Content removed due to copyright restrictions: Burggraaf, V.T., Kemp, P.D., Thom, E.R., Waghorn,G.C., Woodfield, D.R. & Woodward, S.L. (2004) Performance of dairy cows grazing white clover selected for increased floral condensed tannin. Preliminary report from experiments presented in Chapter 4 published in the 2004 Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. / Legumes containing 20 to 40 g of condensed tannin (CT) per kg of dry matter (DM) can improve dairy cow milk production by reducing ruminal protein degradation to ammonia and preventing bloat. White clover (Triflium repens L.) produces CT in its flower heads. High tannin (HT) white clover, bred for increased flowering and increased floral CT concentration, was evaluated under dairy grazing in Hamilton, New Zealand. Its performance in monoculture was compared to that of Grasslands Huia white clover over two years, and five short-term grazing experiments determined its effects on Friesian dairy cows. Huia and HT had similar floral CT concentrations, ranging from 15 to 77 g/kg DM over two flowering seasons. HT clover had higher flower densities than Huia until the second summer after sowing, resulting in higher clover (leaf plus flower) CT concentrations. Clover CT peaked at 12.1 g/kg DM for HT and 5.7 g/kg DM for Huia. HT swards had lower stolon growing point densities than Huia swards and annual DM yields averaged 10.0 and 11.0 t DM/ha for the respective clovers. The ingress of non-sown white clover genotypes reduced treatment differences in the last 10 months of the experiment. Mild bloat occurred in cows grazing both clovers. Cows grazing HT white clover had rumen ammonia concentrations 5 to 26% lower than that of cows grazing Huia, indicating less proteolysis in the rumen of HT cows, but there were no consistent effects on rumen soluble protein or volatile fatty acids (VFA). Differences between treatments in dietary CT concentrations were too small to affect milk production or composition. Minced mixtures of 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of DM as white clover flower with the remainder as white clover leaf, were incubated in vitro and rumen metabolite concentrations determined at 0, 2 ,4, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Polyethylene glycol was added to one of the 50% flower treatments to inactivate CT. Clover flowers had less soluble protein than leaves at 0 hours, and increasing the percentage of flowers from 0 to 100% reduced the net conversion of plant-N to ammonia-N from 29 to 12%. The contribution of CT to these effects was small. Increasing percentages of clover flowers did not significantly affect total VFA production but increased acetate to propionate (A:P) ratios. White clover CT decreased A:P ratios. In another in vitro experiment perennial ryegrass leaf (Lolium perenne L.) was incubated either alone or with white clover flowers or birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Clover flowers were more effective at reducing proteolysis than birdsfoot trefoil, due largely to less release of soluble protein, but birdsfoot trefoil treatments had the lowest A:P ratios. In conclusion, HT clover had higher forage CT concentrations than Huia because of increased flowering. Increased flowering reduced the agronomic performance of HT and lowered rumen ammonia concentrations, but did not increase milk production or prevent bloat. White clover flowers reduced rumen proteolysis in vitro, but this was mainly a result of their low protein concentration. White clover CT and birdsfoot trefoil forage benefited the molar percentages of VFA, but increasing the proportion of clover flowers did not. Further increases in white clover CT concentrations may benefit ruminant performance, but this should not be implemented through increased flowering.

Two field grazing experiments were conducted in New Zealand (NZ) in spring (Experiment 1; November 2008) and autumn (Experiment 2; April 2009) to evaluate the effects of feeding a high sugar perennial ryegrass (HSG; cv. AberDart; derived in the United Kingdom; UK) versus a NZ- derived control grass (cv. Impact) on milk production and estimated nitrogen (N) partitioning within the cow. Areas of both ryegrasses were replicated and sown with or without white clover (cl) (HSG+cl, control+cl, HSG and control). A cross-over design with four 10-day periods was used in each experiment, using 15 Friesian cows per treatment per period in Experiment 1 and 5 cows per treatment per period in Experiment 2. Treatment effects upon pasture botanical and chemical composition, cows’ milk yield and composition, and estimated N partitioning were studied. Nitrogen partitioning was calculated using indirect methods. Herbage concentrations of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were lower in autumn than in spring whilst crude protein (CP) concentrations were higher in autumn. Organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolisable energy (ME) concentration was similar in both seasons. There were no differences in the concentration of CP, WSC and dry matter (DM) among treatments in Experiment 1. The HSG+cl treatment had the lowest concentrations of neutral detergent fibre (NDF, 417 g/kg DM) and the highest content of ME (12.6 MJ/kg DM) and tended to have the lowest sward dead matter content compared with the other three treatments. In Experiment 2 both HSG treatments showed higher concentrations of WSC (15 g/kg DM) compared with the control, both with and without clover; the concentrations of NDF and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were the lowest for both HSG treatments. In Experiment 1, cows grazing treatments with white clover produced more milk (1.6 kg/day) and more milk solids (MS; 0.16 kg/day) than cows grazing pure ryegrass swards ( P< 0.01), with highest milk yields being from cows grazing the HSG+cl treatment (ryegrass cultivar x white clover interaction P<0.05). No differences in milk production were found in Experiment 2. Estimated urinary N excretion (g/day) was similar for all treatments in both seasons, although N intake differed among treatments. The proportion of N intake excreted in urine or secreted in milk was similar for all treatments in both experiments. Nitrogen output (g/day) in milk was the highest for the HSG+cl treatment in Experiment 1 but no differences were found in Experiment 2. Data were combined from both experiments to study the effects of the herbage CP:WSC ratio upon estimated N partitioning between milk and urine. Mean ratios were 0.72 for spring herbage and 2.27 for autumn herbage. As the amount of WSC increased in the diet relative to the amount of CP (thus a lower CP:WSC ratio) there was a significant increase in the amount of milk N secreted per unit of N intake in spring but not in autumn. The breakpoint in the relationship between the herbage CP:WSC ratio and the nitrogen utilisation efficiency for milk production (NUEm) was 1.32, and the NUEm for that breakpoint was 14 g milk N per 100 g N intake. Ratios below this point were associated with improved efficiency of converting pasture N to milk N; ratios above this point were not correlated with changes in N conversion efficiency. It is concluded that the CP:WSC ratio in perennial ryegrass may be important in the partition of absorbed N into milk or urine. A NZ-selected HSG with a lower CP:WSC ratio is likely to have major benefits for pastoral farming in NZ. In order to be effective, a NZ-derived HSG should substantially increase WSC concentration in autumn pasture (from approximately 100 to 200 g/kg DM) whilst reducing CP content simultaneously (from 240 to 190 g/kg DM). The lower structural fibre and higher milk production for the HSG+cl treatment in both experiments suggest that under NZ conditions, best productive responses to HSG may be obtained in management systems that include white clover.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The dairy business, for many years, was only conducted for subsistence in the Brazilian rural properties, but with the beginning of industrialization in the country, in the 1950s, it has become a source of income. From this period onwards, emerged cooperatives that acted as in natura milk processor and agent in the commercialization. With trade liberalization occurred in 1990 and the arrival of multinational companies in the industry, the dairy industry in Brazil has experienced changes, demanding increased production to keep up with demand from companies for in natura milk for the production of derivatives. With this situation Brazil began to import as much in natura milk as dairy products to meet the internal demand, background that has consolidated Brazil as a net importer. This is associated with it the fact that production has increased over the period of 1998 to 2014 in lower rate than the consumption. Currently, the policies of incentives to milk production in Brazil it occurs through granting of credit for investments in the activity and differentiated interest rates, as well as specialized technical assistance from government agencies, which has proved to be insufficient to support the expansion of production and domestic demand. Moreover, weigh against the high Brazilian tax burden, as well as the foreign competition. Therefore, to lessen dependence on foreign markets, it is necessary to increase domestic production. Given this discussion, the study aimed to assess the impact of incentive policies for the production milk and dairy products in the Brazilian regions from the simulation of two policies: the first consisted of increases of 10 and 20% in subsidies for the production of milk and dairy products (1A and 1B scenarios), and second, a reduction of 10 to 20% in taxes on the use of primary factors in the production milk and dairy products (scenarios 2A and 2B). To get the results was used the o General Equilibrium Analysis Project of the Brazilian Economy (PAEG). The results indicated that the Brazilian regions with higher milk production respectively southeast, south and Midwest would be the most benefited, as well as displace the production factors such as capital and labor, from the North and Northeast regions, whose dairy sector would present losses. These results were shown in greater magnitude when simulated the policy of expansion of subsidies compared to the tax relief policy. From this, the implementation of differentiated regional and sectoral policies is the alternative indicated. Otherwise, the production is concentrated in the most efficient regions, and also the transport and logistics costs, as well as prices widened amplifying the productive differences and the external dependence of the sector. / A atividade leiteira, por muitos anos, foi realizada apenas para subsistência nas propriedades rurais brasileiras, passando a ser praticada como uma fonte de renda juntamente com o início da industrialização no país, na década de 1950. A partir deste período, surgiram cooperativas que atuavam como beneficiadoras do leite in natura e agentes na comercialização. Com a abertura comercial ocorrida em 1990 e a entrada de empresas multinacionais no setor, o setor de produtos lácteos no Brasil passou por mudanças, exigindo maior produção para acompanhar a demanda das empresas por leite in natura para a produção dos derivados. Com essa situação, o Brasil passou a importar tanto leite in natura quanto derivados lácteos para suprir a demanda interna, contexto que tem consolidado o Brasil como um importador líquido. Associa-se a isso o fato de a produção ter aumentado ao longo do período de 1998 a 2014 em ritmo inferior ao consumo. Atualmente, as políticas de estímulos à produção de leite no Brasil ocorrem por meio da concessão de crédito para investimentos na atividade e juros diferenciados e também na forma de assessoria técnica especializada de órgãos governamentais, as quais têm se mostrado insuficientes para sustentar a expansão da produção e a demanda doméstica. Além do mais, pesam contra a atividade a elevada carga tributária brasileira, bem como a concorrência externa. Logo, para diminuir a dependência do mercado externo, faz-se necessário aumentar a produção doméstica. Dada esta discussão, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os impactos de políticas de incentivo à produção de leite e derivados nas regiões brasileiras a partir da simulação de duas políticas: a primeira consistiu em aumentos de 10 e 20% na concessão de subsídios à produção de leite e derivados (cenários 1A e 1B), e a segunda, de redução de 10 e 20% nos impostos ao uso de fatores primários na produção de leite e derivados (cenários 2A e 2B). Para obter os resultados, foi utilizado o Programa de Equilíbrio Geral da Economia Brasileira (PAEG). Os resultados indicaram que as regiões brasileiras com maior produção de leite, respectivamente Sudeste, Sul e Centro-Oeste, seriam as mais beneficiadas, além de deslocar fatores produtivos, caso do capital e do trabalho, das regiões Norte e Nordeste, cujo setor lácteo apresentaria perdas. Estes resultados foram evidenciados em maior magnitude quando simulada a política de ampliação da concessão de subsídios comparativamente à política de desoneração fiscal. A partir disso, a implementação de políticas regionais e setoriais diferenciadas consiste em alternativa indicada. Do contrário, a produção concentrar-se-ia nas regiões mais eficientes, com o que os custos de transporte e logística, como também os preços ampliariam-se, aumentando as diferenças produtivas e a dependência externa do setor.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The transition period is the most critical phase of the dairy production system. The large drop in dry matter intake peripartum and rising energy costs in early lactation result in negative energy balance (BEN). Dairy cows under BEN obtain energy from their fat reserves through mobilization of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). The elevation of this metabolite and its products in the bloodstream has drastic consequences to health, production and reproduction of dairy cows. The search for strategies to reduce this imbalance and improve the transition cow performance is a challenge to producers and experts in the field. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the choline protected in production, uterine health, metabolism and reproduction in cows during the transition period with different supplementation times. In the first study were used 15 cows in the transition period. The treated group was supplemented with 80 grams of choline protected for 21 days before calving to 40 days. Blood samples were collected on days 21 and 10 before delivery and on days 10, 20 and 30 for postpartum evaluation of metabolic, liver and oxidative profile. The supplementation with choline did not change the fructosamine, cholesterol, NEFA hydroxybutyrate beta (BHB), growth factor similar to insulin (IGF-I), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and total oxidants (TOS) levels. Weighing of milk was performed on days 10, 20 and 30 of lactation, and no treatment effect on production. At 60 days postpartum was conducted gynecological examination. After 60 days, the control group had more cases of endometritis, but no effect of treatment on the calving interval. Progesterone levels were larger in the control group than in the group treated at 60 days postpartum. Choline supplementation so it did not change the metabolic profile, but reduced the number of cases of endometritis at 60 days postpartum. In second study were used 54 cows, divided into three groups: control, cows supplemented by 10 antepartum days with protected choline (T10) and cows supplemented by 20 antepartum days with protected choline (T20). Blood samples were collected on days 10, 20 and 30 postpartum for determination of fructosamine, cholesterol, NEFA, BHB, AST, GGT and TOS levels. There was no difference between groups for any of the blood parameters. Milk production was evaluated on days 10, 20 and 30 of lactation, with no effect of treatments on the volume of milk produced. The interval between delivery and conception was lower in animals T20 group than the other groups. The protected choline did not change the metabolic profile of dairy cows under moderate negative energy balance. Prolonged use of choline reduced the number of cases of endometritis, while supplementation for 20 days in antepartum reduced the interval between parturition and conception. / O período de transição é a fase mais crítica do sistema de produção leiteira. As drásticas quedas do consumo de matéria seca no periparto e o aumento dos gastos energéticos no início da lactação resultam em balanço energético negativo (BEN). Vacas leiteiras sob BEN obtêm energia de suas reservas de gordura através de mobilização de ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE). A elevação desse metabólito e de seus produtos na corrente sanguínea possui consequências drásticas à saúde, produção e reprodução de vacas leiteiras. A busca por estratégias para reduzir esse desbalanço e melhorar o desempenho de vacas em transição é um desafio aos produtores e técnicos da área. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da colina protegida na produção, saúde uterina, metabolismo e reprodução em vacas no período de transição com diferentes tempos de suplementação. No primeiro estudo foram utilizadas 15 vacas no período de transição. O grupo tratado foi suplementado com 80 gramas de colina protegida por 21 dias antes do parto e 40 dias após. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 21 e 10 antes do parto e nos dias 10, 20 e 30 do pós-parto para avaliação do perfil metabólico, hepático e oxidativo. A suplementação com colina não alterou os teores de frutosamina, colesterol, AGNE, beta hidroxibutirato (BHB), fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina I (IGF-I), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), gama glutamiltransferase (GGT) e total de oxidantes (TOS). A pesagem do leite foi realizada nos dias 10, 20 e 30 de lactação, não havendo efeito do tratamento na produção. Aos 60 dias pós-parto foi realizado exame ginecológico. Aos 60 dias o grupo controle apresentou maior número de casos de endometrite, não havendo efeito do tratamento sobre o intervalo entre partos. Os teores de progesterona apresentaram-se maiores no grupo controle que no grupo tratado aos 60 dias pós-parto. A suplementação de colina de forma não alterou o perfil metabólico, mas reduziu o número de casos de endometrite aos 60 dias pós-parto. No segundo estudo, foram utilizadas 54 vacas, divididas em três grupos: controle, vacas suplementadas por 10 dias pré-parto com colina protegida (T10) e vacas suplementadas por 20 dias pré-parto com colina protegida (T20). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 10, 20 e 30 pós-parto para determinação dos teores de frutosamina, colesterol, AGNE, BHB, AST, GGT e TOS. Não houve diferença entre grupos para nenhum dos parâmetros sanguíneos. A produção de leite foi avaliada nos dias 10, 20 e 30 de lactação, não havendo efeito dos tratamentos sobre o volume de leite produzido. O intervalo entre parto e concepção foi menor em animais do grupo T20 em relação aos demais grupos. A colina protegida não alterou o perfil metabólico de vacas leiteiras sob balanço energético negativo moderado. O uso prolongado de colina reduziu o número de casos de endometrite, enquanto que sua suplementação por 20 dias no pré-parto reduziu o intervalo entre parto e concepção.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-04T14:57:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PRISCILA DE LIMA ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2014..pdf: 977746 bytes, checksum: 81da167199e8da852a6cb8dd375dccc0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T14:57:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PRISCILA DE LIMA ARAÚJO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2014..pdf: 977746 bytes, checksum: 81da167199e8da852a6cb8dd375dccc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Esta pesquisa consiste numa proposta de análise técnica do desenvolvimento do projeto “Micro Usina de Beneficiamento e Industrialização de Leite e Derivados: Viabilidade socioeconômica no Vale do Piancó- PB”. Projeto o qual foi beneficiado pelo programa de Arranjos Produtivos Locais, desenvolvido pelo Governo do estado da Paraíba e o Banco Nacional do Desenvolvimento BNDES. Que tem a finalidade de apoiar projetos inseridos em APLs de Baixa Renda, através de propostas de subversão econômica. No Estado foram beneficiados com o fomento 33 projetos que tem como organizações participantes Associações e Cooperativas. Para o APL de Piancó foi liberado o recurso no valor de R$ 600.000,00. Com o intuito de dinamizar a cadeia produtiva do leite na região. O recurso disponibilizado se destina a construção da unidade produtiva, cursos de capacitação e manejo do leite e derivados para os associados, aquisição de tanques de resfriamento e criação da identidade visual do empreendimento. Contudo, esta unidade produtiva é a primeira iniciativa formal de desenvolvimento e apoio direto da sustentabilidade local/territorial, o que é um mérito. Logo, é bastante recente a sistematização destes esforços matizados num „Núcleo‟ formalmente constituído. / This research proposal is a technical analysis of the first stage of project development Micro Beneficiation Plant and Processing of Milk and Dairy Products : Socioeconomic Viability in the Valley of Piancó -PB . Project which benefited the Local Productive Arrangements program , developed by the Government of the state of Paraíba . Which aims to support projects inserted in clusters of low income on which benefited from promoting 33 projects whose participants Associations and Cooperatives organizations . For APL Piancó was released the feature of economic subversion in the amount of R $ 600.00 . In order to boost the milk production chain in the region . The available resource is designed to build the productive unit , training courses and management of dairies and for associated acquisition of cooling and creation of the visual identity of the project tanks . However , this production unit is the first formal initiative to develop and direct support of local / territorial sustainability , which is a merit . Therefore, it is quite recent systematization of these efforts tinted a 'Core ' formally constituted .

Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo geral deste estudo foi analisar a produção, os mercados e as formas organizativas em torno do leite orgânico, para descobrir e analisar como são construídas as novidades pelos agricultores familiares e outros atores sociais, verificando as condições históricas nas quais se desenvolveu o sistema orgânico de produção na Região Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina no contexto da agricultura familiar e identificando também as transições sociotécnicas geradas nesse sistema. Foram identificados e analisados os mercados acessados pelas famílias, com a contribuição de outros atores sociais regionais, na construção de canais de comercialização por cadeias curtas. De maneira a verificar o contexto do sistema agroalimentar, também foram analisadas as relações de organização social construídas pela rede multi-institucional do leite orgânico, identificando suas principais ações e incentivos. Para atingir esses objetivos foram utilizados dois enfoques teóricos: a Perspectiva Orientada aos Atores (POA), de Norman Long, e a Perspectiva Multinível e Coevolucionária (PMN), pelas quais os atores agem de forma multidimensional pela sua capacidade de agência, gerando novidades de diferentes tipos e resultados. A metodologia foi qualitativa, com coleta de dados primários e secundários através da aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas a nove famílias de agricultores orgânicos e em transição e, oito técnicos que tinham ligação com o leite orgânico. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Região Extremo Oeste Catarinense, especificamente em nove municípios. Os principais resultados que a pesquisa aponta é que os agricultores que produzem leite orgânico e outros alimentos desenvolvem novidades em técnicas, em processos e em sustentabilidade. Por meio dos seus conhecimentos fazem modificações e criam novos produtos, formas de manejar o agroecossistema e incrementam suas atividades e práticas. Também geram novidades ao acessar novos canais de comercialização curtos, aproximando-se dos consumidores e outros atores sociais. Essas ações inovativas mobilizaram também diversas instituições regionais para o desenvolvimento do leite orgânico. Contudo, tais novidades ainda se encontram no nível do nicho sociotécnico, apenas modificando em pequenos graus o regime sociotécnico agroalimentar vigente, necessitando mais atenção e mobilização de atores regionais para sua consolidação, principalmente nas questões de mercados para viabilizar e ampliar a comercialização do leite orgânico e seus derivados, processados com a qualidade orgânica, assim como para que mais famílias possam aderir ao processo de produção orgânica de leite. / The general objective of this study was to analyze the production, markets and organizational forms around organic milk, to discover and analyze how the novelties are built by family farmers and other social actors. Verifying the historical conditions that developed the organic production system in the Extreme West Region of Santa Catarina in the context of family agriculture, also identifying the socio-technical transitions generated in this system. Markets accessed by households, with the contribution of other regional social actors, were identified and analyzed in the construction of marketing channels by short chains. In order to verify the context of the agri-food system, the social organization relationships built by the multi-institutional network of organic milk were also analyzed, identifying their main actions and incentives. To achieve these objectives, two theoretical approaches were used: Norman Long's POA and the Multi-Level and Coevolutionary Perspective (PMN), in which actors act in a multidimensional manner through their agency capacity, generating novelties of different types and results. The methodology was qualitative, with primary and secondary data collection through the application of semistructured interviews in nine families of organic and transitional farmers, and eight technicians who had connections with organic milk. The research was developed in the Far West Region of Santa Catarina, specifically in nine municipalities. The main results that the research indicates is that farmers who produce organic milk and other foods develop novelties in techniques, processes and sustainability. Through their knowledge they make modifications and create new products, ways to manage the agroecosystem and increase their activities and practices. They also generate new features when accessing new short marketing channels, approaching consumers and other social actors. These innovative actions also mobilized several regional institutions for the development of organic milk. However, this novelty is still at the level of the socio-technical niche, only modifying in small degrees the socio-technical agri-food regime in force, requiring more attention and mobilization of regional actors for its consolidation, mainly in the market issues to enable and expand the commercialization of milk organic and its derivatives, processed with the organic quality, as well as so that more families can adhere to the process of organic production of milk.

O experimento 1 caracterizou as fêmeas com intervenção manual no parto, além de avaliar os efeitos que podem ocorrer na sua vida reprodutiva ao longo de 1 ano. Foram coletados dados do parto de 4.121 fêmeas, informações anteriores ao parto e registrados os motivos e momentos de remoção. Os animais foram divididos em grupo Controle (n=3.271) e Intervenção (n=850). O percentual de fêmeas submetidas à intervenção manual no parto foi de 20,6%. Houve aumento na distribuição de intervenções na ordem de parto (OP) acima de 5 e no verão (P<0,05). A distribuição não diferiu entre as classes de tamanho da leitegada (P>0,05). Foi verificada diferença na média de OP (3,6 e 4,7), duração do parto (208,3 e 224,6 min), leitões nascidos vivos (11,9 e 11,6), natimortos (0,3 e 0,6) e no percentual de fêmeas com natimortos (28,6 e 38,8%) nos grupos Controle e Intervenção, respectivamente. A remoção geral foi maior no grupo Intervenção (P=0,001) e antes da IA por motivos não reprodutivos (P<0,001). No desempenho subseqüente, houve diminuição da taxa de parto ajustada e do tamanho da leitegada subseqüente (P<0,05). O experimento 2 visou avaliar o parto com e sem intervenção manual, estimar o desempenho lactacional, e avaliar as causas de remoção e o desempenho reprodutivo subseqüente destas fêmeas. Foram comparadas 319 fêmeas, divididas em dois grupos: Controle (n=222) e Intervenção (n=97). Todas as fêmeas com intervenção receberam uma dose de antimicrobiano. Foram coletados dados reprodutivos referentes ao parto, o peso dos leitões no dia 1 (D1), dia 14 (D14) e no dia 21 (D21), e a produção de leite no 14º dia de lactação, pela técnica da pesagem-mamadapesagem. Foram coletados dados reprodutivos referentes ao parto, o peso dos leitões no dia 1 (D1), dia 14 (D14) e no dia 21 (D21), e a produção de leite no 14º dia de lactação, pela técnica da pesagem-mamadapesagem. Foram analisadas as informações do desempenho subseqüente e das causas de remoção das matrizes. Houve diferença (P<0,01) para as variáveis ordem de parto (3,2 e 4,0), leitões nascidos totais (12,2 e 11,2) e nascidos vivos (11,4 e 10,2) e número de natimortos (0,5 e 1,0) entre os grupo Controle e Intervenção, respectivamente. A produção de leite, aos 14 dias, não diferiu, porém o peso dos leitões aos 21 dias tende a ser menor (P=0,09) no grupo Intervenção. Houve diferença (P<0,05) nas remoções gerais (18,9 e 32,0%) e antes da IA (8,6 e 20,6%), sendo destas por motivos não reprodutivos (8,6 e 19,6%) entre os grupo Controle e Intervenção, respectivamente. Os resultados conjuntos mostram que a intervenção manual ao parto é efetuada com maior freqüência no verão, em fêmeas de maior ordem de parto e com menor tamanho da leitegada. Nestas fêmeas, o parto é mais prolongado e o número de natimortos é maior. A produção de leite, aos 14 dias, não é prejudicada, porém o peso dos leitões aos 21 dias tende a ser menor nas matrizes submetidas à palpação genital. As remoções são maiores nestas fêmeas, sendo realizadas antes da IA e por motivos não reprodutivos. As fêmeas submetidas a intervenção ao parto tem o desempenho reprodutivo subseqüente reduzido. / Experiment 1 characterized the females with manual intervention at the parturition, and evaluated the effect that can occur in theirs reproductive life, during one year. Data about the farrowing were collected from 4,121 females; information previous at parturition and the reasons and moments of removal were recorded. The animals were allocated in Control (n=3,271) and Intervention (n=850) groups. The percentage of females submitted to the manual intervention at the parturition was of 20.6%. There was an increase in the proportions of interventions in the order of parturition (OP) above 5. Moreover, this growth took place mainly in summer (P<0.05). Differences in the OP average (3.6 and 4.7), duration of farrowing (208.3 and 224.6 min), born alive piglets (11.9 and 11.6), stillborns (0.3 and 0.6) and in the percentage of females with stillborns (28.6 and 38.8%) were verified, in Control and Intervention group, respectively. Culling rate was higher in the Intervention group (P=0.001) and before the insemination, due to non-reproductive reasons (P<0.001). On the subsequent performance, there was reduction of the adjusted farrowing rate and in litter size (P<0.05). Experiment 2 sought to evaluate parturition with and without manual intervention, estimate the milk production and to evaluate the culling causes and the subsequent reproductive performance of these females. The females (n=319) were allocated in two groups and compared: Control (n=222) and Intervention (n=97). All the Intervention group females received a dose of antimicrobials. Reproductive data were collected at parturition, as well as pigs weight in day 1 (D1), day 14 (D14) and in day 21 (D21), and milk production on 14th day of lactation, by the weigh-suckle-weigh technique. The information of the subsequent performance and the sow’s removal causes were analyzed. There were differences for OP (3.2 and 4.0), total pigs born (12.2 and 11.2) and born alive piglets (11.4 and 10.2) and stillborn number (0.5 and 1.0) variables between Control and Intervention groups, respectively. Milk production, on 14th day, did not differ, however the piglets weight on 21 days tended to be lower (P=0.09) in the Intervention group. There was difference in the culling rate (18.9 and 32.0%) and before the insemination (8.6 and 20.6%), due to non-reproductive reasons (8.6 and 19.6%) between the Control and Intervention group, respectively. The set results show that the manual intervention at parturition is effected mainly in summer, in older females and with small litter size. In these females, the parturition is longer and the stillborn is higher. Even though the milk production is not affected, the piglets weight on 21 days tends to be lower in the sows submitted to the genital palpation. The culling rate is higher in these females, before the insemination and for non-reproductive reasons. Females submitted to intervention at the parturition have subsequent reproductive performance reduced.

The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the data about body condition of cows and assess the relationship between changes of health status of the mammary gland, milk production and quality of cow´s milk. The monitoring took place in a selected company from October 2015 to September 2016 with the Czech spotted cattle. The body condition scoring was monitored within the herd, with the monthly evaluation of data, during the milking in the morning, together with the production performance control. The data values, received out of production performance control, were used for milk production performance (amount of milked milk, % fat, % protein, % lactose, SCC). Then the data about reproduction of the monitored herd were used, so as the order of lactation, date of the last calving and age. Total of 482 cows were monitored. During evaluation of the condition score, the average level of cows body condition was detected with value of 2, 18. Minimal body condition, during the monitored period, was 1.25, the maximum was 3.75. Correlation analysis of the relationship between the form and amount of the milked milk showed a negative correlation (-0.21). Furthermore the quality of milk was monitored. The amount of fat in milk, within the monitored herd, was 4.16% and 3.63% of protein. The fat was found to be the component, which the cow´s form had the effect on, with value: r = 0.14. The most affected component by the form was protein (0.28). A slight influence of pregnancy with Rf value = 0.06 arose too. Next evaluated indicator of milk quality was somatic cell count (SSC). The influence of the form, on SSC, was moderately significant (-0.05). The average somatic cell count, during the monitored period, was 287.75 thousand per milliliter. The prolificacy within the herd appears to be inconvenient. Within the population of the herd, the herd showed to be better at pregnancy rate after the first insemination (46.7%), however after all inseminations it proved to be weaker (44%). Subsequently the effect of three factors was evaluated: the day of pregnancy, the day of calving and the age in days at form. For dairy cows, at first lactation, there was found one significant influence the age, with the value of the correlation coefficient 0.23, while the cows at higher lactation showed to be influenced by all three of these factors. The dependence between the pregnancy day and the BCS is expressed as a negative (-0.06) but very weak. Higher absolute value of the correlation coefficient was observed between the age, in days, and BCS (-0.14). BCS value was directly proportional to days, since calving (0.16). This thesis was carried out with the support of the project Gaju 019/2016 / Z Nutrition and breeding technology as a way to animal welfare and the product quality.