Submitted by Katiane Souza (katyane.souza@gmail.com) on 2016-03-24T01:02:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 987604 bytes, checksum: c0d0829e4b9fc5cb178c38975b28c084 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-24T01:02:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 987604 bytes, checksum: c0d0829e4b9fc5cb178c38975b28c084 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-25 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The objective was to evaluate the influence of gestational stage, number of fetuses and food restriction on the intake, mineral balance, mineral composition of the maternal body, the pregnant uterus and mammary gland, as well as to estimate the retention and the requirement net and dietary minerals Ca, P, Mg, Na and K Moxotó goats in pregnancy. This study was conducted in the Experimental Station of São Joao do Cariri Eight females goats not pregnant were slaughtered for represent initial body composition. A group of females goats able to breeding was submitted to estrus synchronization, through hormonal protocols and those presenting estrus were mated in the breeding. Thirty days after the first mated, it was made a pregnant diagnostic and the checked the number of fetuses. After confirmed the gestation and determined the number of fetuses, the female goats were grouped according to gestation day (50, 100 and 140 days), type of gestation (single or double) and the level of food restriction (0%, 20% and 40% of restriction). It was used a completely randomized design in factorial arrangement 3 x 2 x 3. The female’s goats remained in individuals barns and were slaughtered in the different days of gestation. For the assessment of the intake and minerals balance, were used only the goats that were slaughtered in the 140 days of gestation. The metabolism digestibility was made in three different periods: from 35 to 50 days, from 85 to 100 and from 125 to 140 days. Were collected laboratory sampling separated of body in the goats, uterus, fetus and mammary gland for the laboratories analyses to determination of the minerals. The prediction model used for the minerals was MC = β0 × EBW β1, as MC = mineral content and EBW is empty body weight. It was observed that gestational age affected the intake and minerals balance of Moxoto goats in confinement and in lowest percentage the number of fetuses and level of restriction. The gestational age influenced the minerals concentration in the body maternal, pregnancy uterus, fetus and mammary gland, whereas that the number of fetuses influenced only the mineral composition of the pregnancy uterus and the fetuses of females goats. The level of food restriction not caused bigger changed in the variables and there are significant diferences in the net requirements of minerals for the moxoto female goats to 50,100 and 140 days of gestation, independent of the number of fetuses. / Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da fase gestacional, do número de fetos e da restrição alimentar, sobre o consumo, balanço de minerais, composição em minerais do corpo materno, do útero gravídico e da glândula mamária, como também estimar a retenção e a exigência líquida e dietética dos minerais Ca, P, Mg, Na e K de cabras da raça Moxotó em gestação. Este trabalho foi conduzido na Estação Experimental de São João do Cariri-PB. Oito cabras não prenhes foram abatidas para representar a composição corporal inicial. Um grupo de cabras aptas à reprodução foi submetido à sincronização de cio, mediante aplicação de hormônios e, aquelas que apresentaram cio foram cobertas, por meio de monta natural controlada. Trinta dias após o primeiro acasalamento, foi realizado diagnóstico de gestação e a contagem do número de fetos, por meio da técnica de ultrassonografia. Após confirmada a gestação e determinado o número de fetos, as cabras foram agrupadas conforme o dia de gestação (50, 100 e 140 dias), o tipo de gestação (simples ou gemelar) e o nível de restrição alimentar (0%, 20% e 40% de restrição). Foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 2 x 3. As cabras permaneceram em baias individuais e foram abatidas nos diferentes dias de gestação. Para a avaliação do consumo e balanço dos minerais, foram utilizadas apenas as cabras que foram abatidas aos 140 dias de gestação. O ensaio de metabolismo foi realizado em três períodos distintos: dos 35 aos 50 dias (terço inicial da gestação), dos 85 aos 100 dias (terço médio da gestação) e dos 125 aos 140 dias (terço final da gestação). Foram colhidas amostras separadas do corpo das cabras, útero, feto e glândula mamária, para realização das análises laboratoriais para determinação dos minerais. O modelo de predição usado para os minerais foi CM = β0 × PCVZ β1, em que CM = conteúdo do mineral. Foi observado que a idade gestacional causa alterações significativas no consumo e balanço de minerais de cabras da raça Moxotó em confinamento, e em menores proporções o número de fetos e nível de restrição também foi capaz de promover alterações significativas. A idade gestacional influenciou significativamente as concentrações de minerais no corpo materno, útero gravídico, fetos e glândula mamária, já o número de fetos influenciou apenas a composição mineral do útero gravídico e dos fetos das cabras. O nível de restrição alimentar não ocasionou grandes alterações nas variáveis estudadas e existem diferenças significativas das exigências líquidas de macrominerais para cabras Moxotó aos 50, 100 e 140 dias de gestação, independentemente do número de fetos.

Une nouvelle méthodologie fondée sur l’interfaçage de la géochimie et de la biologie a été utilisée pour étudier la durabilité d’un système d’agriculture irriguée face aux changements globaux (climat et urbanisation). L’étude de sa durabilité nécessite une vision dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’évolution d’un agrosystème irrigué, ici le système « irrigation – prairie (plante) – sol – nappe ». Pour cela, deux démarches sont utilisées : l’étude de terrain et la modélisation. L’étude de terrain comprend des suivis temporels et spatiaux de la qualité des eaux de surface, de la nappe phréatique et de la qualité du foin des prairies. La modélisation consiste en un modèle biogéochimique prenant en compte l’ensemble des compartiments réactionnels du système. Le fil directeur est constitué par les mécanismes d’acquisition de la composition chimique de l’eau lors de son transfert dans le sol depuis eau d’irrigation jusqu’à l’eau de nappe. Ces mécanismes sont étudiés du double point de vue de leurs bilans géochimiques et des réactions sol / solution. L’acquisition de données porte ainsi sur : (1) la composition chimique des eaux d’irrigation et des eaux souterraines de la nappe ; (2) la minéralogie des sols ; (3) la nature des engrais apporté ; (4) la quantité des éléments chimiques prélevés et exportés par les plantes. Le modèle biogéochimique consiste à interfacer le modèle de culture STICS et le modèle de géochimie PHREEQC. Ce modèle est capable de rendre compte de l’évolution des eaux lors de leur parcours dans le sol et de mettre en évidence les processus majeurs qui déterminent la qualité de l’eau ; en sortie, il permet d’établir des indicateurs géochimiques pertinents pour la gestion du système. Cette méthode est appliquée aux prairies irriguées en la Crau, au Sud de France. Le système d’irrigation gravitaire par les eaux de la Durance depuis le 16e siècle sur la Crau a construit un système agricole durable en amenant des alluvions sur les terres irriguées, sur lequel poussent les prairies (le foin de Crau (AOP)). De plus cette irrigation participe à plus de 70% au renouvellement des eaux de la nappe phréatique. L’analyse des données sur une longue durée (1960-2013), l’acquisition de données récentes et la modélisation montrent l’originalité et la durabilité de cet agrosystème irrigué et sa résilience face à une augmentation de température de 2°C, tant en ce qui concerne les rendements que la qualité du foin. Cependant dans la perspective des changements globaux, les prévisions tablent sur une disponibilité en eau pour l’irrigation en diminution, de plus des changements d’occupation du sol (10% de la surface totale), avec une réduction des prairies irriguées. Ceci risque de remettre en cause la durabilité de l’agrosystème irrigué et partant l’approvisionnement en eau à partir de la nappe de toute l’économie locale (300 000 habitants, les industries lourdes du site de Fos-sur-Mer). / A new methodology based on geochemistry and biology interfacing to study the sustainability of an irrigated agriculture system in the face of global changes (climate and urban sprawl). It requires construction of a spatio-temporal view of the ”irrigation - meadow (plant) - soil - groundwater” system evolution. Thereby two approaches are used : the field study and the modeling. The field study includes temporal and spatial survey of waters quality, plant quality and used fertilizers. The modeling consists of a biogeochemical model taking into account all the factors reaction of the system. The main theme is the mechanisms of acquiring the chemical composition of water during its transfer the soil horizon from irrigation water to groundwater. These mechanisms are studied from the double point of view of their geochemical balances and soil / solution reactions. The data acquisition thus relates to : (1) the chemical composition of irrigation water and groundwater ; (2) the soil mineralogy ; (3) the nature of the provided fertilizer ; (4) quantity of chemical elements uptaken by plants. The biogeochemical model consists in interfacing the crop model (STICS) and the geochemical model (PHREEQC). This model is able to perform the chemical evolution of waters during their pathway in the soil and to highlight the major processes that determine the water quality ; in output, it makes it possible to establish geochemical indicators relevant to the system management. The Crau is chosen as a demo area, South France, its grassland production is based on surface irrigation via channels withdrawn from the Durance River. Irrigation water is rich in minerals and trace elements thanks to alluvium brought, on which produce high quality hay that is regulated under appellation control since 1997. Additionally, this irrigation recharge the aquifer by 70% But it is threatened by global changes, which ultimately risks to compromising the sustainability of the irrigated grassland system. Data analysis over a long term (1960-2013), the acquisition of recent data and modeling show the originality and durability of this irrigated agrosystem and Its resilience to an increase in temperature by about 2°C, both in terms of yields and hay quality. However, according to future scenarios, declining of irrigation water is forecasted, and changes in land use by 10% of the total area, with a reduction in irrigated grassland areas. This may jeopardize the sustainability of the the irrigated agrosystem and thus the water supply for local use (300 000 inhabitants, the heavy industries of the Fos-sur-Mer site).

Les micelles de caséines, composées de caséines, minéraux et eau, sont en équilibres dynamiques, elles échangent en permanence de leur matière avec leur environnement. Les micelles de caséines possèdent d’intéressantes fonctionnalités pour la fabrication de produits laitiers, telles que leur capacité à stabiliser des émulsions et à former des gels sous l’action de la présure. Des changements environnementaux, variations de pH, additions de sels ou d’agents chélatants, affectent les équilibres des micelles et induisent des modifications de leurs compositions et propriétés colloïdales. Ces changements modifient également leurs propriétés fonctionnelles, bien que cet aspect soit peu décri. Le but de ce projet était de comprendre les relations liant l’environnement, l’équilibre minéral, les propriétés colloïdales et fonctionnelles des micelles de caséines. L’impact de cinq facteurs (pH, Na3Cit, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) modifiant les micelles fut étudié en focalisant sur leurs propriétés émulsifL’acidification et l’addition de Na3Cit ont causé les modifications minérales les plus importantes en solubilisant le phosphate de calcium micellaire. Le premier conduisit au « gonflement » des micelles alors que l’agent chélatant causa leur dissociation en petits agrégats. L’ajout de NaCl n’eut aucun impact sur le contenu minéral des micelles mais provoqua aussi la libération d’agrégats, révélée par cryo microscopie électronique et diffusion de rayons-X aux petits angles. Le rôle du phosphate de calcium sur les fonctionnalités fut confirmé et l’étude révéla l’importance de contrôler la libé / Caseins micelles, composed of caseins, minerals and water, are under dynamic equilibria, they constantly exchange materials with their surrounding environments. In addition, casein micelles possess valuable functionalities in regards to the formation of dairy products, such as the ability to stabilize emulsions or to form rennet gels. Environmental changes, such as variations in pH, additions of salts or chelating agents, affect the casein micelles equilibria and lead to modifications in their compositional and colloidal properties. Such changes also modify their functional properties, although this aspect is poorly described in the literature. This project aimed to understand the relationships that link the environmental modifications, the mineral balance, the colloidal and functional properties of the casein micelles. The impact of five modifying factors (pH, Na3Cit, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2) of the casein micelles were studied and the focus was placed on emulsion and rennet coagulation fuThe former only induce the swelling of casein micelles while the latter led to their disruption into smaller aggregates. NaCl had no impact on the micellar mineral content but also caused the release of small aggregates, as revealed by electronic microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering analyses. The decisive role of micellar calcium phosphate on the functionalities was confirmed and this study highlighted the importance of monitoring the release of small aggregates, as they strongly affected emulsions stability and gels firmness. CaCl2 and MgCl2 additions slightly increased the mineral c