Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-10-17T21:55:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EvaristoLima.pdf: 4186670 bytes, checksum: 83283f7432d91813bbfcc344da875ca7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-17T21:55:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EvaristoLima.pdf: 4186670 bytes, checksum: 83283f7432d91813bbfcc344da875ca7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-04 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão / This theory has as objective to study the milk-producing region’s transformations in the micro-region of Imperatriz-MA, generated by the implementation of the Normative Instructions 51 and 62, of the Ministry of the Agriculture and Provisioning - MAPA, trying to verify how cattle farmers, family farmers, informal cheese dairies and dairy products are positioned at that market, working their own criteria on what they consider as the quality of the milk and the cheese that is produced. Edited respectively in the years of 2002 and 2011, these normative instructions constituted in the main devices of sanitary regulation for the section, establishing technical criteria for the production, identity, quality, collects and transport of the milk. In Imperatriz's micro-region, the largest milk-producing region of Maranhão, the effects of those Normative Instructions were felt indeed starting from the year of 2012, when the State’s Public Ministry-MPE began a interinstitutional campaign to combat to the "clandestine" milk and cheese, produced in establishments without formal registration in the organs of sanitary inspection. As a consequence of this campaign a rearrangement of the market of regional milk was observed, with the modification of the commercial relationships between the primary producers of milk and the formal (industries of dairy products) and informal (cheesemakers) units of improvement, when the dairy products assumed a position of defenders' to the implantation of the Normative Instructions, while the other actors seek to loosen up the application of those. Located in the field of the Economical Sociology, this study tried to approach the problem in subject being guided by the ideas that the processes of establishment of quality criteria constitute a preliminary moment to the establishment of the mercantile exchange and, that the quality of a product is not defined starting from an universal reference, but starting from values socially shared ruled in different notions of "justice" and “common good." Starting from the model of cités, elaborated by Boltanski and Thevénot (1991) it was possible to identify in the area studied two production models and improvement of milk in dispute, corresponding conceptually to the models of the conventions of the domestic world and of the industrial world, represented, respectively, by producers identified as artisanal cheesemakers and by the industry of dairy products. In this sense, these two worlds were described and analysed being looked for to apprehend the principles and evaluation criteria, mobilized by the actors involved in situations characterized by disputes around the quality patterns. In a more specific way, the milk, the actante (CALLON 2006) more present in the studied chain, was followed in its path to be transformed in cheese, when taken by the hands of the industry of dairy products, or by the hands of the artisanal cheesemakers, revealing in these courses the attributes of the human and non-human actantes involved in the improvement processes, the justifications and the ideological debates that emerge in these contexts, the differences in the verification forms and control inherent to each one of them, and the elements the factors that will compose the cognitive pictures in each world. These procedures allowed, finally, to summarize the main impacts and consequences of the dispute process for the quality and the establishment of a new configuration to the market of milk in Imperatriz’s MRH. / Esta tese tem como objetivo estudar as transformações da bacia leiteira na Microrregião de Imperatriz-MA, provocadas pela implementação das Instruções Normativas 51 e 62, do Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento - MAPA, procurando verificar como pecuaristas, agricultores familiares, queijarias informais e laticínios se posicionam nesse mercado, acionando critérios próprios sobre o que consideram como a qualidade do leite e do queijo produzido. Editadas respectivamente nos anos de 2002 e 2011, estas normativas se constituíram nos principais dispositivos de regulamentação sanitária para o setor, estabelecendo critérios técnicos para a produção, identidade, qualidade, coleta e transporte do leite. Na Microrregião de Imperatriz, a maior bacia leiteira do Maranhão, os efeitos dessas Instruções Normativas se fizeram sentir efetivamente, a partir do ano de 2012, quando o Ministério Público Estadual-MPE iniciou uma campanha interinstitucional de combate ao leite e queijo “clandestinos”, produzidos em estabelecimentos sem registro formal nos órgãos de fiscalização sanitária. Como consequência desta campanha, observou-se uma reconfiguração do mercado de leite regional, com a modificação das relações comerciais entre os produtores primários de leite e as unidades de beneficiamento formais (indústrias de laticínios) e informais (queijarias), tendo, os laticínios, assumido a posição de defensores da implantação das Instruções Normativas, enquanto os demais atores procuram flexibilizar a aplicação das mesmas. Situado no campo da Sociologia Econômica, este estudo buscou abordar a problemática em questão, orientando-se pelas ideias de que os processos de estabelecimento de critérios de qualidade constituem um momento preliminar ao estabelecimento do intercâmbio mercantil, e que, a qualidade de um produto não se define a partir de uma referência universal, mas a partir de valores socialmente compartilhados, pautados em diferentes noções de “justiça” e “bem comum”. A partir do modelo das cités, elaborado por Boltanski e Thévenot (1991), foi possível identificar na região estudada, dois modelos de produção e beneficiamento de leite em disputa, correspondendo conceitualmente aos modelos das convenções do mundo doméstico e do mundo industrial, representados, respectivamente, pelos produtores identificados como queijeiros e pela indústria de laticínios. Neste sentido, estes dois mundos foram descritos e analisados, buscando-se apreender os princípios e critérios de avaliação mobilizados pelos atores envolvidos em situações caracterizadas por disputas em torno dos padrões de qualidade. De modo mais específico, o leite, o actante (CALLON, 2006) mais presente na cadeia estudada, foi seguido em sua trajetória para se transformar em queijo, ora quando levado pelas mãos da indústria de laticínios, ora pelas mãos das queijarias, revelando nestes percursos, os atributos dos actantes humanos e não humanos envolvidos nos processos de beneficiamento, as justificativas e os debates ideológicos que emergem nestes contextos, as diferenças nas formas de verificação e controle inerentes a cada uma delas, e os fatores que compõem os quadros cognitivos em cada mundo. Estes procedimentos permitiram, por fim, sumariar os principais impactos e consequências do processo de disputa pela qualidade e o estabelecimento de uma nova configuração para o mercado de leite, na MRH de Imperatriz.

<p>The main purpose of this dissertation is to study whether the official rhetoric on the role that cooperatives could play in the quest for agricultural modernisation in Uganda have any resemblance with how farmers view the benefits and problem with cooperation. This question was motivated by the political initiative in the early 21st century to revive the cooperative movement in Uganda, a movement burdened with a history of political intervention and difficulties to adapt to a de-regulated agricultural market system. In the thesis, the move to revive the cooperative movement is linked to another more encompassing political initiative, that of the modernisation and commercialisation of small-scale agriculture. </p><p>The book consists of two empirical studies, where interviews and text analysis have been important research methods. By first analysing the rhetoric emanating from political institutions and donor agencies, the conclusion is drawn that cooperatives are seen primarily as an institutional device which, it is hoped, will fill spaces that have been abandoned by the state and not filled with private sector initiatives.</p><p>A focused case study of a dairy cooperative and a number of its members in Uganda shows that farmers’ expectations of the cooperative to some extent converge with those revealed in the first study: for example they expected the cooperative to provide a stable outlet for their production of milk. The interviews and quantitative analysis indicate that farmers’ preferences for <i>both</i> fast cash and a stable income can create incentives for members to free-ride on the collective efforts of their fellow members. This can be cumbersome in a competitive marketing situation where other buyers compete with the cooperative for the members’ produce. The cooperative can find it difficult to secure a necessary level of member commitment if members do not share a common code of conduct.</p>

The main purpose of this dissertation is to study whether the official rhetoric on the role that cooperatives could play in the quest for agricultural modernisation in Uganda have any resemblance with how farmers view the benefits and problem with cooperation. This question was motivated by the political initiative in the early 21st century to revive the cooperative movement in Uganda, a movement burdened with a history of political intervention and difficulties to adapt to a de-regulated agricultural market system. In the thesis, the move to revive the cooperative movement is linked to another more encompassing political initiative, that of the modernisation and commercialisation of small-scale agriculture. The book consists of two empirical studies, where interviews and text analysis have been important research methods. By first analysing the rhetoric emanating from political institutions and donor agencies, the conclusion is drawn that cooperatives are seen primarily as an institutional device which, it is hoped, will fill spaces that have been abandoned by the state and not filled with private sector initiatives. A focused case study of a dairy cooperative and a number of its members in Uganda shows that farmers’ expectations of the cooperative to some extent converge with those revealed in the first study: for example they expected the cooperative to provide a stable outlet for their production of milk. The interviews and quantitative analysis indicate that farmers’ preferences for both fast cash and a stable income can create incentives for members to free-ride on the collective efforts of their fellow members. This can be cumbersome in a competitive marketing situation where other buyers compete with the cooperative for the members’ produce. The cooperative can find it difficult to secure a necessary level of member commitment if members do not share a common code of conduct.

Dopo l’analisi delle modalità di misurazione del potere di mercato e della competizione tra brand nel contesto di un mercato caratterizzato dalla presenza di prodotti differenziati, viene presentata l’applicazione dei modelli a scelta discreta nel mercato del latte alimentare in Italia. Ho utilizzato dati scanner per analizzare i comportamenti nelle scelte di acquisto dei consumatori e le dinamiche competitive tra i due maggiori brand presenti nel mercato e le marche commerciali. Ho considerato il mercato del latte alimentare suddiviso in due sottocategorie, quella del latte a lunga conservazione (UHT) e quella del latte refrigerato. Ho quindi proceduto alla stima della domanda del latte alimentare utilizzando un nested logit model, appartenente alla categoria dei modelli a scelta discreta. Utilizzando i coefficienti stimati è possibile sia calcolare le elasticità di sostituzione tra i diversi brand e le elasticità dirette, nonché i margini di profitto dei brand presi in analisi considerando differenze nelle strategie di prezzo e nella struttura di mercato. / This work first gives an overview of the measurement of market power and brand competition in a differentiated products market, secondly applies discrete choice models to asses the Italian milk market. I use scanner data to estimate consumer purchasing decisions and competitive relationships between two major industry-level brands and (as a third category) supermarket private labels. I divide all milk sold in Italian market into two distinct classes of products: “UHT” and “Refrigerated” milk. I employ a well-known “discrete choice” nested-logit model to estimate consumer demand. Then, using the estimated coefficients, it is possible to calculate both consumer substitution patterns between products, and the profit-margins of the three major retail-level brands across the different sub-categories of milk under different pricing strategies and market structure.

The thesis was focused on the evaluation of the systém of the milk quotas. This mode of regulation of the milk market should be completed in 2015. The aim of the thesis was to assess the pros and cons of regulation, including the potential impact of the termination of this systém for milk producers in the Czech Republic. In the first part has been processed the information about the milk quota system, its development and possible future condition. The second part of the thesis was focused on the assessment of the information obtained from a questionnaire survey from milk producers.