Detta arbete i militärteknik undersöker den militära nyttan med användandet av klassificeringssällskap med exemplet Det Norske Veritas(DNV) och dess regelverk på örlogsfartyg med exemplet Korvett typ Visby. Syftet med arbetet är att utifrån klassificeringssällskapets regelverk för örlogsfartyg utreda till vilken utsträckning samt inom vilka områden regelverket kan anses bidra till militär nytta. Den militära nyttan definieras i arbetet som krigföringsförmågan utifrån de sex grundläggande förmågorna vilka i arbetet har satts i en fartygsteknisk kontext. Ansatsen är vidare att redogöra för inom vilka tekniska områden där klassificeringssällskapet bidrar till den militära nyttan främst med avseende på fartygssystem som ombord stödjer förmågorna. Studien kommer fram till att klassificeringssällskapet sätter fokus på ett örlogsfartygs överlevnad. Dess regelverk bidrar till de sex grundläggande förmågorna både direkt men framförallt indirekt, genom de krav vilka ställs på de olika tekniska systemen ombord på ett örlogsfartyg. / This paper in military technology investigates the military benefits of using Classification Societies with the example Det Norske Veritas (DNV) and their rules and procedures on Naval Ships with the example the Visby class corvette. The aim is to investigate in what extent and in what different areas of the society’s rules comply with the military use which in this paper is defined as the ability to conduct combat through the six fundamental abilities. Furthermore the aim is to investigate in what specific areas the society´s rules fit the ability of combat the most, through the systems on board a naval ship that supports the six fundamental abilities. The paper comes to the conclusion that the Classification society puts focus on naval ships survivability. The rules of the classification society supports the fundamental abilities direct but first and foremost indirect through the demands on the different technical areas on board a Naval ship

As the demand for reliable and safe water supplies increases, both water quality and available quantity are being challenged by population growth and climate change. Greywater reuse is becoming a common practice worldwide; however, in remote locations of limited water supply, such as those encountered in military installations, it is desirable to expand its classification to include dishwashing water to maximize the conservation of fresh water. Given that no standards for dishwashing greywater reuse by the military are currently available, the current study determined a specific set of water quality standards for dishwater recycling systems for U.S military field operations. A tentative water reuse standard for dishwashing water was developed based on federal and state regulations and guidelines for non-potable water, and the developed standard was cross-evaluated by monitoring water quality data from a full-scale dishwashing water recycling system using an innovative electrocoagulation and ultrafiltration process. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was also performed based on exposure scenarios derived from literature data. As a result, a specific set of dishwashing water reuse standards for field analysis (simple, but accurate) was finalized as follows: turbidity (< 1 NTU), E. coli (< 50 cfu mL-1), and pH (6–9). UV254 was recommended as a surrogate for organic contaminants (e.g., BOD5), but requires further calibration steps for validation. The developed specific water standard is the first for dishwashing water reuse and will be expected to ensure that water quality is safe for field operations, but not so stringent that design complexity, cost, and operational and maintenance requirements will not be feasible for field use. In addition the parameters can be monitored using simple equipment in a field setting with only modest training requirements and real-time or rapid sample turn-around. This standard may prove useful in future development of civilian guidelines.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-05-09T16:19:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristian Ricardo Wittmann_.pdf: 2164206 bytes, checksum: 49c25d7d8a7018f82a6c1f9547047c10 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-09T16:19:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristian Ricardo Wittmann_.pdf: 2164206 bytes, checksum: 49c25d7d8a7018f82a6c1f9547047c10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-31 / Nenhuma / A presente tese tem como tema a função regulatória dos programas de integridade, também conhecidos como programas de compliance, na gestão dos riscos das nanotecnologias em usos militares no contexto da sociedade global. Tomando como partida uma perspectiva epistemológica pragmático-sistêmica e com o apoio do método construtivista tem como objetivo geral analisar as possibilidades e limites da utilização de programas de integridade para a regulação das nanotecnologias no uso militar a partir de uma concepção global e complexa da sociedade e do Sistema do Direito. Enquanto problema de pesquisa tratou de responder sob quais condições os programas de integridade poderiam ser considerados uma fonte de Direito em uma sociedade global com a emergência de os usos militares das nanotecnologias. Identificou-se inúmeras limitações da concepção moderna de Direito e da Sociedade fundada em território e na exclusividade do Estado na produção e decisão jurídica quando dos problemas que surgem junto com a contemporaneidade. Nesse contexto apresenta-se o Direito enquanto campo autônomo e distinto do Estado que, com uma característica policontextural, tem sua estrutura entre centro e periferia, reconhecendo novos atores e contextos de produção jurídica como é o caso do Direito produzido no seio de organizações. Compreendeu-se também a característica de risco que marca a sociedade global, em especial em decorrência do desenvolvimento tecnológico que envolve as nanotecnologias e seus usos militares. Observou-se que tais avanços científicos proporcionam transformações em distintos produtos e processos ao mesmo tempo que implicam em muita incerteza e risco de suas consequências. Restrições frente aos riscos em geral das nanotecnologias são apresentados em conjunto com àqueles decorrentes dos usos militares, em especial aqueles presentes no Direito Internacional Humanitário. De forma objetiva apresenta-se os programas de integridade enquanto equivalentes funcionais dos programas de decisão jurídica no contexto dos ensinamentos de Niklas Luhmann, Gunther Teubner e Leonel Rocha, mostrando suas características, modelos e possibilidade de compatibilidade deles no cenário global e policontextural do Direito. Nessa linha apresenta-se as possibilidades com as quais os programas de integridade integrarem o Sistema do Direito e, portanto, serem reconhecidos como fonte de produção jurídica na perspectiva de regular, de forma privada, autônoma e voluntária no contexto das organizações os riscos oriundos das nanotecnologias quando das aplicações militares. Confirma-se, assim, a hipótese inicialmente proposta quando da fase de projeto acerca da possibilidade da compreensão dos programas de integridade, quando em compatibilidade com as demais produções normativas globals – incluindo as ordens nacionais e internacionais, como fonte de Direito aplicável quando da situação dos riscos produzidos por decisões sistêmicas dos usos bélicos das nanotecnologias. / This thesis aim to study the regulatory function of compliance programs to the risk management of nanotechnology in its military uses in the context global society. Taking as initial step a pragmatic-systemic epistemological perspective and with the support of the constructivist method, has as main objective to analyze the possibilities and limits of the use of compliance programs for the regulation of nanotechnology in military use from a global and complex conception of society and of the Law System. While research problem tried to answer under which conditions the compliance programs could be considered a source of law in a global society with the emergence of military uses of nanotechnology. It is identified several limitations of the modern conception of law and society founded in the territory approach and the State exclusivity in the production and legal decision when the problems that come along with the contemporary. In this context it is showed the law as a separate and distinct field of State, with a polycontextural attribute, has its structure divided between center and periphery, recognizing new actors and legal contexts of production such as the Law produced within organizations. It is also understood the risk characteristic that marks the global society, particularly as a result of technological developments involving nanotechnologies and their military uses. It was observed that such changes provide scientific advances in products and processes while involve considerable uncertainty and risk of its consequences. Restrictions of risks in general nanotechnologies are presented together with those resulting from military uses, especially those provisions of International Humanitarian Law. Objectively the results presents the compliance programs as functional equivalents of the decision programs in the context of the teachings of Niklas Luhmann, Gunther Teubner and Leonel Rocha, presenting its characteristics, models and the possibility, within compatibility on the global and polycontextural of law produced. This line shows the possibilities with which the compliance programs integrate the Law System and thus be recognized as source of legal production in the organization’s perspective of a private, autonomous and voluntary basis in the context of the risks from nanotechnologies when military applications. It is confirmed, thus the hypothesis initially proposed when the research project phase of the possibility of understanding the compliance programs, when in compatibility with other global normative productions- including national and international orders, as law source applicable regarding the risks produced by systemic decisions of military uses of nanotechnology.

This thesis analyses the causes and theoretical perspectives on the historical trends of extraction and use of uranium. It also examines the history's implication for the current situation and future development of the field of uranium mining. The main goal of this work is to analyse the localisation of extraction and use of uranium in particular countries over different periods of time and also the political and economic aspects of its use. The first chapter contains the summary of localisation theories, theories of international trade, explains the connection between globalisation and international trade and describes the main characteristics of uranium and its methods of extraction. The second chapter explores historical changes of localisation of extraction, their comparison to usage in particular countries and confrontation with theoretical assumptions. The third chapter addresses the military and civilian use of uranium, its development and its future. The dependence of ownership of nuclear technology on the level of economic development is also examined here, as well as motives for its acquisition.