Estratégias para minimizar o efeito do balanço energético negativo (BEN) em vacas leiteiras vêm sendo estudadas constantemente no passar dos anos, pois o período de transição é caracterizado por grande estresse metabólico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros metabólicos, produtivos e reprodutivos em vacas da raça Holandesa após a aplicação de drench no pós-parto imediato e 24 h após, como alternativa para minimizar o BEN e proporcionar melhor desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo aos animais. Foram utilizadas 129 vacas, 64 no grupo 1 (1ª e 2ª lactação) e 65 no grupo 2 (≥ 3ª lactação), distribuídas em: verão (n= 63) e inverno (n= 66) e região da Serra Gaúcha (Fazenda A, n= 48) e Planato Médio (Fazenda B, n= 81). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para obtenção de soro e plasma e determinação de β-hidroxibutirato (BHB) com sistema Abbot Precision Xtra. Foi medido o escore de condição corporal e a temperatura corporal, e realizado acompanhamento de controle leiteiro para avaliar produção e composição de leite. Foi realizada ultrassonografia ovariana para avaliação de ciclicidade ovárica e primeira ovulação pós-parto. O tratamento drench provocou uma tendência a diminuir os valores de BHB sérico no período experimental, sendo que, no período de verão essa diminuição foi significativa na Fazenda A. Na Fazenda B, nas semanas 3 e 4, o tratamento com drench aumentou significativamente a produção de leite nos grupos 1 e 2. A exceção foi no grupo 1 no período de verão, onde o efeito foi negativo. Também na Fazenda B, o tratamento com drench teve efeito positivo no percentual de gordura nas vacas do grupo 1 e efeito negativo nas vacas do grupo 2. Parâmetros reprodutivos não tiveram interações significativas. Em conclusão, o tratamento com drench preveniu a ocorrência de cetose subclínica, aumentou a produção leiteira no inverno e no verão em vacas de 3 ou mais lactações e também aumentou o percentual de gordura no leite em vacas de uma ou duas lactações. / Strategies to minimize the effect of negative energy balance (NEB) in dairy cows are being studied constantly over the years, since the transition period is characterized by excessive metabolic stress. The present study had the objective to evaluate metabolic, productive and reproductive parameters in dairy cows after application of drench in the immediate postpartum period and 24 hours after as an alternative to minimize NEB providing better productive and reproductive performance of animals. 129 cows, 64 were used in group 1 (1st and 2nd lactation ) and 65 in group 2 ( ≥ 3rd lactation ), distributed in: summer ( n = 63 ) and winter ( n = 66 ) and Serra Gaucha (Farm A, n = 48) and Planato Médio (Farm B, n = 81 ) . Blood samples were collected to obtain serum and plasma and determination of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) with the Abbott Precision Xtra system . Body condition score and body temperature, were also obtained by milk information system to evaluate production and milk composition was measured. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed for evaluation of cyclicity and days to first ovulation postpartum. The drench treatment had a trend towards significance in the reduction of mean serum BHB during the experimental period, whereas in the summer period this decrease was significant in farm A. On farm B at weeks 3 and 4, drench significantly increased milk production in groups 1 and 2. Except for group 1 during the summer, where the effect was negative. Also on farm B, drench had a positive effect on fat percentage in cows of group 1 and negative effect on cows in group 2. Reproductive parameters showed no significant interactions. In conclusion, drench prevented the occurrence of subclinical ketosis, increased milk production during winter and during summer in cows of third or more lactation and also increased of milk fat percentage in cows of first and second lactations.

The objective is to determine the composition of mare´s milk at different stages of lactation and changes in its content that occurs during lactation. Variability of constituents in the milk contents between mares and possible link in the content of individual components of milk was also examined. Average values of contents were found during the five months of lactation: Fat 1.5%, protein 1.62%, lactose 6.55% and dry matter 9.78%. It was found that during lactation fat content decreases from 1.7% to 1.3% and protein content decreases from 1.75% to 1.48%. Lactose and dry matter content is unchanged. A higher coefficient of variation was found in fat and protein (between 16 -17%), lower in lactose and dry matter content (5-6%). Relation was found between protein and fat. On the contrary, no evidence of correlation between protein and lactose content, nor between the fat and lactose content was found.

The thesis deals with the assessment of proportion of fatty acids in milk fat on goat farm and watching the selected proportion of major fatty acids in the selected factors. Sampling took place between 2010 and 2011, were made three taking of milk in a different stage of lactation. Evaluation of fatty acids was carried out both within groups and for major acid alone. The thesis was also included evaluation of quality indicators and yield of goat milk.

This diploma thesis focuses on differences between animal milk and its plant-based alternatives. This work is divided into a practical and theoretical part. The theoretical part describes composition of the plant-based milk, its consumption and its quality compared with the animal milks. One section from the theoretical part deals with the most frequent myths about animal milk. The practical part is devoted to a research. The main aim of this research was to find out (by using a questionnaire), whether and how often students consume animal milk and its plant-based alternatives, which of these they prefer, what the reason for the consumption is and what the sources of the information on animal milk and its plant-based alternatives are. Other aims of this research are to evaluate the knowledge of the questioned students about this issue and to find out how the students perceive this problem and to prove or disprove the stated hypotheses. The purpose of this diploma thesis is to help clients to orient themselves in the information on animal milk and its plant-based alternatives and to clarify some of the myths which still occur in the population. Key words: milk plant milk the effect of milk on health milk composition

Goat's milk has many great nutritional properties, which arise from its unique composition. The milk composition is however depending on the composition of the feed diet. The aim of this work is to determine how the diet affects the quantity of milk yield and composition. We also made observations to determine how selected herbs affect the intake of feed rations with goats. The experimental part is divided into three parts. In the first part, we evaluated the impact of selected herbs to income ration with goats. We found that the addition of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) increases the amount of food taken. Conversely, an addition of meadow pea (Lathyrus pratensis) decreases the amount of food intake. In the second part, we tested the ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata) effect on the milk composition. We found that an addition of this herb in the ration slightly increases daily milk yield. In the third section we monitored a herd of goats on grassland. We evaluated influence of the composition of pasture vegetation and the addition of oats on milk yield and composition. Our conclusion is that the composition of the pasture had a significant impact not only on the basic components of milk, but also on the representation of individual groups of fatty acids. The adding of oats decreases the influence of grazing.

The aim of study was to evaluate milk efficiency of sheep Original Valachian (OV). Observation took place in the period 2006-2009 and were involved 123 ovine. Samples were taken from the morning milking during the months April to August (method ET). Milking proces was realised mechanically. In 84 sheep were known genotypes AA (n = 13), AB (n = 18), BB (n = 53). After evaluation of essential components of ewe{\crq}s milk from flock of lambing ewes OV during lactation were found these average values: Fat (F) 4,90 g.100g-1, crude protein (CP) 5,94 g.100g-1, casein (CAS) 4,40 g.100g-1, serum protein (SP) 1,18 g.100g-1, lactose (L) 5,07 g.100g-1, dry matter (DM) 16,45 g.100g-1, solid not fat (SNF) 11,63 g.100g-1 and utilizable dry matter (UDM) 10,85 g.100g-1. Average daily milk yield of OV was 0,70 l. Effect of stage of lactation was provable on all the indicators in the level of significance 0,001. It was evidenced a statistically significant effect of the control year on the content of SNF (P{<}0,05), on the L (P{<}0,01) and on all other components (P{<}0,001). At comparing milk production OV according to the genetic polymorphism of {$\beta$}-lactoglobulin have been identified probably significant differences in milk yield (P{<}0,05). The highest daily milk yield reached genotype AB (0,76 l.day-1) {>} BB (0,68 l.day-1) {>} AA (0,66 l.day-1). In AB genotype was found the lowest levels of these essential components F, CP, CAS, DM, SNF and UDM. Highly significant effect of genotype was found on content of L (P{<}0,001). The highest content of L was confirmed by genotype BB (5,13 g.100g-1) {>} AB (5,08 g.100g-1) {>} AA (4,91 g.100g-1). Less significant effect was found on SNF (P{<}0,1). The highest average content of SNF was found in genotype BB (11,72 g.100g-1) {>} AA (11,62 g.100g-1) {>} AB (11,54 g.100g-1). In genotype AA was found the highest values of F, CP, CAS, SP, DM. Both genotypes AA, BB showed the same content of DM (16,32 g.100g-1).

Estratégias para minimizar o efeito do balanço energético negativo (BEN) em vacas leiteiras vêm sendo estudadas constantemente no passar dos anos, pois o período de transição é caracterizado por grande estresse metabólico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros metabólicos, produtivos e reprodutivos em vacas da raça Holandesa após a aplicação de drench no pós-parto imediato e 24 h após, como alternativa para minimizar o BEN e proporcionar melhor desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo aos animais. Foram utilizadas 129 vacas, 64 no grupo 1 (1ª e 2ª lactação) e 65 no grupo 2 (≥ 3ª lactação), distribuídas em: verão (n= 63) e inverno (n= 66) e região da Serra Gaúcha (Fazenda A, n= 48) e Planato Médio (Fazenda B, n= 81). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para obtenção de soro e plasma e determinação de β-hidroxibutirato (BHB) com sistema Abbot Precision Xtra. Foi medido o escore de condição corporal e a temperatura corporal, e realizado acompanhamento de controle leiteiro para avaliar produção e composição de leite. Foi realizada ultrassonografia ovariana para avaliação de ciclicidade ovárica e primeira ovulação pós-parto. O tratamento drench provocou uma tendência a diminuir os valores de BHB sérico no período experimental, sendo que, no período de verão essa diminuição foi significativa na Fazenda A. Na Fazenda B, nas semanas 3 e 4, o tratamento com drench aumentou significativamente a produção de leite nos grupos 1 e 2. A exceção foi no grupo 1 no período de verão, onde o efeito foi negativo. Também na Fazenda B, o tratamento com drench teve efeito positivo no percentual de gordura nas vacas do grupo 1 e efeito negativo nas vacas do grupo 2. Parâmetros reprodutivos não tiveram interações significativas. Em conclusão, o tratamento com drench preveniu a ocorrência de cetose subclínica, aumentou a produção leiteira no inverno e no verão em vacas de 3 ou mais lactações e também aumentou o percentual de gordura no leite em vacas de uma ou duas lactações. / Strategies to minimize the effect of negative energy balance (NEB) in dairy cows are being studied constantly over the years, since the transition period is characterized by excessive metabolic stress. The present study had the objective to evaluate metabolic, productive and reproductive parameters in dairy cows after application of drench in the immediate postpartum period and 24 hours after as an alternative to minimize NEB providing better productive and reproductive performance of animals. 129 cows, 64 were used in group 1 (1st and 2nd lactation ) and 65 in group 2 ( ≥ 3rd lactation ), distributed in: summer ( n = 63 ) and winter ( n = 66 ) and Serra Gaucha (Farm A, n = 48) and Planato Médio (Farm B, n = 81 ) . Blood samples were collected to obtain serum and plasma and determination of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) with the Abbott Precision Xtra system . Body condition score and body temperature, were also obtained by milk information system to evaluate production and milk composition was measured. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed for evaluation of cyclicity and days to first ovulation postpartum. The drench treatment had a trend towards significance in the reduction of mean serum BHB during the experimental period, whereas in the summer period this decrease was significant in farm A. On farm B at weeks 3 and 4, drench significantly increased milk production in groups 1 and 2. Except for group 1 during the summer, where the effect was negative. Also on farm B, drench had a positive effect on fat percentage in cows of group 1 and negative effect on cows in group 2. Reproductive parameters showed no significant interactions. In conclusion, drench prevented the occurrence of subclinical ketosis, increased milk production during winter and during summer in cows of third or more lactation and also increased of milk fat percentage in cows of first and second lactations.

As afecções podais podem alterar negativamente o comportamento, bem estar e produtividade das vacas leiteiras, mas ainda é preciso explorar mais seus efeitos sobre os atributos fisiológicos, limiar da dor e as características físico-químicas do leite. Esse estudo teve por objetivo verificar os efeitos provocados pelo desconforto de vacas com problemas podais severos no escore de locomoção, atributos fisiológicos, limiar da dor, variáveis termográficas e características físico-químicas do leite, além de avaliar a melhoria nessas variáveis após o tratamento. Foram utilizadas 34 vacas lactantes claudicantes, as quais foram classificadas quanto à locomoção antes e depois do tratamento. Foram diagnosticadas as lesões, avaliados a composição do leite, limiar nociceptivo, realizadas as medidas fisiológicas e imagens termográficas nos membros com e sem lesão. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o completamente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo, onde cada vaca foi considerada uma unidade experimental. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, utilizando o procedimento Mixed do programa estatístico SAS versão 9.0. Vacas claudicantes apresentaram maior sensibilidade à dor. O tratamento reduziu o escore de locomoção e aumentou limiar nociceptivo, além de influenciar os valores de pH e cálcio iônico, pois maiores valores de pH foram observados no dia pré-tratamento enquanto maiores valores de cálcio iônico foram observados no dia 8. Houve pequena associação entre os valores termográficos e os escores de locomoção. Os maiores valores de pH foram encontrados no dia pré-tratamento, (dia -1), para vacas da raça Jersey, animais mais velhos ou para animais mais pesados; enquanto os valores de cálcio iônico foram superiores no 8° dia em relação aos demais dias. Não houve efeito de escores de locomoção alto x baixo sobre a composição do leite. Por outro lado, fatores ligados aos animais como estádio lactacional, peso, número de tratamentos anteriores, ordem de parto, raça e idade influenciaram as características físico-químicas do leite. / Lameness can negatively affect behavior, well-being and productivity, but it is still worthy to explore its effect on the nociceptive threshold, physiological attributes and the physicochemical characteristics of milk. This study aimed to verify the effects caused by the discomfort in severely lame cows on locomotion score, physiological attributes, pain threshold, thermographic variables and physicochemical characteristics of milk and assess improvement in these variables after corrective trimming and digital treatment. Thirty-nine severely lame lactating cows were classified according to locomotion score before and 1 week after trimming. In several days, injuries were diagnosed, milk composition evaluated, nociceptive threshold and physiological measurements were done, besides thermographic images of the hoofs with and without injury. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with repeated measurements over time, and each cow was considered an experimental unit. Data was subjected to analysis of variance using the mixed procedure of SAS statistical software version 9.0. Severely lame cows showed higher sensitivity to pain. Trimming and treatment reduced locomotion score and increased nociceptive threshold, as well as influence the pH and ionic calcium, because higher pH values were observed in the pre-trimming day while larger ionic calcium values were observed on day 8. Cows had higher thermographic values in the affected hoof. There was little association between thermographic values and locomotion scores. Higher pH values were found in the pre-trimming (day -1) in the milk of Jersey cows, older animals or heavier animals; while the ionic calcium values were higher on the 8th day compared to other days. There was no effect of high x low locomotion scores on milk composition. On the other hand, factors related to animals as lactation stage, weight, number of previous trimmings, calving order, breed and age influenced the physicochemical characteristics of milk.

As afecções podais podem alterar negativamente o comportamento, bem estar e produtividade das vacas leiteiras, mas ainda é preciso explorar mais seus efeitos sobre os atributos fisiológicos, limiar da dor e as características físico-químicas do leite. Esse estudo teve por objetivo verificar os efeitos provocados pelo desconforto de vacas com problemas podais severos no escore de locomoção, atributos fisiológicos, limiar da dor, variáveis termográficas e características físico-químicas do leite, além de avaliar a melhoria nessas variáveis após o tratamento. Foram utilizadas 34 vacas lactantes claudicantes, as quais foram classificadas quanto à locomoção antes e depois do tratamento. Foram diagnosticadas as lesões, avaliados a composição do leite, limiar nociceptivo, realizadas as medidas fisiológicas e imagens termográficas nos membros com e sem lesão. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o completamente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo, onde cada vaca foi considerada uma unidade experimental. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, utilizando o procedimento Mixed do programa estatístico SAS versão 9.0. Vacas claudicantes apresentaram maior sensibilidade à dor. O tratamento reduziu o escore de locomoção e aumentou limiar nociceptivo, além de influenciar os valores de pH e cálcio iônico, pois maiores valores de pH foram observados no dia pré-tratamento enquanto maiores valores de cálcio iônico foram observados no dia 8. Houve pequena associação entre os valores termográficos e os escores de locomoção. Os maiores valores de pH foram encontrados no dia pré-tratamento, (dia -1), para vacas da raça Jersey, animais mais velhos ou para animais mais pesados; enquanto os valores de cálcio iônico foram superiores no 8° dia em relação aos demais dias. Não houve efeito de escores de locomoção alto x baixo sobre a composição do leite. Por outro lado, fatores ligados aos animais como estádio lactacional, peso, número de tratamentos anteriores, ordem de parto, raça e idade influenciaram as características físico-químicas do leite. / Lameness can negatively affect behavior, well-being and productivity, but it is still worthy to explore its effect on the nociceptive threshold, physiological attributes and the physicochemical characteristics of milk. This study aimed to verify the effects caused by the discomfort in severely lame cows on locomotion score, physiological attributes, pain threshold, thermographic variables and physicochemical characteristics of milk and assess improvement in these variables after corrective trimming and digital treatment. Thirty-nine severely lame lactating cows were classified according to locomotion score before and 1 week after trimming. In several days, injuries were diagnosed, milk composition evaluated, nociceptive threshold and physiological measurements were done, besides thermographic images of the hoofs with and without injury. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with repeated measurements over time, and each cow was considered an experimental unit. Data was subjected to analysis of variance using the mixed procedure of SAS statistical software version 9.0. Severely lame cows showed higher sensitivity to pain. Trimming and treatment reduced locomotion score and increased nociceptive threshold, as well as influence the pH and ionic calcium, because higher pH values were observed in the pre-trimming day while larger ionic calcium values were observed on day 8. Cows had higher thermographic values in the affected hoof. There was little association between thermographic values and locomotion scores. Higher pH values were found in the pre-trimming (day -1) in the milk of Jersey cows, older animals or heavier animals; while the ionic calcium values were higher on the 8th day compared to other days. There was no effect of high x low locomotion scores on milk composition. On the other hand, factors related to animals as lactation stage, weight, number of previous trimmings, calving order, breed and age influenced the physicochemical characteristics of milk.

Estratégias para minimizar o efeito do balanço energético negativo (BEN) em vacas leiteiras vêm sendo estudadas constantemente no passar dos anos, pois o período de transição é caracterizado por grande estresse metabólico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar parâmetros metabólicos, produtivos e reprodutivos em vacas da raça Holandesa após a aplicação de drench no pós-parto imediato e 24 h após, como alternativa para minimizar o BEN e proporcionar melhor desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo aos animais. Foram utilizadas 129 vacas, 64 no grupo 1 (1ª e 2ª lactação) e 65 no grupo 2 (≥ 3ª lactação), distribuídas em: verão (n= 63) e inverno (n= 66) e região da Serra Gaúcha (Fazenda A, n= 48) e Planato Médio (Fazenda B, n= 81). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para obtenção de soro e plasma e determinação de β-hidroxibutirato (BHB) com sistema Abbot Precision Xtra. Foi medido o escore de condição corporal e a temperatura corporal, e realizado acompanhamento de controle leiteiro para avaliar produção e composição de leite. Foi realizada ultrassonografia ovariana para avaliação de ciclicidade ovárica e primeira ovulação pós-parto. O tratamento drench provocou uma tendência a diminuir os valores de BHB sérico no período experimental, sendo que, no período de verão essa diminuição foi significativa na Fazenda A. Na Fazenda B, nas semanas 3 e 4, o tratamento com drench aumentou significativamente a produção de leite nos grupos 1 e 2. A exceção foi no grupo 1 no período de verão, onde o efeito foi negativo. Também na Fazenda B, o tratamento com drench teve efeito positivo no percentual de gordura nas vacas do grupo 1 e efeito negativo nas vacas do grupo 2. Parâmetros reprodutivos não tiveram interações significativas. Em conclusão, o tratamento com drench preveniu a ocorrência de cetose subclínica, aumentou a produção leiteira no inverno e no verão em vacas de 3 ou mais lactações e também aumentou o percentual de gordura no leite em vacas de uma ou duas lactações. / Strategies to minimize the effect of negative energy balance (NEB) in dairy cows are being studied constantly over the years, since the transition period is characterized by excessive metabolic stress. The present study had the objective to evaluate metabolic, productive and reproductive parameters in dairy cows after application of drench in the immediate postpartum period and 24 hours after as an alternative to minimize NEB providing better productive and reproductive performance of animals. 129 cows, 64 were used in group 1 (1st and 2nd lactation ) and 65 in group 2 ( ≥ 3rd lactation ), distributed in: summer ( n = 63 ) and winter ( n = 66 ) and Serra Gaucha (Farm A, n = 48) and Planato Médio (Farm B, n = 81 ) . Blood samples were collected to obtain serum and plasma and determination of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) with the Abbott Precision Xtra system . Body condition score and body temperature, were also obtained by milk information system to evaluate production and milk composition was measured. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed for evaluation of cyclicity and days to first ovulation postpartum. The drench treatment had a trend towards significance in the reduction of mean serum BHB during the experimental period, whereas in the summer period this decrease was significant in farm A. On farm B at weeks 3 and 4, drench significantly increased milk production in groups 1 and 2. Except for group 1 during the summer, where the effect was negative. Also on farm B, drench had a positive effect on fat percentage in cows of group 1 and negative effect on cows in group 2. Reproductive parameters showed no significant interactions. In conclusion, drench prevented the occurrence of subclinical ketosis, increased milk production during winter and during summer in cows of third or more lactation and also increased of milk fat percentage in cows of first and second lactations.