The aim of this study is to explore the cross-border migration of Zimbabwean women who undertake various types of care work within the domestic sector in South Africa. The study seeks to understand the female labour migration within the context of global care work. It utilises the global care chain concept, which describes the employment of women and men to provide care in wealthy countries while leaving a care gap in their own families. The specific objectives of the study were as follows: 1. To examine the reasons for care workers’ migration to South Africa. 2. To investigate their work experiences in relation to duties, contractual agreements, hours worked, benefits including leave entitlements, employer-employee relations, and overall working conditions. 3. To examine the perceived macro and meso benefits and costs of the cross-border migration for care workers and the extent to which these impacts affect familial relations in Zimbabwe. 4. To explore the coping mechanisms and strategies employed by migrant care workers in navigating the challenges encountered in the course of their duties. 5. To examine women’s interpretations of their work experiences in relation to their position in society (or their position as migrant care workers in society). This study drew on two theoretical concepts: social reproduction from a feminist perspective, and transnationalism. Social reproduction places an emphasis on care and describes the activities of maintaining life daily and nurturing future generations. Transnationalism involves migrants maintaining relations in both their home country and the receiving country. Data was collected through a qualitative research design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants from four domestic worker recruitment agencies and 26 domestic and care workers in two cities, Johannesburg and Pretoria. Both cities are located in Gauteng, one of the nine provinces in South Africa and the country’s economic hub. The cities were chosen based on statistics showing that migrant inflows from outside South Africa were highest in Gauteng. The leading findings were that Zimbabwean migrant care workers in South Africa faced exploitative working conditions as the majority of them were undocumented or irregular. They faced challenges in obtaining valid work visas due to the stringent immigration policies in South Africa. It emerged that without legal documentation, migrant care workers could not seek employment through formal channels such as recruitment agencies. They used informal channels such as social networks and the ‘market’. The study highlighted that these informal channels were risky and did not offer protection and safety to either the care workers or the employing families. Further, it emerged that migrant care workers were vulnerable to exploitation through poor working conditions that violated labour laws. The findings highlighted that the benefit of migration for care workers was the opportunity to find employment, which enabled them to become economically active as income earners and financial providers. Through the income they earned, migrant women were able to send remittances in the form of money, groceries, and clothing to their families in Zimbabwe, reflecting transnational care practices. The study revealed that the migration of women was associated with social costs such as the emotional strain resulting from the separation of family members and the extraction of care resources by removing carers from the family. In light of the transfer of care resources through their migration, migrant women had to make care arrangements to fill the gap. They found suitable caregivers in their extended families. They made use of the information and communication technologies of smart phones to maintain ties with their families. The overall contribution of the study is that it gathered evidence to show that migrant care workers within the Global South are more vulnerable to exploitation largely due to unregulated migration processes when compared to South-North global care chains. This evidence supports the argument that employment conditions, migration laws and policies, as well as national labour standards can intersect to shape the status and experiences of migrant domestic workers. Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations for policy, practice and future research were made: Recommendations for policy: • Introduction of less stringent and affordable visa options for care workers. • Strengthening of bi-lateral or multi-lateral agreements within Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries to allow both the sending and destination countries to establish safeguards to protect the employer and employees. • Redefinition of domestic and care duties and responsibilities. This entails a distinct classification of roles and responsibilities for workers in this sector in policies and laws to ensure that employees are remunerated accordingly. • Training of care workers to enhance their skills as well for the protection and security of care recipients and employers in general. Recommendations for practice: • There is need to ensure that migrant domestic workers enjoy same labour rights as other workers. Recommendations for future research: • Further study could explore the perceptions of employers to understand their motivations and the domestic employment relationship. • Research that focuses on the experiences of domestic workers from other countries in the SADC region. • Comparative study of migrant domestic workers and their local counterparts would be useful to understand whether the challenges they face are specific to the sector or are associated with their migrant status. / Thesis (DPhil (Sociology))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / UP Postgraduate Doctoral Research Bursary / Sociology / DPhil (Sociology) / Unrestricted

This thesis examines the gendered work experiences and labour migration aspirations of Tamang women in Nepal. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the various factors that encourage and discourage Tamang women from travelling in search of paid work. I investigated these factors by conducting a qualitative study of Tamang women’s gender roles, economic opportunities, economic contributions, physical mobility, as well as cultural attitudes regarding women’s mobility. I found that participants wish to migrate in order to seek better employment opportunities, improve the financial status of their households, acquire prestige, as well as to experience adventure, modernity and independence. Although many participants wish to migrate, discourses about appropriate gender roles, women’s sexuality, human trafficking, travel and safety are all influential in discouraging Tamang women from travelling in search of paid work. In this thesis, I argue that anti-trafficking campaigns contribute to propagating these discourses and discouraging women’s independent travel. / Richard and Sophia Hungerford Graduate Scholarship and the Richard and Sophia Hungerford Research Travel Grant

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Michigan, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 436-464).

The thesis focuses on "Migration and refugees in the current globalized world with regard to social aspects" and its key objective is to map attitudes of the population in the Czech Republic to refugees and migrants in the shadow of the European migration crisis. The thesis consists of two parts: theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part contains a detailed presentation of the refugeeism and migration phenomena. It provides basic definitions of the terms "migration", "migrant" and "refugee". Further, it also describes the history and present of migration and refugees and provides prediction of the future. A deep analysis is provided of the current European migration and refugee crisis and its social, political, legislative, economic and security aspects. The thesis also focuses on causes of migration, its impacts, cultural conflicts and potential solutions. The theoretical part also contains an analysis of social work with migrants and refugees in the Czech Republic. The thesis also addresses the role of media and disinformation (the so-called fake news) on the Internet. The theoretical part also presents different approaches of individual countries to migration and refugees across the continents. The second part of the thesis is empirical and it uses the strategy of quantitative research;...

This thesis is focused on social work with foreigners. Firstly were introduced the topic of migration, the history of migration in the Czech Republic and the basic concepts related to this topic, usefulness of integration and migration policy of the Czech Republic. Then was introduced the Biblical view and view of Catholical social teaching. Then were introduced social work with foreigners, theories and methods, also the values of social work and possible obstacles that await social workers ort he interdependence of the field with other experts. The aim of the thesis was with using literature and other available sources, to introduce concept of migration and introduce how social work works with foreigners, point out and than reflect on whether social workers encounter ethical problems or dilemmas and how they work with them. To achieve the aim of the thesis were used not only gained knowledge of the studied material but also results from qualitative research. Two research questions have been set for the purposes of the thesis, which complement the research objective. This thesis is intended for readers who want to gain basic knowledge about the global phenomenon of migration and than this thesis may be useful for social work students or graduated social workers who are working with this group.

This dissertation describes labour work mobility issues within the European Union. It focuses on obstacles that restrict the free movement of workers and how these obstacles can be eliminated by the European Union. The case study "Motivation of Czech workers to work abroad" is also included in this dissertation.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-02T16:44:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO SATURNINO DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2006..pdf: 24293368 bytes, checksum: f85954384f32afa82f7e0520551e93ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-02T16:44:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO SATURNINO DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCS 2006..pdf: 24293368 bytes, checksum: f85954384f32afa82f7e0520551e93ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08 / Neste trabalho, abordo as migrações dos jovens rurais do município de Tavares, no Estado da Paraíba, para os canaviais da região de Ribeirão Preto, interior de São Paulo, a partir da consideração de três aspectos principais: primeiro, a busca de projetos de autonomia na construção das identidades de jovens e de gênero; segundo, o acesso à renda monetária como possibilidade de acesso a bens de consumo; e terceiro, a invenção e ressignificação de espaços de sociabilidades e lazer no município dos jovens migrantes, conhecidos como canistas. Utilizo os conceitos de Habitus de Pierre Bourdieu e de Experiência de Edward Thompson para compreender tanto as disposições sociais e culturais do grupo em questão bem como as subjetividades. Metodologicamente, utilizo algumas trajetórias para compreender como os jovens "canistas" interpretam a experiência dessas migrações na constituição de suas identidades e projetos de vida. Assim, ao abordar um dos muitos rostos da juventude rural, pretendendo contribuir para a compreensão da formação de suas identidades e do seu lugar na pauta das atuais políticas públicas. / In this work, I have analyzed the migration of the rural youth from the municipality of Tavares in the State of Paraiba to the sugar cane region in the Ribeirão Preto Region in the State of São Paulo. Three aspects are taken into consideration, first, the search for autonomy in the construction of youth and gender identities; second, the access to income as a possibility to gain consumptions goods and third, the invention and new meanings of the sociability and leisure spaces in the municipality by migrant youth known as canistas (name attributed to those who work in the sugar cane agriculture) I will use the concepts of Habitus from Pierre Bourdieu and Experience from Edward Thompson to understand both the social and cultural generative principies of the group and its subjectivities. Methodologically, I rely on some trajectories to understand the youth workers knows as canistas and to interpret the experience of the migration in me construction of identities and life projects. In this sense, I will look at one of the many faces of rural youth in order to understand the formation of their identities and position in the present public policies.