Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-28T17:20:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cláudia Sant_anna de Paiva.pdf: 1360909 bytes, checksum: eabab10c44f785521b7a15207b5cb103 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-28T17:20:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cláudia Sant_anna de Paiva.pdf: 1360909 bytes, checksum: eabab10c44f785521b7a15207b5cb103 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Today we live in times of globalization, a scenario marked by the great circulation of material goods, capital, information and, above all, people. Technology provides greater flow, exchange, sharing of content, images and imagery. Scenarios are reshaped and people across the globe can connect in various ways, both with other subjects and other territories. The boundaries become porous, conform scenarios marked by dispute and conflict and are redesigned by their subjects in displacement. Within this large movement of sharing, and more specifically in São Paulo, you will find the young people from the Angolan Muxima collective in the Diaspora. Together with it’s narratives and trajectories, this dissertation aims to understand the ways in which youth and immigrant practices are capable of creating a living, pulsating and symbolic scenario within the contemporary metropolitan experience, in which the insertion of culture, politics and communication in the daily life of these subjects is capable of contributing to changes in the "inevitable" perspective of permanence, within contexts of urban segregation and exclusion. In the same way, as in their struggles against racism, they promote and reformulate counter-narrative structures and configurations that are emerging in a "local" and "global" way. The methodological course was anchored in the combination of theoretical references with qualitative techniques (ethnographic observation, in-depth interviews and virtual ethnography), in order to empirically dive into this universe and to answer in what way these immigrants create new ways to (re)exist and resist, as well as (re)construct their lives in transboundary, linking, revisiting and resignifying memories existing their bodies / Vive-se hoje em tempos de globalização, um cenário marcado pelas grandes circulações de bens materiais, capital, informação e, sobretudo, de pessoas. A tecnologia propicia maior fluxo, troca, compartilhamento de conteúdo, imagens e imaginários. Os cenários são reformulados e, de alguma forma, as pessoas de todo o globo podem se conectar tanto com outros sujeitos quanto com outros territórios. As fronteiras tornam-se porosas, conformam cenários marcados por disputa e conflito e são redesenhadas por seus sujeitos em deslocamento. Dentro desse grande compartilhamento, mais especificamente em São Paulo, inserem-se os jovens do coletivo angolano Muxima na Diáspora. Conjuntamente às suas narrativas e trajetórias, esta dissertação objetiva entender as formas pelas quais as práticas juvenis e imigrantes são capazes de criar um cenário vivo, pulsante e simbólico no interior da experiência metropolitana contemporânea, na qual a inserção da cultura, da política e da comunicação na vida cotidiana destes sujeitos é capaz de contribuir para transformações na perspectiva “inevitável” de permanência em contextos de segregação e exclusão urbanas. Da mesma forma, como em suas lutas contra o racismo, promovem e reformulam estruturas e configuram contranarrativas emergentes de forma “local” e “global”. O percurso metodológico esteve ancorado na combinação de referenciais teóricos com técnicas qualitativas (observação etnográfica, entrevista em profundidade e etnografia virtual), a fim de mergulhar empiricamente neste universo e responder de que forma esses imigrantes criam novas maneiras de (re)existirem e resistirem, assim como (re)constroem suas vidas em transfronteira, atrelando, revisitando e ressignificando memórias trazidas em seus corpos

This dissertation presents research on three topics relating to how education is linked to economic development in China. The data are obtained from the 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2013 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS). The first essay examines the consequences of the Cultural Revolution. Using the 2003 and 2006 CGSS, the research is able to identify participants in a specific initiative, the “up to the mountains and down to the villages” movement (referred to as the Sentdown Campaign) and the length of time that they were involved in the initiative. The econometric results--including OLS, Heckit and 2SLS methods--provide evidence of substantial negative and long-lasting effects of the Cultural Revolution on education, labor force participation and personal income. Those who were involved in the Sentdown Campaign were found to be able to recoup some of these losses through the accumulation of education after they came back from rural areas, but these were generally not enough to compensate for the overall disruptions the Cultural Revolution caused on them. Furthermore, those who were sent down and stayed for more than five years in the countryside were not able to recuperate any lost years of schooling and, instead, suffered bigger losses in income than any of the other groups discussed in this essay. The second essay examines the attitudes of urban Chinese citizens towards migrants, as obtained using survey data from the 2005 CGSS. Estimating probit equations of the likelihood that the respondents in the sample had positive attitudes towards migrants, the research shows the connections between a range of explanatory variables and these attitudes. Educational attainment is not found to reduce negative attitudes towards migrants, a result that is different from the literature on the determinants of attitudes towards immigrants in recipient countries. The research also finds that as migrant presence grows in workplaces and neighborhoods, urban residents actually become more positive in their attitudes towards migrants. Gender is also found to have a significant impact on attitudes towards migrants. Men tend to have much more positive attitudes towards migrants, perhaps because social conventions frown against urban women having friendships with migrant men, or because the marriage market in urban China favors urban men marrying rural women. The third essay examines the role played by human capital in accounting for income growth in China between 2003 and 2013. An Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of the growth in individual hourly income shows that the overall role played by human capital on income growth in China during this decade is significant for men but not for women. For men, human capital accounts for 0.1796 in log-income change between 2003 and 2013, which given the total log-income change in this time period for men was 0.9160, represents close to 20 percent of the growth in income in the country. For women, the impact is small and actually negative, equal to -0.0433 out of the 0.8435 increase in log-income during the decade, a result that is mostly the outcome of declining rates of return to education among females.

Through an ethnographic examination of two New York City South Asian organizations, Worker's Awaaz and the Global Organization of People of Indian Origin (GOPIO), this study attends to the classed subjects produced at the different points of convergence of neoliberal policy in India and the United States. The project is concerned with the workings of South Asian organizations as the demographic profile of this population changes due to new migration patterns marked by gender, class, nationality and status, and new subjectivities borne of organizing and activism that have emerged around these. With attention to the nexus of capital, labor and rights, I argue that each organization represents two sides of neoliberal tendencies, and that this materializes in the subjects of worker and diasporic entrepreneur that are mobilized in Worker's Awaaz and GOPIO, respectively. Structural adjustment programs (SAPs) in South Asia compelled the migration of the low-wage female membership Worker's Awaaz. Once in the United States, where carework has become increasingly privatized, many of these women find employment as domestic workers whose labor is necessary to the households of upper-middle class and wealthy South Asians. SAPs also opened up South Asian markets to direct foreign investment. Needing outside capital for schemes of privatization and deregulation, the government of India turned to the diaspora, and deployed financial investment by overseas Indians as diasporic duty. This is a role that GOPIO has been at the forefront of organizing. I specifically explore how economic beings constructed through neoliberal discourse of human capital inhabit, rework, and contest these very discourses and practices. In Worker's Awaaz debates regarding who constituted a worker were contestations over the meanings of class and labor rooted in global migration flows. Within GOPIO the class inflected subjectivity of entrepreneur found nationalist luster as the articulation of entrepreneurialism was cast as a trait of Indian diasporic culture. The subject positions borne from these activities produced different struggles over the terms of national belonging and rights. The dissertation understands these positions as generated from the disjunctive tendencies of neoliberalism, and as sites that give insight into the workings of current capital regimes. / text