No description available.

Global consumption has increased which has led to a higher burden on the climate. The environmental awareness among consumers is at an all-time high which puts pressure on companies and organizations to minimize their environmental impact. The purpose of this report has been to explore what impact air purifiers have on the environment by doing a life cycle assessment (LCA) of Blueair’s air purifier Blue 3210. The results of the LCA were then used to identify improvement proposals based on ecodesign methodology to reduce the product’s environmental impact.The results of the LCA were used to answer the question “Which part of the product’s life cycle has the greatest environmental impact forthe product Blue 3210?”. The software and database used for the analysis were GaBi and Ecoinvent. The functional unit was defined as the amount of purified air in cubic meters over 3 years.Climate change and particulate matter formation were the chosen characterization factors and different scenarios were created to explore the product’s environmental impact in different contexts. In scenario 1 the air purifier was run at its lowest speed of 2 watts, 24 hours a day, constantly for 3 years. This scenario was used as a reference scenario, as the later scenarios were compared with it. After the results of the LCA were calculated, it could be observed that the main factor of the product’s impact was the energy consumption in its use phase. The LCA showed that the total CO2-emissions in scenario 1 was 43.31 kg CO2-eq. where the use phase accounted for 66%. The total particulate matter formation in the same scenario was 0.12 kg PM10-eq.Finally, improvement proposals were created to answer the question “How can the product Blue 3210 be improved to reduce its environmental impact?”. The proposals were analyzed by using the ecodesign tool The Ten Golden Rules. The three main proposals were: applying an automatic shut-off function, moving the production from China tothe USA and developing washable filters.

Climate-based daylight modelling (CBDM) development, aiming for appropriate sky modelling, has attracted quite some attention during the last years. Ten years ago, it was a challenge to simulate luminous environment dynamics. Over the years, the accuracy of climate models has improved and the need for high precision daylight simulations has been met along with the development of daylight calculation methods. This paper reviews the latest technologies released between 2010 and 2020 for lighting simulation relevant to building science research. After reviewing the development of climate models, advances in daylight calculation methods are discussed. The results of the study show that the accuracy of simulation results has improved significantly based on high precision daylight simulations, but also pose problems of simulation time and simulation feasibility.

Uppsala kommun planerar för en ny stadsdel i Ulleråker som ligger söder om Uppsalas stadskärna. Den nya stadsdelen ska utformas med hållbarhet i fokus och ska främja god bebyggelse, sköna naturupplevelser och miljövänliga transportmedel, samtidigt som de måste värna om den underliggande Uppsalaåsen som är kommunens huvudsakliga dricksvattentäkt. Detta arbete ser över det värmebehov som de nya bostäderna kommer kräva, och hur denna skulle kunna tillgodoses med lokala samt förnybara energilösningar. De energilösningar som undersökts är tak monterade vindturbiner, solfångare, borrhålslager och akviferlager. De utvärderas separat baserat på potentiell effekt, dess miljöpåverkan och lämplighet specifikt för området Ulleråker. Rapporten är baserad på litteraturstudie och enklare beräkningar som utförts med hjälp av befintliga data och kartor från myndigheter, institutioner och Uppsala kommun. Antalet takmonterade vindturbiner som krävs för att täcka hela värmebehovet är starkt beroende av turbinernas effekt och med maximal effekt skulle upp till 7190 vindturbiner räcka. Den totala arean för solfångare som skulle motsvara detta ligger på cirka 5000 m2. Ett borrhålslager skulle uppskattningsvis kräva mellan 479 till 4793 borrhål, mycket beroende på vilken värmeledningsförmåga berget har och hur långt ned det är möjligt att borra. Grundvattentäkten skulle som akviferlager kunna generera en effekt på cirka 1000 kW, vilket motsvarar något mer än en tredjedel av det totala behovet. Slutligen undersöktes möjligheten av ett kombinerat system med de lämpliga energilösningarna och ett förslag för hur denna skulle kunna dimensioneras. Vid utvärdering av de olika lösningarnas miljöpåverkan och lämplighet så finner vi att geoenergi kan innebära en risk för den underliggande grundvattentäkten. Framförallt kan akviferlager anses som tämligen olämpligt då anläggningen bygger på en anslutning direkt till dricksvattentäkten. / Uppsala are planning a new district in Ulleråker located south of the city center. The new district will be designed with sustainability in focus and should promote good housing, beautiful outdoor experiences and environmentally friendly transport while protecting the underlying Uppsalaåsen, which is the municipality's main drinking water source. This report looks at the heat demand that the new housing requires and how it could be met with local and renewable energy solutions. The energy solutions investigated are roof-mounted wind turbines, solar collectors, borehole and aquifer thermal energy storage. They are evaluated separately based on potential output, its environmental impact and suitability specifically for Ulleråker. The report is based on literature studies and simpler calculations are performed with existing data and maps from authorities, institutions and Uppsala municipality. The number of roof-mounted wind turbines required to cover the entire heat demand is highly dependent on the turbine effect and with a maximum power then up to 7190 wind turbines would be needed. The total area of solar collectors that would correspond to this is approximately 5000 m2. A borehole storage would need to require between 479 to 4793 boreholes, much depending on the heat conductivity of the rock and how far down it is possible to drill. The aquifer could generate a power of about 1000 kW, equivalent to slightly more than a third of the total demand. Finally, the possibility of a combined system with the appropriate energy solutions was obtained and a proposal for how it could be dimensioned. When assessing the environmental impact and suitability of the various solutions, we find that geothermal energy can pose a risk to the underlying groundwater source. Above all, the aquifer storage can be considered as quite unsuitable as the storage is based directly on the drinking water source.

Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka huruvida det skulle vara ekonomiskt och ekologiskt rimligt att installera en solpanelsanläggning på taken vid Lappkärrsbergets studentbostäder. Dessutom är syftet att undersöka skillnaderna mellan två olika system: ett där all producerad energi säljs till ett elbolag, och ett där energin används på plats med hjälp av ett energilagringssystem. Ekonomianalysen utförs genom att kontakta solpanels- och energilagringsentreprenörer för att få uppskattningar på grundinvesteringens storlek, samt intäkterna över tid. Solpanelsanläggningens slutliga värde beräknas sedan med nuvärdesmetoden. Ekologianalysen utförs genom en litteraturstudie av livscykelanalyser och ekologiska konsekvenser mäts helt i växthusgasutsläpp med koldioxidekvivalent som enhet. En kostnads-effekt-analys genomförs även för att illustrera korrelationen mellan anläggningens ekonomiska och ekologiska effekter. Undersökningen visar att en solpanelsanläggning vid Lappkärrsberget inte kommer löna sig ekonomiskt, med en förlust på 8 292 115 kronor vid försäljningsscenariot och 72 600 395 kronor vis lagringsscenariot. Undersökningen visar också att anläggningen lönar sig ekologisk, med en besparing i växthusgasutsläpp på cirka 38 %. / The purpose of this report is to examine whether it would be economically and ecologically sound to install a system of solar panels on the roofs of the student accommodations at Lappkärrsberget. The report also examines the differences between a system where all energy produced is sold to an energy company, and one where the energy is used on-site in combination with an energy storage system. The economic analysis is performed by contacting solar power and energy storage businesses to get estimates on the size of the initial investment and income generated over time. The final value of the solar panel installation is calculated using the net present value. The ecological analysis is performed as a literature survey of life cycle analyses of solar panel installations and ecological impact is measured entirely in greenhouse gas emissions, with carbon dioxide equivalent as the unit. A cost-effectiveness analysis is performed as to illustrate the correlation between the economic and ecological effects of the solar panel installation. In conclusion, it is shown that a solar panel installation on the roofs at Lappkärrsberget will not be a sound economic investment, reporting a loss of 8 292 155 SEK if the energy is sold, and 72 600 395 SEK if it is used on-site. It is also shown that a solar panel installation would be a sound investment ecologically with savings in greenhouse gas emissions of about 38 %.

No description available.

The trend that started with Green Building has moved on into Sustainable Building. But how do we know that something is really sustainable? This project started out with the intention to find a small set of performance indicators for commercial buildings, which could be continuously measured and monitored over time, which would give a good indication of the level of sustainability of the building and as such, and be presented as an additional part in a valuation. Since it has been shown several times over by now that properties that can prove they are sustainable generate a higher market price, these performance indicators would be interesting from the perspective of a valuation professional. In order to find these parameters, the project began with three of the international environmental certification systems and one Swedish system, to study which parameters are considered important in these systems. Following that study, surveys and interviews within the real estate business in Sweden provided an insight into how performance is measured today. Lastly, by combining those studies with a review of the sustainability information considered important by the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) from a valuation professional’s point of view and an updated literature review, a simple set of indicators could indeed be identified. There is however, still a problem with defining their actual impact on market price. Other authors have come to the conclusion that although sustainability can be measured to some extent, incorporating that information into valuation of the property in a statistical secure way is not yet possible. We need to increase our knowledge about the performance of our built environment and the presented key performance indicators in this thesis would help us do just that. We can also see that real estate owners in many cases already gather much information about their buildings, but they lack the incentives to share that data with others. / <p>QC 20170124</p>

In 2018 Sweden emitted approximately 56.2 million tons (Mt) CO2e. The building sector alone stands for 11.8 Mt of these emissions, 21% of the total amount. The Swedish government is now aiming for a net-zero carbon economy by 2045. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method developed to create awareness of the total environmental load of a product's life cycle. Today, LCA calculations are time-consuming, expensive, and are not used in the early design phase where it is most beneficial for the environment. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how LCA is implemented in the AEC industry in Sweden and what requirements there are for BIM workflow and LCA integration in the early architectural design process. A mixed-method approach was applied, using the four research methods literature review, expert interviews, survey, and document analysis. This paper contributes with recommendations regarding the LCA workflow in the design process of the AEC industry in Sweden. Unlike previous research investigating LCA in the industry, the scope will improve the implementation in earlier stages of design for sustainable decision making and more accurate calculations in the later stages.

The planning, construction, management and use of our built environment are affected by diverse social, economic and environmental factors. Sustainable urban development is dependent on the understanding of the complex relations between the built environment, the social activities that take place over time and the interaction with the natural environment. The challenge to understand urban systems on both the local and global scale has inspired researchers and national agencies to develop sustainability indicators to support the planning, construction, management and use of the built environment. Access to open data of our built environment in national, regional and local databases opens new possibilities to generate models of our urban systems to facilitate visualization and analysis of indicators in order to enhance awareness of sustainability dimensions. Here spatial Extract, Transform and Load (ETL) technologies can be used in combination with Geographic Information system GIS to manage data sets from multiple sources in different formats. The purpose of this research is to investigate how spatial ETL technologies can be used to develop models in order to analyse and visualize the performance of urban systems. The applied method is grounded in system development and based on an abductive research approach that was repeated in six studies. Three of the studies deal with the relocation of Kiruna where models of the city was created and used to investigate the impact of mining subsidence on energy supply, infrastructure and buildings. The fourth case investigates the selection of insulation material on the embedded energy in a passive house in Kiruna. In the fifth case an urban model of the twin towns Malmberget/Gällivare was created to explore and relate data on attitudes from a survey to public data on population, infrastructure and built environment. The final case is the development of an energy atlas containing 90% of the multifamily building stock in Sweden. The atlas combines the energy performance and renovation status of multifamily buildings with public data of ownership, income of residents etc. for individual buildings in 3D models or aggregated on spatial scales ranging from 250x250 m squares through district and municipality to county areas in Sweden. The result shows that multiple sources in different formats, both standardized and non-standardized, can be utilized in the extraction of information for the purpose of developing urban performance models. The Swedish high-resolution LiDAR digital height model together property information makes it possible to represent the built environment by extruded footprints to give a 3D representation of all urban areas in Sweden (Level-Of-Detail 1). In combination with performance data (e.g. energy use, renovation status or result from surveys) urban performance GIS models can be created and visualized in applications (such as Google Earth, 3D pdf) to support decision-making on both individual and institutional level. The automation of the process to develop performance models offers a method for customizing information deliveries on the fly using original data sources according to defined requirements. The flexibility and customization are kept in the process rather than in the delivered model. This makes it easier to keep the performance model up to date. For the management of large performance models, e.g. the example of the national energy atlas, a staging phase was added in the automation process, in order to reduce the processing time.

Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. However, today’s use of resources is higher than what earth can sustain and therefore the linear economy, where resources become waste right after usage, needs to evolve into a more circular one, an economy that uses and reuses resources in a more efficient way. To enable a development into a more circular economy, it’s important to design products that can be repaired, reused and recycled. Both the steps before and after waste arise are of importance. In upstream management the focus is on design and manufacturing of products and in downstream management the focus is on waste management methods. This master thesis studies the future urban district, Ebbepark, which is under development in Linköping, Sweden. The thesis studies the role of communication, design and visualization to minimize the environmental impact from waste management in an urban area with a mix of housing and offices. It is studied how the waste system can be designed to facilitate for its users to make the right decisions and how to reach out with messages and information about waste and consumption. The focus of the work lies on finding strategies to develop the waste management according to the waste hierarchy introduced by the European Union. A literature review was conducted laying the ground for the study. Interviews were held with people with knowledge and experience of waste management. A web survey was done with office workers in Linköping to find out their experiences regarding the waste system and consumption in the office environment and at home. Psychology and behavioral economics were studied to ascertain how human behavior can be altered. Important factors when it comes to waste are ease and information. To be able to leave your waste close to home is important and many would appreciate if recycling bins were included in their homes, which the housing enterprises should consider. In a densified district, lack of space is extra obvious and space for waste is seldom prioritized. According to Swedish law, commercial and domestic waste need to be treated separately, which means that a lot of space is required in Ebbepark to handle waste from households and offices. A great part of the commercial waste can however be thrown away at the same places as the domestic waste in Ebbepark. With services collecting office paper, a proposed collaboration regarding packaging material and access to the pneumatic waste system, only 1-4 % of the office waste remains and must be treated separately. The social impact people feel can be used in the waste system to improve human behavior. Collection sites that for example are light and open and located at places where people move, contribute to the social norm and increase the feeling of safety. The system information should be simple and straightforward and pictures and colour coordination can facilitate. At the same time people must have the right conditions to make sustainable choices. Strategies should be built on peoples experienced obstacles and advantages. Information and communication should be designed after their conditions and nudge them in the right direction. The housing enterprises have a responsibility to make sure there is a range of services that prevent waste and reuse products. Plastic is a material with great environmental impact in downstream management, partly because of the release of fossil carbon dioxide when incinerated, why actions to reduce the use of plastic material and increase the recycling is needed. Future studies should investigate how larger lifestyle changes can be achieved and how the municipal waste monopoly and the producer responsibility should be designed in the future to favor circular solutions. / Hållbar utveckling är en utveckling som tillgodoser dagens behov utan att äventyra kommande generationers möjlighet att tillfredsställa sina behov. Dagens resursutnyttjande är dock högre än vad jorden klarar av och dagens linjära ekonomi, där resurser används och sedan blir till avfall, behöver utvecklas till en mer cirkulär ekonomi, där resurser tas tillvara och blir till nya produkter efter användning. För att möjliggöra utvecklingen mot en cirkulär ekonomi är det viktigt att produkter designas för att kunna repareras, återanvändas och till sist materialåtervinnas. För att hanteringen av avfall ska bli mer hållbar är det därför viktigt att både fokusera på stegen innan avfall har blivit till och hanteringen av avfallet. Därför talas det om uppströms arbete, där fokus ligger på design och tillverkning av produkter och nedströms avfallshantering där fokus ligger på olika behandlingsmetoder för avfall. Det här examensarbetet studerar den framtida stadsdelen Ebbepark som byggs i Linköping. I arbetet studeras hur kommunikation, design och visualisering kan användas för att på ett effektivt sätt minska miljöpåverkan från avfallshantering i ett område med en blandning av kontor och bostäder. Det studeras hur avfallssystemet kan utformas för att underlätta för användarna att göra rätt samt hur budskap och information kring avfall och konsumtion kan nås ut med. Fokus i arbetet ligger på att hitta strategier för att lyckas utveckla avfallshanteringen i enlighet med EU:s avfallshierarki. En litteraturstudie har genomförts för att lägga grund till arbetet, därefter har intervjuer med personer insatta i avfallsområdet hållits samt en enkät har skickats ut till människor som arbetar i Sankt Kors kontorslokaler samt Swecos kontor i Linköping för att undersöka deras syn på avfallshantering och konsumtion på arbetet och i hemmet. För att studera hur människors beteende gällande konsumtion och avfall kan ändras har psykologi och beteendeekonomi studerats. Viktiga faktorer när det kommer till avfall är bekvämlighet och information. Att kunna lämna avfall nära hemmet är en viktig faktor. Många skulle uppskatta att det ingår kärl för källsortering i deras bostäder, vilket bostadsföretagen bör ta hänsyn till. I en förtätad stadsdel blir utrymmesbrist extra påtagligt och avfallsutrymmen prioriteras gärna bort. Verksamhetsavfall och hushållsavfall måste hanteras separerat idag enligt lagstiftning, vilket bidrar till att mycket utrymme måste tas i anspråk för att hantera avfallet från bostäder och kontor i Ebbepark. Det finns dock möjlighet att slänga en stor del av verksamheternas avfall i samma utrymmen som hushållsavfallet i Ebbepark. Med tjänster för hämtning av kontorspapper, ett föreslaget samarbete kring emballage och tillgång till sopsugen återstår endast 1–4 % av verksamheternas avfall som måste hanteras separat. Den sociala påverkan som människor känner kan användas i avfallssystem för att beteenden ska förbättras. Insamlingsplatser som exempelvis är ljusa och öppna och ligger på en plats med mycket rörelse bidrar till den sociala normen och ökar tryggheten. Information i systemet måste vara enkel och tydlig, gärna med bilder och färgkoordinering. Samtidigt måste det finnas förutsättningar för att göra hållbara val. Strategier bör bygga på människors upplevda hinder och fördelar och information och kommunikation bör utformas utifrån deras förutsättningar som knuffar dem i rätt riktigt. Fastighetsbolagen har ett ansvar att se till att det finns ett utbud av verksamheter och tjänster för att förebygga avfall och återanvända produkter. Plast är ett material som har stor miljöpåverkan nedströms i avfallshanteringen, delvis på grund av koldioxidutsläpp vid förbränning, därför bör åtgärder riktas mot att minska användningen och öka materialåtervinningen av plast. Vidare behövs det studeras hur större livsstilsförändringar kan fås igenom samt hur det kommunala monopolet och producentansvaret ska utformas i framtiden för att gynna cirkulära lösningar.