terciaérias. a maior exposição a estes compostos acontece através dos alimentos, onde o modo de preparo e processamento tem grande influência na quantidade de nitrosaminas presente no alimento, sendo que a formação de nitrosaminas durante o processamento pode ser reduzida por incorporação de inibidores, tais como, ácido ascórbico ou xtocoferol. A nitrosaminas voláteis são as que mais ocorrem em alimentos, e são potentes carcinógenos em animais de laboratório induzindo tumores em vários orgãos. O propósito do presente estudo foi otimizar e validar o método de amostragem "headspace" por microestração em fase sólida (SPME, do inglês Solid Phase Microextraction) usando cromatografia gasosa acoplada a um dectector de quimioluminescência ) TEA, do inglês Thermal Energy Analyser) para a determinação de nitrosaminas voláteis em salsichas "hot-dog". As amostras foram adquiridas bo comércio da cidade de Campinas, São Paulo. Nas amostras analisadas não foram encontradas nitrosaminas voláteis em níveis detectáveis. Diferentes modos de preparo, como cozimento em água e fritura, não contribuíram para a formação de nitosaminas. Os resultados indicam a ausência de nitrosaminas nas amostras analisadas devido, possivelmente, aos baixos teores de nitrito disponível para a reação com as aminas prsentes na carne e/ou pela ação efetiva do ascorbato de sódio atuando como inibidor da formação de nitrosaminas / Abstract: During the curing process, nitrite and nitrate are the principal ingridients udes for curing. They confer and colored color characteristic of the cured meat as sausage, and act as antioxidants and antimicrobial, comtrolling the growth of Clostridium botulinum. The most important toxic effect of the presence of nitrate and nitrite is the formation of nitrosamines. These are N-nitroso compounds that can be formed by the reaction of the nitrosating agents with secundary or tertiary amines. The major exposure to these compounds happens through foodstuffs, where the procedures of preparation and processing have great influence in the present amount of nitrosamines in the food. The formation of nitrosamines during the processing can be reduced by incorporation of inhibitors, such as, ascorbic acid or x-tocoferol. The volatile nitrosamines are the ones that occur in foods more frequentely, and are strong carcinogens in laboratory animals inducing tumors in a variety of organs. The purpose of the present study was to optimize and to validate a simple method using headspace sampling by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography with thermal energy analyzer detector (HS-SOME-GC-TEA) for the determination of volatile nitrosamines in hot-dog sausages. The samples were purchased from local markets (Campinas, São Paulo). In the analyzed samples volatile nitrosamines have not been found in detectable levels. Different cooking procedures, as boiled in water and frying, did not contributr to the formation of nitrosamines. The results indicate the absence of nitrosamines in the samples nalyzed possibly because of low content of available nitrite for the reaction with the amines found in the meat and because of the action of dodium ascorbate acting as inhibitor for the formation of nitrosamines / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos

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Orientador: Carla Beatriz Grespan Bottoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T13:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Godinho_RobsonBonfim_M.pdf: 6700594 bytes, checksum: 0cfc1f35b482743b90b3d97296590a0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Fragrância é uma mistura de moléculas orgânicas como ésteres, cetonas, aldeídos, hidrocarbonetos, alcoóis, entre outras, tendo como fontes substâncias de origem natural ou sintética, que quando combinadas em proporções harmônicas conferem uma característica odorífera ímpar em um perfume ou em um produto perfumado. Considerando essa característica, a primeira etapa desse trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um método de análise dos compostos voláteis provenientes de uma fragrância por cromatografia gasosa utilizando a técnica de micro-extração em fase sólida no headspace, (em inglês, Headspace ¿ Solid Phase Micro Extraction, HS-SPME). Esse método foi utilizado para monitoramento da fragrância após sua aplicação no detergente em pó em diferentes condições de estocagem. Os dados obtidos após a extração e análise cromatográfica foram tratados com ferramentas quimiométricas, como HCA, (do inglês, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis), e PCA, (do inglês, Principal Component Analysis), para auxiliar na interpretação do conjunto de dados. Os métodos quimiométricos possibilitaram a identificação de grupos em gráficos bidimensionais, os quais mostram a variação das amostras de detergente com o tempo e o ambiente de estocagem. Devido à necessidade das indústrias de fragrâncias analisarem vários aspectos físicoquímicos dos produtos que trabalham como, a matéria prima e o produto acabado, para seu controle de qualidade, a segunda etapa desse trabalho baseou-se no desenvolvimento de um modelo de calibração multivariada, PLS, (do inglês, Partial Least Squares) para previsão de propriedades físicas das fragrâncias, densidade e índice de refração, a partir de dados cromatográficos. As análises foram baseadas em uma matriz com 45 amostras de diferentes fragrâncias e 675 variáveis. O modelo obtido apresentou uma boa capacidade de previsão, apresentando para esses dados um erro relativo menor que 1,0 % para a densidade e 0,5 % para o índice de refração, evidenciando a possibilidade de predizer dados físico-químicos de fragrâncias com excelente precisão a partir de análises cromatográficas / Abstract: Fragrance is a mixture of organic molecules such as esters, ketones, aldehydes, hydrocarbons and alcohols, among others, using as sources substances of natural or synthetic origin, which, when combined in harmonious proportions, confer a unique characteristic to a perfume or a scented product. Considering this feature, the first stage of this work was the development of a method of analysis of volatile compounds from a fragrance by gas chromatography using the technique of Headspace - Solid Phase Micro Extraction , HS-SPME. This method was used to monitor the fragrance after its application in detergent powder under different conditions of storage. The data obtained after the extraction and chromatographic analysis were treated with chemometric tools, such as HCA, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, and PCA, Principal Component Analysis, to assist in the interpretation of the data set. The chemometric methods allowed the identification of groups in two-dimensional graphs, which show the variation of samples of detergent with time and storage environment. Due to the need of the fragrance industries to examine various aspects of the physical-chemical products that work as the raw material and finished product, for their quality control, the second stage of this work was based on the development of a model of multivariate calibration, PLS, Partial Least Squares, for prediction of the physical properties of fragrances, such as density and index of refraction, from the chromatographic data. The tests were based on a matrix with 45 samples of different fragrances and 675 variables. The model obtained showed a good capability for prediction, with a relative error of less than 1.0% for density and 0.5% for the index of refraction. This shows the possibility of predicting physico-chemical data of fragrances with good precision from chromatographic analysis / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

Orientadores: Ronei Jesus Poppi, Fabio Augusto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T16:35:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_GilmareAntonia_D.pdf: 2352562 bytes, checksum: ba31981a40cd4c76d67af387ca4819bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A proposta deste trabalho foi explorar a utilização da cromatografia gasosa com a etapa prévia de preparação da amostra através da microextração em fase sólida em diferentes matrizes, potencializando, inovando e viabilizando essas aplicações através de metodologias de quimiometria, especialmente aquelas que envolvem técnicas de inteligência artificial. Foi realizada a otimização simultânea da determinação de cinco pesticidas em infusos de Passiflora alata Dryander (maracujá doce) através de abordagem neuro-genética, ou seja, utilização de algoritmo genético para a otimização da rede neural modelada. Foram obtidos para duas fibras de extração (PDMS/PVA e PDMS 30 µM) os valores dos parâmetros de extração, respectivamente: 67 e 77 % para diluição do chá, 65,5 e 65,0 ºC para temperatura de extração, 50 e 39 minutos para tempo de extração e 0,36 g mL de concentração de NaCl para ambas as fibras. A abordagem neuro-genética foi também utilizada para a otimização simultânea da determinação de 12 bifenilas policloradas em leite materno. O algoritmo genético forneceu as melhores condições de extração como concentração de NaCl de 0,36 g mL, temperatura de extração de 95,0 ºC, tempo de extração de 60 minutos e adição de 210 µL de metanol. Utilizando cerveja como matriz foi realizado um estudo exploratório de 20 marcas comerciais brasileiras de cerveja em lata através da rede neural de Kohonen. Foi possível visualizar a formação de seis grupos e os espectros de massas permitiram identificar os compostos voláteis responsáveis pelas similaridades e dessemelhanças entre as cervejas, através da análise da fração volátil, utilizando uma fibra PDMS/DVB. Por fim, trinta e duas marcas comerciais de cervejas em garrafa, sendo 31 nacionais e uma estrangeira, foram avaliadas sensorialmente através da Análise Descritiva Quantitativa para os atributos amargor e sabor do grão; e correlacionados os resultados sensoriais com as respostas cromatográficas das cervejas através da utilização de algoritmo genético para a seleção das variáveis (compostos identificados pelos espectros de massas) diretamente relacionadas com os parâmetros de qualidade estudados / Abstract: The purpose of this work was to explore the utilization of gas chromatography with the previous stage of sample preparation through solid phase microextraction in different matrices, innovating and becoming feasible these applications using chemometric methodologies, specially the ones that involve artificial intelligence technique. It was realized the simultaneous optimization for the determination of five pesticides in infuses of Passiflora alata Dryander through the neuron-genetic approach, in other words, through the utilization of genetic algorithm to the optimization of the neural network model. It was obtained for two extraction fibers (PDMS/PVA and PDMS 30 µm) the following parameter values, respectively: 67 and 77 % for the tea dilution, 65,5 and 65,0 ºC for the extraction temperature, 50 and 39 minutes for the extraction time and 0,36 g mL for the NaCl concentration to both fibers. The neuron-genetic approach was also utilized to the simultaneous optimization of the determination of 12 polychlorinated biphenyls in human milk. The genetic algorithm provided the optimized extraction conditions as: NaCl concentration of 0,36 g mL, extraction temperature of 95,0 ºC, extraction time of 60 minutes and addition of 210 µL of methanol. By using beer as sample, it was realized an exploratory study of 20 commercial Brazilian beer labels stored in can, through the Kohonen neural network. It was possible to visualize the formation of six sets and through the mass spectra it was identified the volatile compounds responsible for the similarities and differences among the beer samples, through the fraction volatile analysis, utilizing a PDMS/DVB fiber. Finally, 32 commercial beer labels stored in glass bottles, among these 31 were national and one was international, were evaluated in a sensorial way through the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis to the bitterness and grain taste attributes and it was correlated the sensorial results with the chromatographic data of the beer samples by the utilization of genetic algorithm to the selection of the compounds (identified by the mass spectra) directly correlated with the quality parameters studied. / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Ciências

Atualmente, a malária é considerada a principal infecção parasitária existente e apresenta distribuição mundial. Dentre as alternativas terapêuticas utilizadas, destacam-se cloroquina (CQ), mefloquina (MQ) e, recentemente, arteméter (ART). Segundo a literatura, estudos farmacocinéticos destes fármacos têm sido dificultados pela ausência de métodos adequados de análise em fluidos biológicos e, no caso dos fármacos quirais (CQ e MQ), com capacidade de determinar os enantiômeros individualmente. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o emprego da microextração em fase líquida (LPME) na preparação de amostras para a determinação destes três fármacos antimaláricos e respectivos metabólitos em plasma. O método para análise enantiosseletiva de CQ e metabólitos teve a LPME como técnica de preparação de amostras, a qual apresentou valores de recuperação no intervalo de 28-66%. Estes analitos foram separados na coluna Chirobiotic V em fase polar-orgânica, com posterior detecção por espectrometria de massas (MS), com interface de eletronebulização (ESI) no modo positivo. O método desenvolvido foi linear no intervalo de 5-500 ng mL-1 para todos os analitos avaliados. A disposição cinética de CQ e do principal metabólito monodesetilcloroquina (DCQ) em ratos sugere enantiosseletividade após administração do fármaco na forma racêmica, com maiores concentrações de (+)-(S)-CQ e (-)-(R)-DCQ. O método para análise dos enantiômeros de MQ e do metabólito aquiral carboximefloquina (CMQ) também foi desenvolvido empregando LPME na preparação das amostras. A extração destes analitos foi realizada em duas etapas para eficaz recuperação dos mesmos (valores entre 35-38%). Os analitos foram separados na coluna Chirobiotic T em fase polarorgânica, com detecção por absorção no ultravioleta em 285 nm. O método apresentou linearidade no intervalo de 50-1500 e 50-3000 ng mL-1 para os enantiômeros de MQ e CMQ, respectivamente. A disposição cinética de MQ em ratos indica enantiosseletividade com maiores concentrações de (+)-(RS)- MQ após administração do fármaco na forma racêmica. A separação cromatográfica em fase reversa de ART e metabólito diidroartemisinina (DHA) foi alcançada utilizando-se coluna contendo Si-Zr-PMTDS como fase estacionária e a detecção destes analitos foi realizada empregando-se MS no modo ESI positivo. O procedimento otimizado de LPME em duas fases para extração de ART e DHA em plasma resultou em valores de recuperação de 32 e 25%, respectivamente. O método desenvolvido foi linear no intervalo de 5- 1000 ng mL-1 para ambos os analitos. O estudo piloto de disposição cinética em ratos evidenciou maiores concentrações de DHA. Os resultados obtidos confirmam a viabilidade da LPME para extração destes antimaláricos e respectivos metabólitos em plasma. / Currently, malaria is the main parasitic infection and shows worldwide distribution. Among therapeutic options used, chloroquine (CQ), mefloquine (MQ) and, more recently, artemether (ART) have been standing out. According to the literature, pharmacokinetic studies of these drugs have been hampered by the lack of proper methods of analysis in biological fluids and, regarding the chiral drugs (CQ and MQ), with the ability to determine the individual enantiomers. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the utilization of liquid-phase microextraction as the sample preparation technique for the determination of these antimalarial drugs and their metabolites in plasma. The enantioselective analysis of CQ and its metabolites was carried out using LPME as technique of sample preparation, which yielded recovery rates within 28- 66%. These analytes were resolved on a Chirobiotic V column in the polarorganic mode and further detected using mass spectrometry (MS) with electrospray interface (ESI) in the positive mode. The developed method was linear in the range of 5-500 ng mL-1 for all analytes studied. The kinetic disposition of CQ and its main metabolite monodesethylchloroquine (DCQ) in rats suggests enantioselectivity following the administration of the racemic drug, with higher concentrations of (+)-(S)-CQ and (-)-(R)-DCQ. The method for the analysis of the enantiomers of MQ and its achiral metabolite carboxymefloquine (CMQ) also had LPME as technique of sample preparation. The extraction of these analytes was carried out in two-steps to obtain efficient recovery rates (values within 35-38%). The analytes were resolved on a Chirobiotic T column in polar-organic mode and ultraviolet detection was performed at 285 nm. The method was linear in the range of 50-1500 and 50-3000 ng mL-1 for the enantiomers of MQ and CMQ, respectively. The kinetic disposition of MQ in rats indicates enantioselectivity with higher concentrations of (+)-(RS)-MQ following the administration of the racemic drug. The chromatographic resolution of ART and its metabolite dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in the reversed mode was achieved utilizing a column containing Si-Zr-PMTDS as stationary phase and their detection was conducted employing MS in the positive ESI mode. The optimized two-phase LPME procedure for the extraction of ART and DHA from plasma showed recovery values of 32 and 25%, respectively. The developed method was linear over the range of 5-1000 ng mL-1 for both analytes. The pilot study of kinetic disposition in rats showed higher concentrations of DHA. The obtained results confirm the feasibility of LPME for the extraction of these antimalarial drugs and their metabolites from plasma.