Three studies were conducted to determine the effects of nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) sources on performance of dairy cows fed sunflower seeds. In the first study, the effects of NSC source on dry matter (DM) intake, milk yield and milk fatty acid composition were evaluated using fifteen lactating Holstein cows in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. In the second study, fifteen lactating Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of NSC on the total tract nutrient utilization. The third study was designed to determine in situ ruminal degradability of DM, CP, NDF and starch of dietary treatments of study one and two, where two ruminally fistulated cows used in a randomized complete block design. Results of the in situ ruminal degradability trial showed that BC and CBC had similar effective ruminal degradability of DM and CP which was higher (P < 0.05) than that of CC. However, starch ruminal degradability was highest for BC, intermediate for CBC and lowest for CC. Sources of NSC had no effect on the NDF in situ ruminal degradability. It was concluded that changing the source of NSC and feeding sunflower seeds can modify milk fatty acid composition without any adverse effect on milk yield or milk components, and with no detrimental effect on nutrients utilization. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Eighty-five samples of milk and Swiss cheese made from the same milk were collected at Cache Valley Dairy Association, Smithfield, Utah, between August, 1979, and July, 1980. The weights of the milk, Swiss cheese and the trim were carefully recorded. The milk samples were analyzed for fat and protein, and the cheese samples were analyzed for fat, protein and moisture. An attempt was made to predict Swiss cheese yields from the fat and protein content of the milk and the moisture content of the cheese. The data were analyzed statistically by Gauss-Newton non-linear least squares method of iteration. Three formulas for predicting Swiss cheese yield were derived. The differences among the three formulas in predicting actual yield were insignificant. A good comparison was demonstrated between Swiss cheese yield and fat and protein in milk. The effect of season on cheese yield was also evaluated. The highest yield of Swiss cheese was in December and the lowest yield was in July. This corresponded with high and low levels of fat and protein in the milk.

This study was conducted to develop and evaluate several formulas which predict Mozzarella cheese yield from fat and protein content of milk and moisture content of cheese. During a one month period, 107 samples of milk and cheese were collected at Olympia Cheese Company, Olympia, Washington. Milk samples were analyzed for fat and protein content. Cheese samples were analyzed for fat, protein and moisture content. Three models were derived to predict the yield of Mozzarella cheese. The three models were statistically fitted to the data by applying the Gauss-Newton non-linear least squares method of iteration. The differences among the three models in predicting cheese yield were insignificant. Any of the three formulas can predict yield of Mozzarella cheese reasonably well.

The objective of these studies was to design an optimal nutritional supplement suitable for grazing horses using fat and fiber to replace the grain and molasses in the traditional sweet feed. Thoroughbred mares and foals grazing bluegrass/clover pastures were used in these studies, twenty mares and their foals in 1994 to 1995, and twenty mares and foals in 1995 to 1996. Seasonal variation in pasture was examined, and the need for supplementation of nutrients and fibers was assessed. The nutritional status of grazing mares, foals, weanlings and yearlings, fed either a starch and sugar supplement (SS) or a fat and fiber supplement (FF), was examined using growth measurements, radiographic bone evaluations, milk composition and glucose tolerance tests. These studies suggest that fiber may be an important component of an ideal supplement for improved grass/legume pastures. Seasonal variation in pasture indicated an increase in hydrolyzable and rapidly fermed carbohydrates during periods of rapid growth. The FF supplement may have buffered seasonal changes and the increased hydrolyzable carbohydrate content in rapidly growing pasture, as evidenced by smoother growth curves in the yearlings. Young horses, after weaning until the following May, had lower estimated bone mineral content when fed the FF supplement. The lower bone mineral content in the FF supplemented horses may have been due to decreased absorption of calcium or metabolic and hormonal changes associated with adaptation to the different energy sources in the supplements. Milk composition of FF supplemented mares was influenced in ways likely to improve foal health. The FF supplemented mares had enhanced linoleic acid content, which may reduce the risk of gastric ulcers in foals, and increased immunoglobulin G concentration, which may enhance passive immunity. The carbohydrate status of mares, as assessed by glucose tolerance tests, indicated a slower glucose clearance that could be a metabolic adaptation of the mares to the SS and FF supplements. / Ph. D.

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