Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-05-17T14:02:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Josilaine Matos dos Santos.pdf: 609545 bytes, checksum: 6c7d8659c798aee4fe33d56cf53317d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T14:02:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Josilaine Matos dos Santos.pdf: 609545 bytes, checksum: 6c7d8659c798aee4fe33d56cf53317d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of inclusion of cassava instead of maize as feed for dairy goats of Saanen. The results were discussed in two chapters, the first consisting of the nutrient consumption, production, composition and physical characteristics of milk and the second digestibility and ingestive behavior of animals. Five lactating goats were used with an average production of 2 kg of milk per day allotted to a 5x5 Latin square design with five levels of inclusion of cassava (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) replacing corn. The dry matter intake in grams (g/day) in relation to body weight (%BW) and gram metabolic weight showed a quadratic behavior as a function of inclusion levels of cassava instead of maize grits. The intake of nutrients followed the behavior of dry matter intake. NDF intake, expressed in kilograms, depending on body weight and metabolic weight decreased linearly and non-fibrous carbohydrates linear increase. The replacement of cracked corn by cassava production did not affect kg of milk and milk yield corrected for 3.5% fat. The fat and total solids of milk in kg and percentage were not affected by inclusion levels of cassava instead of maize. The protein showed a linear increased and lactose quadratic effect. The physical characteristics of pH, temperature and density were not affected by inclusion levels of cassava instead of maize. The apparent digestibility of DM, CP, OM, TC was not affected by the replacement levels of ground corn for cassava. The apparent digestibility of the NDF fraction decreased linearly while that of CNF increased linearly with the increase of cassava in diets. Feeding behavior in all studied variables was not influenced by the inclusion of zest in place of corn. In dairy goats with produce of 2,0kg of milk per day, the corn grain can be completely replaced by cassava, resulting in increased nutrient intake above 30% inclusion, without changing the physical characteristics and production of milk, positively just changes the protein and lactose. The replacement of cracked corn by cassava did not affect the digestibility and chewing behavior of lactating goats. However, chalking and non-fiber carbohydrate of cassava are characteristics that should be considered. / O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inclusão da raspa de mandioca em substituição ao milho na alimentação de cabras leiteiras de raça Saanen. Os resultados foram discutidos em dois capítulos: o primeiro tratou do consumo de nutrientes, produção, composição e características físicas do leite, e o segundo da digestibilidade de nutrientes e do comportamento ingestivo dos animais. Foram utilizadas cinco cabras lactantes com produção média de 2kg de leite/dia, distribuídas em um quadrado latino 5x5, com cinco níveis de inclusão de raspa de mandioca (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40%) em substituição ao milho. O consumo de matéria seca em grama (g/dia), em relação ao peso vivo (%PV) e grama por peso metabólico apresentou comportamento quadrático em função dos níveis de inclusão da raspa de mandioca em substituição do milho triturado. O consumo dos nutrientes seguiu o comportamento do consumo de matéria seca. O consumo de FDN, expresso em quilograma, em função peso vivo e peso metabólico, apresentou comportamento linear decrescente e carboidratos não fibrosos linear crescente. A substituição do milho triturado pela raspa de mandioca não influenciou a produção de leite em kg e produção de leite corrigido para 3,5% de gordura. A gordura e sólidos totais do leite em percentuais e em kg não foram influenciados pelos níveis de inclusão de raspa de mandioca em substituição ao milho. A proteína apresentou efeito linear crescente e lactose efeito quadrático. As características físicas pH, densidade e temperatura não foram influenciadas pelos níveis de inclusão da raspa de mandioca em substituição ao milho. A digestibilidade aparente da MS, PB, MO, CHOT não foi influenciada pelos níveis de substituição do milho triturado por raspa de mandioca. A digestibilidade aparente da fração FDN diminuiu linearmente enquanto que a dos CNF aumentou linearmente em função do aumento de raspa de mandioca nas dietas experimentais. O comportamento ingestivo, em todas as variáveis estudadas, não teve influência da inclusão da raspa em substituição ao do milho. Em cabras leiteiras com produção de 2,0kg de leite/dia o milho triturado pode ser substituído pela raspa de mandioca em níveis superiores de 30% até a completa substituição, com aumento de consumo de nutrientes, sem alterar a produção e características físicas de leite, apenas altera positivamente os teores de proteína e lactose. Não interfere na digestibilidade, assim como no comportamento ingestivo de cabas em lactação.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do teor de proteína bruta (PB) e da fonte nitrogenada da dieta para vacas lactantes, utilizando cana-de-açúcar como volumoso sobre a síntese de proteína microbiana, composição da fração nitrogenada do leite, balanço nitrogenado e parâmetros metabólicos sangüíneos. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas Holandesas com média de 235 dias em lactação, agrupadas em três quadrados latinos contemporâneos 4x4, com período experimental de 21 dias, sendo 14 para adaptação as dietas e os 7 últimos para coletas. Os animais foram alimentados com rações isoenergéticas (1,29 Mcal/Kg de MS), com duas fontes nitrogenadas principais (farelo de soja e uréia) e dois teores de PB (14,5 e 16,0 %) na ração: A) 14,21% de PB e farelo de soja (FS) como fonte nitrogenada principal, com 65% de PDR, B) 15,57% de PB e FS, com 65% PDR, C) 14,23% de PB e Ureia, com 70% de PDR, D) 15,62% de PB e Uréia, com 70% PDR. Para a determinação da contagem de células somáticas e de nitrogênio ureico no leite (NUL) foram coletadas amostras de leite do 14º ao 18º dia de cada período. Para a determinação dos teores de proteína bruta, nitrogênio não protéico, nitrogênio não caseinoso, proteína verdadeira, caseína e proteína do soro do leite, foram coletadas amostras de leite do 18º ao 21º dia de cada período. Para a determinação da síntese de proteína microbiana foram coletadas amostras de leite e amostras spot de urina no 15º dia de cada período. A coleta de sangue foi realizada no 16º dia de cada período. Houve interação entre fonte nitrogenada e teor de PB da dieta sobre o NUL (mg/dL) e tendência de interação entre fonte nitrogenada e teor de PB da dieta sobre a excreção total de urina (L/dia) (P = 0,052) e proteína verdadeira do leite do leite (%) (P = 0,06). A excreção total de urina (L/dia), o NUL e a uréia no soro foram maiores para as dietas com 16% de PB, independentemente da fonte nitrogenada. As dietas com uréia como fonte nitrogenada principal apresentaram maior concentração de albumina sangüínea (g/L). Houve maior eficiência nitrogenada para as dietas com 14,5% de PB. / The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of crude protein (CP) content and dietary nitrogen source for lactating cows using cane sugar as forage on microbial protein synthesis, composition of milk nitrogen fraction, nitrogen balance and blood parameters. Twelve Holstein cows (235 days in milk) were allocated in three Latin squares balanced 4x4, with a trial period of 21 days where 14 days were for diet adaptation and the last seven for sample collection. The animals receive isocaloric diets (1.29 Mcal / kg DM), with two major nitrogen sources (soybean meal and urea) and two crude protein levels (14.5 and 16.0%): A) 14.21% CP, soybean meal (SBM) as the main nitrogen source, with 65% PDR, B) 15.57% CP as SBM and 65% PDR, C) 14.23% CP and urea as the main nitrogen source, with 70% PDR, D) 15.62% CP as urea and 70% PDR. To determine the somatic cell count and milk urea nitrogen, milk samples were collected from day 14th to 18th of each period. To determine crude protein, non-protein nitrogen, non-casein nitrogen, true protein, casein and whey protein, milk samples were collected from day18th to 21st of each period. To determine microbial protein synthesis milk and spot urine samples were collected at day 15th of each period. Blood collection was performed on the 16th day of each period. There was interaction between nitrogen source and diet protein content on milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and interaction tendency on urine excretion (L/day) (P = 0.052) and milk true protein (%) (P =0.06). Total urine excretion (liters/day), MUN and urea in blood serum were higher for diets with 16% CP, regardless of nitrogen source. Diets with urea as main nitrogen source had higher concentration of blood albumin (g/L). There was higher nitrogen efficiency for diets with 14.5% CP.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes concentrações de monensina sódica na ração de vacas em lactação e seus efeitos sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite, fermentação ruminal, síntese de proteína microbiana, parâmetros sanguíneos e resíduos de monensina no leite. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça Holandesa, distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 4x4 balanceados, alimentadas com as seguintes rações: 1) Controle (C), composto por ração basal sem adição de monensina, 2) Monensina 12 (M12), adição de 12 mg/kg MS de monensina na ração, adicionada ao concentrado, 3) Monensina 24 (M24), adição de 24 mg/kg MS de monensina na ração, adicionada ao concentrado e 4) Monensina 48 (M48), adição de 48 mg/kg MS de monensina, adicionada ao concentrado. A produção de leite e o consumo de matéria seca foram mensurados diariamente durante todo o período experimental. As amostras utilizadas para análise da composição do leite foram coletadas no 16o dia de cada período experimental, sendo provenientes das duas ordenhas diárias. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos vacuolizados por punção da veia e/ou artéria coccígea. As amostras de líquido ruminal foram coletadas com a utilização de sonda esofágica três horas após a alimentação matinal. A digestibilidade foi determinada por meio de indicador interno FDAi. Houve efeito linear decrescente do consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, carboidratos totais, fibra detergente neutro, carboidratos não fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Não houve diferença na digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca e dos nutrientes em função das rações experimentais, excetuando-se a digestibilidade aparente total da proteína bruta e fibra detergente neutro, que foram observados efeitos linear crescente e decrescente, respectivamente. Não houve efeito das rações experimentais sobre os valores de pH ruminal. A suplementação com monensina sódica nas dietas resultou em alteração da proporção molar de propionato no líquido ruminal, além de diminuir a relação acetato:propionato. As rações contendo monensina sódica apresentaram maior proporção molar de propionato e menor de acetato em relação à ração controle, e, de forma semelhante, apresentaram menor relação acetato:propionato. Não houve efeito das dietas experimentais nas excreções diárias totais de urina, de alantoína e de acido úrico na urina, e de derivados de purinas totais. Não houve diferença na porcentagem de alantoína nos derivados de purina, das purinas absorvidas e do nitrogênio microbiano para as rações experimentais. Foi observado aumento de produção de leite para as vacas alimentadas com as concentrações intermediárias de monensina sódica nas rações. Não houve efeito da adição de monensina sódica nas rações sobre os parâmetros sangüíneos glicose, colesterol total, proteína total, albumina, aspartato aminotransferase e γ-glutamiltransferase. Foi observado efeito linear crescente com a adição de monensina sódica nas rações sobre a uréia e nitrogênio uréico do soro. Os resíduos de monensina sódica detectados no leite estão dentro do limite máximo estabelecido pela FAO/WHO. A utilização de monensina sódica nas rações de vacas leiteiras no terço médio de lactação influencia o desempenho produtivo dependendo da dose utilizada, e não resulta em resíduos no leite independentemente da dose utilizada. / This aim this study was evaluate the use of different concentrations of sodic monensin the feed of dairy cows and its effects on consumption and total apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, milk yield and milk composition, ruminal fermentation, synthesis microbial protein, blood parameters and sodic monensis residues in milk. Twelve Holstein cows were allocated in three balanced Latin squares 4x4, and fed with the following rations: 1) control (C), basal diet without sodic monensin addition, 2) monensin 24 (M24), addition of 24 mg/kg DM of monensin in the ration, added to concentrate, and 3) monensin 48 (M48), addition of 48 mg/kg DM of monensin in the ration, added to concentrate. Milk yield and dry matter intake were measured daily throughout the experimental period. The samples used for analysis of milk composition were collected on the 16th day of each period, and from the two milkings. Blood samples were collected in vacuolated tubes by puncture or coccygeal vein or artery. Samples of rumen fluid were collected with use of esophageal probe three hours after the morning feeding. The digestibility was determined by means of an internal indicator iADF. There was linear effect dry matter intake, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, total carbohydrates, neutral detergent fiber, non-fiber carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients. There was no difference on apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, total carbohydrates, non-fiber carbohydrates and total digestible nutrient values observed for the experimental diets. There was no difference in total apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients depending on the experimental diets, except for the total apparent digestibility of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, wich effects were observed linear ascending and descending, respectively. There was no effect for ruminal pH values. Supplementation with sodic monensin in the diets resulted inchanging the molar proportion of propionate in ruminal fluid while decreasing the acetate:propionate. The rations containing monensin had higher molar ratio of acetate propionate and smaller relation to the control diet and similary had a lower acetate:propionate ratio. There was no effect in total daily urine excretion of allantoin and uric acidin urine and total purine derivates. There was no difference in the percentage of allantoin in the purine derivates, absorbed purines and microbial nitrogen to the experimental diets. We observed increase in milk yield for cows fed the intermediate concentration of monensin in the feed. There was no effect of monensin in feed on the blood parameters glucose, total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyltransferase. Increased linearly, with the addition of monensin in the feed on the urea and serum urea nitrogen. The detected residues of sodic monensin in milk was smaller that the maximum limit established for FAO/WHO. The use of monensin in diets cows in the middle third of lactation influences growth performance depending on the dose used, and does not result in residues in milk regardless of dose.

A manipulação da dieta constitui uma prática efetiva e rápida de alteração da composição do leite, especialmente do seu teor de gordura. Entretanto, os mecanismos envolvidos não são ainda completamente conhecidos, embora muito se tenha avançado na última década. Sabe-se hoje que certo tipo de ácido graxo (CLA trans-10 cis-12) formado no rúmen sob condições específicas de alimentação é capaz de inibir a síntese de gordura do leite. Entretanto, depressão da gordura do leite (DGL) tem sido observada em casos (e.g. dietas contendo óleo de peixe) onde não há formação deste inibidor. Embora o efeito do CLA sobre a secreção de gordura do leite já esteja bem caracterizado, estudo prévio conduzido pelo nosso grupo mostrou ainda um aumento do teor de proteína do leite em resposta a este tratamento. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com os seguintes objetivos principais, respectivamente: 1) determinar se um maior suprimento de proteína através da dieta afeta a secreção de proteína do leite de vacas recebendo CLA e 2) Estudar os mecanismos envolvidos na DGL de vacas recebendo dietas contendo óleo de peixe (OP) e níveis distintos de fibra. No primeiro experimento, 48 vacas em lactação receberam os seguintes tratamentos: 1) Dieta controle (DC) + Lac100, 2) DC + CLA, 3) Dieta com alta proteína (DAP) + Lac100 e 4) DAP + CLA. O Lac100 (sais de cálcio de óleo de soja) foi utilizado como placebo. O CLA foi protegido por encapsulação e o produto utilizado continha ~16% de CLA. No segundo experimento, 12 vacas em lactação foram avaliadas em 3 períodos: a) Basal: os animais receberam uma dieta com alto teor de fibra sem OP (dieta basal) por 12 dias; b) Suplementação: 4 vacas/grupo receberam os seguintes tratamentos: 1) Dieta com alta fibra + OP (AF+OP), 2) Dieta com baixa fibra sem OP (BF) e 3) Dieta com baixa fibra + OP (BF+OP); c) Pós-suplementação: todos os animais passaram a receber novamente a dieta basal por 12 dias. Os resultados obtidos no primeiro experimento mostraram que o CLA não foi eficientemente protegido, de forma que a redução da secreção de gordura do leite foi de pequena magnitude em relação a outros trabalhos. Da mesma forma, a proteção dos sais de cálcio de óleo de soja foi pequena, resultando em maior concentração de CLA cis-9 trans-11 (P<0,05) e menor concentração de ácido linoléico (P<0,05) no leite dos animais. Apesar da concentração do CLA trans-10 cis-12 no leite ter aumentado igualmente em resposta ao CLA e ao Lac100, o teor de gordura do leite foi menor (P<0,05) no primeiro tratamento, sugerindo a presença de outros inibidores (ou precursores) no produto utilizado. A concentração de CLA trans-10 cis-12 no leite explicou ~50% da variação da DGL, sugerindo que outros fatores afetaram a síntese de gordura do leite. Os resultados do segundo experimento demostraram, de forma inédita, que o CLA trans-9 cis-11 e o C18:1 cis-11 estão estreitamente relacionados à DGL dos animais que receberam OP. A DGL foi causada por uma ampla redução (P<0,01) da secreção tanto dos ácidos graxos sintetizados de novo quanto dos pré-formados, sugerindo que o mecanismo da DGL pode envolver a inibição de diferentes enzimas lipogênicas. O menor (P<0,01) índice de atividade da enzima &#8710;-9 dessaturase em animais que receberam OP é consistente com a idéia acima. Diferentemente do observado em resposta ao OP, a secreção de gordura do leite não foi afetada pelo tratamento BF (P>0,1). Os teores de proteína e lactose aumentaram na dieta BF e nas dietas contendo OP, respectivamente. / Diet manipulation is an effective and rapid way to change milk composition, mainly for fat content. However, mechanisms are not fully undestood in despite of progress in the area over the last decade. Nowadays, it is known that a molecule of fatty acid (CLA trans-10 cis-12) which is formed in the rumen under specific feeding situations is capable of inhibiting milk fat synthesis. However, milk fat depression (MFD) has been observed even at conditions where there is no formation of trans-10 cis12 CLA (e.g. fish oil-supplemented diets). Although CLA effects on milk fat synthesis are well-established, previous study from our group also showed an increase on milk protein content in cows fed CLA. Two trials were conducted with two main objectives: 1) to determine if an additional supply of diet protein affects milk fat synthesis in cows fed CLA and 2) to study the mechanisms involved in MFD of cows fed diets with fish oil (FO) and different fiber levels. In the first trial, 48 lactating cows received the treatments as follow: 1) Control Diet (CD) + Lac100, 2) CD + CLA, 3) High Protein Diet (HPD) + Lac100 and 4) HPD + CLA. The Lac100 (calcium salts of soybean oil) was used as a placebo. CLA was protected by encapsulation (prills) and the product contained 16% CLA. In the second trial, 12 lactating dairy cows were evaluated in three periods: a) Basal: for 12 days, all cows received a baseline diet (High fiber without FO); b) Suplementation: 4 cows/group received the treatments for 21 days: 1) High fiber diet + FO (HF+FO); 2) Low fiber diet without FO (LF) and 3) Low fiber diet + FO (LF+FO); c) Post-supplementation: cows returned to baseline diet on 12 days. Results from the first trial showed that CLA protection method was innefficient. Thus, milk fat reduction was smaller than in other studies. Protection of calcium salts of soybean oil was also small which resulted in higher cis-9 trans-11 CLA and lower linoleic acid concentrations (P<0.05) in milk from cows fed Lac100. In despite of similar milk trans-10 cis-12 CLA increase in response to CLA and Lac100, milk fat content was lower (P<0.05) in cows fed CLA. It suggests the presence of other fat inhibitors (or precursors) in the product containing CLA isomers. Moreover, concentration of milk trans-10 cis-12 CLA explained ~50% of MFD suggesting others factors influencing milk fat synthesis. Results of the second trial were inedit in showing the close association of milk trans-9 cis-11 CLA and C18:1cis-11 concentrations and FO-induced MFD. MFD resulted from a lower (P<0,01) secretion of both de novo and preformed milk fatty acids. It suggests that mechanisms of FO-induced MFD must involve the inhibition of different lipogenic enzymes. The lower (P<0.01) dessaturase activity index in cows fed FO is consistent with this hypothesis. In contrast to FO, milk fat secretion was unchanged (P>0.1) by LF diet which is consistent with low CLA trans-10 cis-12 and C18:1trans-10 concentrations in milk from cows fed this diet. Contents of milk protein and milk lactose increased (P<0.05) in cows fed LF and FO diets, respectivelly.

Les aptitudes du lait à la transformation en fromage sont étroitement liées à sa composition, notamment en protéines. Ces caractères, difficiles à mesurer directement, ont été prédits à partir des spectres moyen infrarouge (MIR) du lait pour la composition en protéines dans les 3 races bovines Montbéliarde, Normande et Holstein (projet PhénoFinlait) et pour 9 aptitudes fromagères et la composition fine du lait en race Montbéliarde (projet From’MIR). La méthode Partial Least Squares (PLS) a fourni des prédictions MIR plus précises que les méthodes bayésiennes testées.Une analyse génétique a été réalisée pour ces caractères prédits à partir de plus de six millions de spectres MIR de plus de 400 000 vaches.Les caractères fromagers et de composition du lait sont modérément à fortement héritables. Les corrélations génétiques entre caractères fromagers (rendements et coagulation) et avec la composition du lait (protéines, acides gras et minéraux) sont élevées et favorables.Les génotypes de 28 000 vaches ont été imputés jusqu’à la séquence complète grâce aux données du projet 1000 génomes bovins.Des analyses d’association (GWAS) révèlent de nombreux gènes et variants avec des effets forts sur la fromageabilité et la composition du lait. Un réseau de 736 gènes, par ailleurs associé à ces caractères, permet d’identifier des voies métaboliques et des gènes régulateurs fonctionnellement liés à ces caractères.Un prototype d’évaluation génomique a été mis en place en race Montbéliarde. Un modèle de type contrôles élémentaires, incluant les variants détectés par les GWAS et présumés causaux, donne les estimations des valeurs génomiques les plus précises. La simulation d’une sélection incluant les caractères fromagers montre qu’il est possible d’améliorer la fromageabilité du lait avec un impact limité sur le gain génétique des autres caractères sélectionnés.Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont abouti 1) à la détection de gènes (dont certains jamais décrits auparavant) et de variants candidats pour la composition et la fromageabilité du lait et 2) à la mise en place d’une évaluation génomique de la fromageabilité du lait en race Montbéliarde dans la zone AOP Comté. / The ability of milk to be processed into cheese is closely linked to its composition, in particular in proteins. These traits, which are difficult to measure directly, were predicted from milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectra for protein composition in 3 cattle breeds Montbéliarde, Normande and Holstein (PhénoFinlait project) and for 9 milk cheese-making properties (CMP) and composition traits in Montbéliarde cows (From’MIR project). The Partial Least Squares method provided more accurate predictions than the Bayesian methods tested.A genetic analysis was performed on these traits, predicted from more than six million MIR spectra of more than 400,000 cows.Milk CMP and composition traits are moderately to highly heritable. Genetic correlations between CMP (cheese yields and coagulation) and with milk composition (proteins, fatty acids and minerals) are high and favorable.The genotypes of 28,000 cows were imputed to whole genome sequences using the 1000 bovine genome reference population.Genome wide association studies (GWAS) reveal many genes and variants in these genes with strong effects on CMP and milk composition. A network of 736 genes, associated with these traits, enable the identification of metabolic pathways and regulatory genes functionally linked to these traits.A pilot genomic evaluation was set up in Montbéliarde cows. A test-day model, including variants detected by GWAS, provides the most accurate genomic value estimates. Simulation of a selection shows that it is possible to improve the cheesability of milk with a limited impact on the genetic gain of the traits that currently make up the breeding objective.The work presented in this thesis led to 1) the detection of genes (some of which have never been described before) and candidate variants for milk CMP and composition traits and 2) the implementation of a genomic evaluation of CMP predicted from MIR spectra in Montbéliarde cows of the Comté PDO area.

The diploma thesis is dealing with design of analytical method for determination of caseins in cow‘s milk. Capillary electrophoresis was used as separative method. The developed procedure was verified on real samples. Theoretical part gives basic information about caseins. Their chemical and physical properties, structure, way of manufacturing, usage in food industry and non-food applications are described. There are further some nutritional factors mentioned, whose application in cattle nutrition can affect milk composition, especially milk protein concentration. Literary part contains summary of capillary electrophoresis methods used for casein determination. Experimental part describes used separative system, procedure of casein isolation from milk and casein content in individual milk samples. Separation of milk caseins was performed in an untreated fused-silica capillary with dimensions of 50 um i.d. x 96 cm total length (71 cm effective length). Phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 2,5) served as the background electrolyte. Casein from milk was obtained by isoelectric precipitation at pH 4,6 after adding 10% acetic acid. Product was washed with acetone to remove fat and dried. Total casein yield was the highest in bio-milk (27,04 g/l), the lowest in skim long-life milk (22,04 g/l). The diploma thesis has arisen on the basis of cooperation of Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology and Research Institute for Cattle Breeding, Ltd., Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology in Pohořelice.

The diploma thesis, Determination of the caseins by the capillary electrophoresis, is dealing with a creating of the analytical method for a determination of the caseins in cow‘s milk. The capillary electrophoresis was used as a separative method. The developed procedure was optimalized and verified on standards of the caseins and the real samples. The theoretical part gives an information about the compound of cow's milk, caseins, their usage in the food industry and the non-food technologies. There are mentioned some further nutritional factors, whose application in the cattle nutrition can affect the milk composition. The experimental part describes the procedure of the caseins isolation from milk, the used separative system and the determination of the caseins in the lyophilisated samples of milk. The separation was performed in two untreated fused-silica capillaries. Both of them had the same internal diameter: 50 m. The total length of the first capillary was 96 cm (71 cm of effective length) and of the second used capillary 125 cm (effective length 100 cm) The phosphate buffer (10 mM, pH 2,5) served as a basic electrolyte. The diploma thesis has arisen on the basis of the cooperation of the Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, the Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology and the Research Institute for Cattle Breeding, Ltd., Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology in Pohořelice.

Thesis ( (M.Sc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / A lack of energy and water in livestock production limit the performance of the animal. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of spineless cactus as a source of energy and water on feed intake, feed digestibility and milk production of Holstein cows. Cactus serves as fresh forage or stored as silage for later feeding in livestock. However, there is limited information about cactus nutrients, their proportions in different species and the variability of these proportions with season. A total of four multiparous lactating Holstein cows with an average of 650 ± 80kg live weight were used and assigned to four dietary treatments with four replicates. Each animal was used four times. A cross-over design was used. The four dietary treatments were 0%, 4%, 8% and 12% of spineless cactus meal inclusion levels. The study period was 21 days of adaptation period and 6 days of collection period. Higher digestibility and energy supply (P<0.05) were observed with spineless forage diets compared to the control diet. Inclusion of spineless in the diets improved (P<0.05) diet intake and milk production in Holstein cows. However, an improved performance in milk production was observed with spineless cactus meal inclusion levels of 4%, 8% and 12%. Amongst the diets, 0% inclusion level had lower dry matter intake of 22.7kg (P<0.05) compared to those which had spineless cactus meal. High dry matter intake resulted in higher (P<0.05) milk production of 22.7, 24.7, 23.4 and 23.8 litres for 0, 4, 8 and 12% spineless cactus meal inclusion levels, respectively. However, cows on 4% inclusion level had higher milk yield than the other diets. Milk quality (butter fat, protein, lactose, somatic cell count and milk nitrogen urea) of Holstein cows was not (P>0.05) affected by the level of spineless cactus meal inclusion in the diet. Dry matter intake, neutral detergent fibre intake, acid detergent fibre intake and metabolisble energy intake of the cows were optimized at different spineless cactus meal inclusion levels of 19.427% (r2 = 0.992), 16.375% (r2 = 0.974), 14.0% (r2 = 0.984) and 22.909% (r2 = 0.994), respectively. Spineless cactus meal inclusion had no effect (P>0.05) on ADF intake and crude protein intake. Apparent digestibility values (0.73, 0.76 and 0.76) were not significantly different at 4%, 8% and 12% of spineless cactus meal inclusion levels, respectively. v It is concluded that spineless cactus meal inclusion level in the diet affected (P<0.05) diet intake and milk production of the Holstein cows. However, these variables were optimized at different spineless cactus meal inclusion levels. It could be recommended that spineless cactus can fit perfectly in livestock rations with attention given to their low crude protein content. These opuntia species can be fed to livestock mainly cattle and sheep during any season but are needed the most during drought as supplements when forages are scarce or expensive to feed. It is, therefore, concluded that 8% of spineless cactus inclusion level can be used to maintain productivity of the animals. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

L'élevage de la chèvre « Baladi » au Liban souffre d'un problème de disponibilité alimentaire responsable des faibles performances établies de la race, du fait de sa dépendance majoritaire des zones de pâturage naturel et de la rareté des terrains fourragers ou de l'adoption du système intensif. Dans ce contexte agroclimatique particulier, cette étude se propose d'identifier la conduite optimale, à mi-chemin entre système extensif compromettant la production et la durabilité de l'élevage et système hors-sol qui ne saurait valoriser les aptitudes de la race et les parcours de la région. En effet, les conditions climatiques difficiles de la région d'étude impliquent l'insertion d'une dimension temporelle dans la conceptualisation de la conduite optimale, prenant en considération les fluctuations saisonnières non négligeables des ressources alimentaires naturelles. Comparée à la conduite extensive traditionnelle et à la complémentation largement moins adoptée, une conduite où les chèvres laitières seraient mises au pâturage durant les mois de printemps caractérisé par la prolifération des espèces végétales en vert et enfermées durant la sécheresse estivale paraît a priori adaptée aux conditions du milieu et aux objectifs zootechniques et socioéconomiques. Le cas échéant, le système intensif étant rarement prisé par les éleveurs de la région, l'efficacité des parcours à résidus agricoles ou fourragers aura également été évaluée afin de trouver un optimum zootechnique et économique. Par la suite, il a fallu mettre en place un outil d'évaluation des caractéristiques nutritives des parcours de la région d'étude, des quantités ingérées par les animaux lors du pâturage ou à l'auge et finalement de leur impact direct sur la production laitière et la satisfaction des besoins. L'évaluation des différentes conduites se reflétant dans un nombre de réponses en cours de lactation, un suivi d'analyse continu a été instauré permettant d'apprécier l'état corporel des animaux (poids, note d'état corporel, métabolites énergétiques), la production laitière (rendement, durée de lactation et composition du lait) et les performances reproductives (prolificité et croissance des chevreaux). Les capacités d'adaptation des animaux aux restrictions alimentaires dans les différentes conduites ont ainsi été testées. Ces expérimentations réalisées sur deux ans de suite ont montré que ces chèvres manifestent de réelles capacités adaptatives aux aléas alimentaires. En particulier, à chaque fois que l'alimentation le permet, l'énergie disponible est orientée préférentiellement vers la production laitière avec des rebonds relativement importants. Ces rebonds se produisent quel que soit le niveau de production laitière et pendant pratiquement toute la lactation. Parallèlement, on observe une reconstitution lente et régulière des réserves adipeuses qui s'accélère en fin de lactation à un moment où les femelles sont généralement mises à la reproduction, alors que les productions laitières baissent inexorablement. Cette thèse a donc abouti à l'acquisition de connaissances originales sur un modèle animal peu étudié caractérisé par des capacités adaptatives remarquables qui ne se manifestent pas de façon aussi marquée chez les chèvres sélectionnées des zones tempérées / Adaptives capacities of Baladi goats fed on semi-arid rangelands of Bekaa valley (Lebanon)ABSTRACTThe Lebanese Baladi goat dairy production sector suffers from a problem of food availability which is responsible of the animal's poor performances, due to its dependence towards natural rangelands and the scarcity of crop residues and forage pastures as well as of the adoption of intensive systems.In this particular agroclimatic context, this study aims to identify the optimal conduct for this goat, half-way between an extensive system where production and durability are compromised and an intense one where the aptitudes of the breed and the variety of the region's pastures are not valorized. In fact, the region's difficult climatic conditions require the insertion of a temporal dimension in the conceptualization of the optimal conduct, considering the important seasonal fluctuations of the natural feed resources. Compared to the traditional extensive conduct and to the much less adopted supplementation, a conduct where the goats were pasture driven during the spring characterized by the proliferation of green plants and kept indoors during the summer season seems a priori adapted to the local conditions and to the technical and economic objectives. However, the intensive system being rarely considered by the local farmers, the efficiency of agricultural pastures such as crop residues and forages would also have been tested in order to find an optimum between production and feasibility. Thus, an evaluation tool of the pastures' nutrition values, the quantities ingested by the animals during grazing and indoors and finally of their impact on the milk production and satisfaction of feed requirements was implemented. The evaluation of the different tested conducts were reflected on a number of physiological responses during lactation such as the animals' body reserves (body weight, body condition score, NEFA), milk production (quantities, duration and milk composition: milk fat and milk protein contents) and reproductive performances (kids' number, birth weights and growth). The animals' adaptive capacities to different food restrictions situations are hence here tested.These trials realized on two subsequent years showed that this breed demonstrates clear adaptive capacities facing feed fluctuations. A particular adaptation is the orientation of the available extra energy towards milk production with relatively important rebounds whenever allowed by refeeding. These rebounds occurred whatever the initial milk production level and during practically the whole lactation period. In parallel, we observed a slow and regular reconstitution of the body reserves which accelerates at the end of lactation, when the females are getting ready for reproduction, while the milk production suddenly breaks down. In consequent, this study has collaborated in acquiring new original information about an original animal breed characterized by special adaptive capacities which don't generally show in selected high production breeds.Kewords : Baladi goat, feeding conduct, pasture, indoors, adaptive capacities, feeding behaviour, body reserves, milk production, reproductive performances

Foi conduzido um estudo com vacas leiteiras no Centro de Análise e Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio - Bovinos de Leite, do Instituto de Zootecnia, em Nova Odessa, SP, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição parcial do farelo de soja da dieta por uma fonte de proteína microbiana derivada de levedura (PML), e a sua combinação com uma ureia de liberação lenta (ULL), sobre o consumo de MS, produção e composição do leite, bem como alguns parâmetros sanguíneos e o balanço nitrogenado. Foram utilizadas oito vacas primíparas da raça Holandês, distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois quadrados latinos 4x4 em tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 2x2, sendo que cada período experimental foi composto por 28 dias com 21 dias de adaptação e 7 dias de coleta. Foram comparadas quatro dietas, compostas por 49% de volumoso (47% de silagem de milho e 2% de feno de Tifton) e 51% de concentrado, com teor médio de 16,8% de proteína bruta e 2,5Mcal/kg EM. Na dieta controle (CTL = sem PML e sem ULL) o farelo de soja foi a principal fonte proteica e nas outras três dietas o farelo de soja foi parcialmente substituído por 15 g/kg MS de PML (com PML e sem ULL) ou por 7,5 g/kg MS de ULL (sem PML e com ULL) ou ambos, 15 g/kg MS PML+ 7,5 g/kg MS de ULL (com PML e com ULL). Houve interação entre PML e ULL para o consumo de MS (P=0,0003) e produção de leite (P=0,0013). As vacas que receberam o tratamento ULL tiveram menor consumo de MS, sem afetar a produção de leite comparado às vacas que receberam o tratamento PML+ULL (P&le;0,05). Não houve interação para os componentes do leite obtido, exceto para o extrato seco desengordurado (P=0,0086), as vacas que receberam o tratamento CTL tiveram os maiores teores de ESD no leite comparada as vacas que receberam o tratamento ULL (P=0,0002) e esses teores mais elevados foram iguais aos das vacas que receberam o tratamento PML (P=0,066). Apesar de não ter havido interação, as vacas que receberam os tratamentos sem ULL tiveram maiores teores de proteína, caseína e sólidos totais no leite comparado às vacas que receberam os tratamentos com ULL (P&le;0,05). Não houve interação entre PML e ULL para eficiência na produção de leite (P=0,0694), porém a eficiência na produção de leite corrigida para energia foi maior para as vacas que receberam tratamentos com ULL do que as vacas que receberam os tratamentos sem ULL (P&le;0,05). Não houve interação entre PML e ULL para os parâmetros sanguíneos analisados (P&gt;0,05) exceto para o teor de K (P=0,0098). Os teores de hematócrito e hemoglobina foram maiores nas vacas que receberam tratamento com ULL comparado aos valores encontrados nas vacas que receberam tratamento sem ULL (P&le;0,05), não afetando a homeostasia. O teor de N retido (balanço de N) foi maior para os animais que receberam o tratamento CTL devido a diferença encontradas no teor de N ingerido e excretado nas fezes (P&le;0,05). A eficiência do uso de N aumentou com a substituição do farelo de soja por PML, ULL ou ambos (P&le;0,05). A substituição do farelo de soja pela PML, ULL ou por ambos em dietas de vacas leiteiras, teve efeitos sobre o consumo de MS, a produção e composição do leite, bem como na ingestão de N, secreção de N no leite, excreção fecal de N e no balanço nitrogenado. De maneira geral, é possível fazer a substituição do farelo de soja pela PML, ULL ou ambos, sem afetar negativamente os parâmetros de produtividade. Os resultados obtidos foram similares ao tratamento CTL em relação ao consumo, produção de leite e balanço nitrogenado permitindo espaço para a inclusão de alimentos mais baratos e garantindo melhor fornecimento de energia. / This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement in the diet of dairy cows of soybean meal by a yeast-derived microbial protein source (YMP) or a combination of YMP with a slow release urea (SRU), on dry matter intake, milk production and composition, blood parameters and nitrogen balance. Eight first lactation cows were distributed randomly into two 4x4 Latin squares, in a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with four periods with 28 days each one (21 days of adaptation and 7 days of collection). The base diet had 49% roughage (47% corn silage and 2% Tifton hay) and 51% concentrate, with an average of 16.8% crude protein and 2.5 Mcal/kg dry matter (DM). In the control diet (CTL = without YMP and without SRU) soybean meal was the main protein source and in the three other diets the soybean meal was partially replaced by 15 g/kg DM of YMP or 7.5 g/kg DM SRU, or both, 15 g/kg DM YMP plus 7.5 g/kg DM SRU. There was an interaction between YMP and SRU for DM intake (P=0.0003) and milk production (P=0.0013). The cows that received SRU treatment had lower DM intake not affecting milk production compared to cows that received the YMP+SRU treatment and differences among treatments for DM intake and milk production (P&le;0,05). There was no interaction of the milk components, except for nonfat dry milk (P=0.0086), the cows that received CTL treatment had the highest nonfat dry milk compared to cows received the SRU treatment (P=0.0002) and these higher levels were equal to those of cows received the YMP treatment (P=0.066). Although there was no interaction, the cows that received the treatments without SRU had higher protein, casein and total solids in milk compared to cows received treatments SRU (P&le;0.05). There was no interaction between YMP and SRU for milk production efficiency (P=0.0694), but efficiency in the milk production corrected for energy was greater for cows received SRU treatments than cows received treatments without SRU (P&le;0.05). There was no interaction between YMP and SRU for the analyzed blood parameters (P&gt;0.05) except for the K content (P=0.0098). The levels of hematocrit and hemoglobin were higher in cows that received treatment with SRU compared to cows that received treatment without SRU (P&le;0.05), not affecting homeostasis. The nitrogen retained (N balance) was higher for animals that received CTL treatment due to differences in N content ingested and excreted in the feces (P&le;0.05). The efficiency of use of N increased with the substitution of soybean meal for PML, ULL or both (P&le;0.05). The substitution of soybean meal by YMP, SRU or both in dairy cow diets, had effects on DM intake, milk yield and composition, as well as N intake, milk secretion of N, fecal excretion of N and nitrogen balance. In general, it is possible to replace soybean meal for PML, ULL or both, without impacting negatively the production performance parameters. The results obtained in the CTL treatment in the consumption of dry matter, production of milk and nitrogen balance allowing the inclusion of cheaper feeds allowing for better energy supply.