The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was created in 1958 as one of the first policies of the European Economic Community. It is, however, also one of the most problematic ones. In this thesis I first address its creation, principles and targets. Then I describe reforms which had the goal of reducing some of the costs imposed by this policy on the society. As the main part of the thesis is devoted to the Czech farmers producing milk, I sum up the development of the Czech agricultural sector and in a great detail describe the regulation and subsidies connected with the production of milk and milk products. Using a simple microeconomic model, I analyze impact of various instruments of the CAP on domestic and foreign producers and consumers. In spite of many reforms, the biggest beneficiaries of the CAP are still the big producers of agricultural products -- support of small farmers is very limited. The costs of the CAP are born mainly by poor consumers and agricultural producers from non-EU countries. With a unique dataset obtained from the Czech State Agricultural Intervention Fund I describe the structure of subsidies utilized by Czech milk producers and its development in the period 2005--2008. Even though a substantial inequality in subsidy incomes is also evident among Czech milk quota holders, it is smaller than in the case of all farmers.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-08T18:42:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 heliodossantosbeneditojunior.pdf: 2059943 bytes, checksum: d60331752ddc51b7127aa1d322ec931e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-22T16:48:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 heliodossantosbeneditojunior.pdf: 2059943 bytes, checksum: d60331752ddc51b7127aa1d322ec931e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-22T16:48:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 heliodossantosbeneditojunior.pdf: 2059943 bytes, checksum: d60331752ddc51b7127aa1d322ec931e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-22 / Doenças de origem alimentar (DOA) constituem um grave problema de saúde pública em nível mundial. O leite e seus derivados estão frequentemente envolvidos em surtos de DOA. Nos últimos anos, o governo brasileiro tem realizado vários esforços objetivando a prevenção dessas doenças, dentre eles, a aprovação de diversas normas relacionadas à implementação de programas de qualidade em laticínios. Diante deste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a associação entre o nível de implementação dos programas de autocontrole (PAC) e as condições higiênico-sanitárias em indústrias de laticínios. Foram avaliadas 15 indústrias de laticínios, situadas no sul do estado de Minas Gerais e cadastradas no serviço de inspeção federal (SIF). Foi elaborada uma lista de verificação (LV) para obtenção de dados observacionais concomitantemente à realização de análises microbiológicas de contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e aeróbios mesófilos das mãos dos manipuladores e mesas de processo, além da análise de fungos filamentosos e leveduras nos ambientes industriais. Todos os estabelecimentos, foram classificados por meio da aplicação da LV como ruins ou péssimos, segundo critérios estabelecidos. As indústrias também foram avaliadas isoladamente para cada elemento de controle obtendo classificações diversas dentre ótimas, boas, regulares, ruins e péssimas. As contagens de aeróbios mesófilos das mãos dos manipuladores indicaram que 82% dos resultados estavam em desacordo com o critério estabelecido de máximo de 100 UFC.mão-1, sendo que para as mesas 86,7% dos valores apresentaram-se não conformes. Para Staphylococcus coagulase positiva o percentual de resultados inadequados foi de 90% para as mãos e mesas, considerando como limite a ausência do patógeno. Nos ambientes, 98,33% dos resultados apresentaram-se inadequados, com contagens superiores a 30 UFC.cm-2.semana-1 para fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Por meio da comparação de médias e da análise de regressão, foi possível concluir que quanto maior as adequações com relação à implementação dos PAC, bem como dos PAC 8 (Limpeza e sanitização), PAC 9 (Higiene, hábitos higiênicos e saúde dos operários) e PAC 10 (Procedimentos sanitários das operações), menores as contagens microbiológicas de mãos, mesas e ambientes. O teste de Qui-Quadrado, salvo algumas exceções, demonstrou que empresas com maiores percentuais de implantação dos PAC, tendem a obter resultados mais satisfatórios para as contagens de aeróbios mesófilos e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva de mãos e mesas. Os resultados demonstraram que as indústrias avaliadas neste trabalho possuem sérias deficiências em seus PAC, que podem comprometer a inocuidade dos produtos acabados, visto que não há uma gestão da qualidade eficiente e eficaz. / Foodborne illnesses are the most serious public health issues in the world. Milk and its derivatives are often involved in outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. Recently, the Brazilian government has made several efforts at preventing these diseases, among them, the approval of several standards related to the implementation of quality programs in dairy products. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the association between the level of implementation of self-control programs and hygienic-sanitary conditions in dairy industries. Fifteen dairy industries, located in the south of the state of Minas Gerais and registered in the federal inspection service (FIS) were evaluated. A checklist was developed to obtain observational data concomitant to the performance of microbiological analyses of Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus and aerobic mesophil counts from the handlers and process tables, as well as the analysis of filamentous fungi and yeasts in industrial environments. All establishments were classified by applying the checklist as “bad” or “extremely bad” according to established criteria. The industries were also evaluated separately for each control element obtaining different classifications among the best, good, regular, bad, and extremely bad. The mesophilic aerobic counts of the manipulators' hands indicated that 82% of the results were in disagreement with the established criteria of a maximum of 100 CFU (Colony-forming Unit) on hands, and for the tables 86.7% of the values weren’t confirmed. For Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus the percentage of inadequate results was 90% for hands and tables, considering as the limit the absence of the pathogen. In the environments, 98.33% of the results were inadequate, with counts higher than 30 CFU.cm per week for filamentous fungi and yeasts. By comparing averages and regression analysis, it was possible to conclude that the higher the adaptations with regard to the implementation of self-control programs(SCP), as well as SCP 8 (Cleaning and sanitation), SCP 9 (Hygiene, hygienic habits and workers’ health) and SCP 10 (Sanitary procedures of operations), lower the microbiological counts on hands, tables and in the environments. The chi-squared test, with some exceptions, showed that companies with higher percentages of self-control programs implantation tended to obtain more satisfactory results for the counts of mesophilic aerobic and Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus on hands and tables. The results showed that the industries evaluated in this study have serious deficiencies in their self-control programs, which may compromise the safety of finished products since there is no efficient and effective quality management.

The thesis is focused on milk and dairy products as a source of valuable nutrients for the inhabitants. The theoretical part deals with general chemical composition of milk and dairy products are described and their significance for human health. The practical part consists of questionnaires on the subject and their evaluation. The aim of the study was to determine what knowledge the people of milk, how often you eat and what resources it can be obtained.