The Strangward Copper Property lies in the front range of the Rocky Mountains, northeastern British Columbia, near the headwaters of the South Tetsa River. It is readily accessible from the Alaska Highway (mile 392) at Summit Lake, B.C. by a pack trail approximately 20 miles in length. Sedimentary rocks exposed on the property consist of dense, fine grained lime stones , and siliceous limestones, and calcareous and carbonaceous sandstones, and thick bedded and massive white feldspathic quartzites. They have been gently folded into anticlines and synclines with northwesterly trending axes. (Rocks of claim group "C" in the foothills are closely folded black shales). There are many vertical faults, some occupied by diabase dykes from 30 to 125 feet in width. The general trend of the faulting is northwesterly. The main ore controls are as follows; (1) Most well defined faults are occupied in places by quartz-carbonate veins which are erratically and sparsely mineralized. In general, faults provided access for mineralizing solutions; hence are considered a primary control in the formation of mineral deposits. (2) Carbonaceous sandstone, as indicated by the locations of four showings, seemed to be most favorable for the deposition of copper minerals within the veins although replacement of the rock was not observed. (3) Fractures, up to 1 inch in width and a few inches in length, filled by copper minerals were observed in brittle white feldspathic quartzite. It is believed that thick beds of quartzite, cut by one or more sets of faults, constitute a structurally favorable host rock. (4) Pyrite replacement deposits, the largest 10 feet in width and 50 feet or more in length, were seen in many places within altered diabase dykes. Although only traces of copper minerals have been found, the existence within these dykes of large, low grade copper replacement deposits is a possibility. (5) Sparse copper mineralization was observed in several places within the altered limestone adjacent to two large dykes. There is a possibility of replacement deposits within this zone of alteration (perhaps 15 or 20 feet in width). (6) Mineralization has not been found in the unaltered upper limestone. This formation however, cannot be regarded as an unfavorable host rock for replacement or vein deposits by the limited amount of work done during the 1950 field season. Study of a dozen polished sections shows two primary copper sulphides, chalcopyrite and bornite, to be present, with chalcopyrite the more abundant of the two. Chalcocite is abundant in some sections but is apparently supergene. However, some primary chalcocite occurs as ex-solution intergrowths with bornite. Secondary covellite is also abundant. Hydrous iron oxides and malachite form the bulk of some sections. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The provincial parks of British Columbia have endured varying degress of resource exploitation since the creation of the first provincial park in B.C., Strathcona Park in 1911. B.C. Parks, the government agency which manages B.C.'s parks, administers the Park Act (R.S.B.C. 1979 C.309) and derives its dual goals for recreation and conservation from the Act. In addition to the Park Act, there are several levels of policy for B.C. Parks which guide decisions regarding resource use in parks, including "Striking the Balance - B.C. Parks Policy Statement," occasional policy statements in News Releases, and some conditions in resource use permits. This thesis examines the levels of policy which guide decisions regarding mining in parks in British Columbia and the consistency of the commitment to the goals of B.C. Parks through the policy levels. The approach to policy analysis taken is that a policy is both an output of the level above, and an input to the level below. Three criteria are derived from the definitions of policy in the literature. They are that policy should be clear and a guide to decision-making, that it should be forward-looking, and that it should be enforceable. The fourth criterion says that the goals of B.C. Parks stated in the Park Act should be traceable through the policy levels. Since 1973, there have been five policies regarding mining in B.C.'s parks which stand out as significantly altering the commitment of B.C. Parks to its goals. In two of these policies the recreation and conservation goals of B.C. Parks are apparent, while the goals are not apparent in three of the policies. Foreseeable decisions for mining in parks are examined, and the ability of the present policies to guide the decisions is tested. B.C. Parks retains little decision-making authority with respect to mining in parks. On a mineral claim in a recreation area, the Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources has jurisdiction. Off a mineral claim in a recreation area, B.C. Parks has limited authority over mining activities. The fundamental decisions which rests with B.C. Parks is whether or not the recreational values of the area are sufficiently impaired by mining to delete it from the park system. Surprises can occur when the results are different from what was expected, either because the cause is different, the behaviours are not what was anticipated, or an action produces the opposite result from what was intended (Holling 1986: p.294). Several surprises with regard to mining in Parks are imagined and the challenge to the goals of B.C. Parks through the policy levels is examined. A strong commitment to the goals at the upper levels of parks policy, and reflected through the levels is proposed to ensure that B.C.'s parks survive challenges from mining and from other sources. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Increasing energy costs and the need to conserve energy compounded with low mineral prices have prompted some Canadian mines especially potash producers, to examine their operations and identify potential saving methods. Re-using or recirculating a fraction of ventilating air may enable these mines to reduce winter heating costs. Gas and dust concentrations were monitored in the intake and exhaust airways to assess the potential for recirculating exhaust air. The results indicate that the mine pollutant concentrations in potash mines are low and stable. Trial recirculation experiments returning 20 - 47% exhaust air into the fresh air airway did not cause significant increases in mixed intake pollutant levels. Two types of recirculation systems - namely variable and fixed quantity - are developed. Detailed designs of recirculation systems for Central Canada Potash of Noranda Minerals Inc. and Rocanville Division, Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan are discussed and recommendations made for the selection and positioning of on-line monitoring, control and telemetry systems. A controlled recirculation system conceptual design for the H-W mine is given. The economic payback periods for systems proposed for Rocanville Division and CCP are 2 and 3 years respectively. Recirculation percentages of 30%, 64.4% and 23% are feasible for CCP, Rocanville Division and the H-W mine. The recirculation percentages for the proposed systems were determined using Air Quality Index criteria. Dust deposition studies conducted at CCP in return airways indicate that 65% of dust by weight is deposited within a distance of 550 metres from the face. In terms of dust and other contaminant conditions in the return airways, it can be concluded that there is potential for use of recirculation in the face area. Guidelines for recirculation systems in gassy and dusty mines are developed. The main features for these recirculation system design guidelines are safety, economic gain, and system performance. The author's attribution to ventilation is in the use of controlled recirculation to reduce winter heating costs and increase underground airflow, also the guidelines developed for recirculation in gassy and dusty mines. The overall conclusion is that controlled recirculation is a practical method of reducing winter heating cost and/or increasing mine airflows. The financial potential and technology to implement a working system exist. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Mining Engineering, Keevil Institute of / Graduate

The Driftwood Property is located in the southwest corner of the McConnell Creek map-area, about 87 miles north of Smithers, B. C. The property lies in a northwesterly trending belt of volcanic-sedimentary rocks that were mapped as Takla Group - Upper Division (Lord, 1948). The rocks are more correctly correlated with the Hazelton Group. They are bounded on the west and east by younger sedimentary formations. To the west is the Bowser Group and to the east, the Sustut Group. A Kastberg porphyry of Tertiary age has intruded the Takla Group rocks. Intrusion was into the epizonal environment and produced an irregular dyke-like body having a roof zone with anastamosing dykes and small roof pendants. The composition of the stock varies from granodiorite to quartz monzonite and alaskite. Differences in the stock are observed in textural, mineralogical, and chemical variations. Automorphism of the stock has resulted in propylitic alteration and contact metamorphism has resulted in an enveloping zone of hornfels. Temperatures at the intrusive contact as derived from heat flow calculations were probably a maximum of about 495 to 550°C and varied with respect to the type of rocks intruded.. A biotite hornfels of the albite-epidote hornfels facies has formed an aureole over 100 feet wide. A hornfels of the hornblende hornfels facies has been developed in narrow zones adjacent to parts of the intrusive contact. The porphyry is a metal-enriched intrusion in which some metallic grains formed in an accessory manner but most of the mineralization is epigenetic. The deposit has characteristics of both porphyry copper and quartz stockwork deposits with disseminated, fracture filling, vein, and replacement mineralization in the intrusive rock, hornfels, and skarn. The primary metallic minerals identified were: molybdenite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite, marcasite, aikinite, bournonite, and magnetite. Secondary or alteration minerals are rare and only minor goethite, maghemite, malachite, and ferrimolybdite were found. A five stage paragenesis is shown with at least three successive stages of veining. Sulphide deposition is believed to have started at temperatures in the order of 700°C and continued along with re-equilibriation of sulphides down to temperatures below 400°C and possibly 300°C for the sulphosalts. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

This thesis seeks to explore trends and developments in the direction of new capital investment decisions by the Japanese copper industry, in order to determine what factors may influence the nature and extent of participations by Japanese interests in overseas copper mining, exploration, and development ventures. Japan is becoming an increasingly important factor in the world copper market, and it is argued that the policies which the Japanese adopt in securing their raw material resources will have an important bearing on the world copper industry. It is assumed that Japanese interest in securing raw material resources for her copper industry can be expressed as a dynamic model which is dependent upon Japanese expectations of future market supply and demand conditions for copper both at home and abroad. For purposes of analysis a theoretical model is constructed to explain the nature and extent of Japanese overseas participations in copper. The model is based on an analysis of the financial risks involved in copper mining, exploration and development, and on an analysis of trends taking place in the world copper industry today. Selected case examples are used to illustrate the hypotheses of the model. The price at which Japan buys and sells her copper is fixed in the world market by supply and demand conditions largely beyond her control. It is argued that a reorganization of existing marketing structures is probable and that this is likely to lead to more stable prices within the industry. It also appears probable that the U.S. producer price and the LME price will converge as the LME increasingly comes to reflect all rather than marginal market forces. In future, prices within the industry will come to increasingly reflect the long run average cost of production for mine output, plus a reasonable margin for profit. In order to maintain control over the form and delivery of her copper needs, and to increase the profitability of her metal mining firms it is argued that Japan must find and develop mines at a production cost below the long run world market price of copper. To accomplish this goal, Japan must spread her exploration efforts abroad and invest wherever she finds worthwhile development prospects in a conducive economic and political environment. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The geochemistry of surface media above two known U deposits were examined to observe any possible dispersion products could be detected from them, and based on these findings, improved geochemical exploration techniques are proposed to reduce cost of finding undiscovered U resources. This study examined the materials overlying the Phoenix deposits, which have indicated resources of approximately 58.2 million lbs U3O8 grading 15 wt% that lie at 400 m depth below surface at the unconformity between the overlying Athabasca sandstones and Paleoproterozoic basement rocks. Aqua regia digestion, ammonium acetate at pH 5 and hydroxylamine leaches revealed U, Pb, Co, Ni, Mo, and W anomalies in humus and U, W and As anomalies in B-horizon soils above the ore zones and the basement location of a deposit-hosting, northeast-trending “WS Hanging Wall” shear zone over a three year period. These metal signatures suggest likely upward transport of metals from the deposits to overlying sandstones, and subsequently into the overlying till and soils. This study also looked at materials above the Millennium U deposit, which has indicated resources of 68.2 million lbs U3O8 grading 4 wt% at ~750 m depth that occurs along a major fault in granites & metamorphosed pelites of Paleoproterozoic age below the Athabasca sandstones. Soil samples taken over the surface projections of an ore-hosting fault and the ore zone yielded anomalous values in U, Ni, Cu and Pb in aqua regia digestion of humus and U, Cu and Pb values in ammonium acetate leach of pH 5 of B-horizon soils. Hydroxylamine leach did not yield as many anomalies as ammonium acetate leach. Measured 4He/36Ar ratios of gas dissolved in water-filled drill holes were observed to be up to about 700 times the atmosphere value for air-saturated water, revealing the presence of radiogenic 4He that was likely produced from decaying U and released in the groundwater above the deposit. Our results suggest upward migration of metals to surface through porous sandstone and fault systems at Phoenix, and upward migration of metals along faults and He gas at Millennium. Both studies indicate the importance of the traverse method of sampling over targets perpendicular to the last major ice-flow event to discern U deposits that are defined by other means.

The Guano-Guayes property, in the Pelly Mountains of the Yukon Territory, covers a rare earth element (REE) bearing contact metamorphic aureole which developed around a syenite stock during Mississippian time (319 ± 10 Ma phlogopite K-Ar date, 333 ± 10 Ma Rb-Sr skarn mineral isochron). Sedimentary rocks consist of several hundred metres of Ordovician dark gray shale which are faulted upward adjacent to 450 m of Silurian interbedded impure calcite and dolomite marbles and quartzites overlain by at least 500 m of Silurain quartzite. Sedimentary rocks are on the steeply, west-dipping limb of a regional anticline (the axis bears 162 degrees and plunges 24 degrees south). The syenite, at the southeast end of a northwest-trending belt of syenite stocks and associated volcanic rocks, consists of 40 to 90 percent orthoclase in laths up to several cm long, and of up to 60 percent mafic minerals now mostly altered to biotite. Rare earth element values of syenite, when normalized to chondritic values, have a crustal pattern with magnitude slightly higher than that of crustal rocks. Dikes, believed to be cogenetic with syenite, intrude sedimentary rocks within and inear the contact metamorphic aureole. These dikes are dark-coloured and originally contained up to 25 percent zircon (now partly altered to secondary minerals). Zircon is enriched in total REE and relatively enriched in light REE compared to syenite, probably due to selective partitioning of REE. REE patterns in skarn and sedimentary rocks suggest that fluids circulated through syenite and carried trace amounts of REE from it into the skarn. There was no significant movement of REE from dikes into skarn or sedimentary rocks. Contact metamorphic rocks can be divided into three units: quartz-muscovite hornfels, dark green diopsade-calcite-phlogopite-tremdlite-sphene skarn, and light green diopside-calcite-phlogopite skarn. Depth at time of intrusion of syenite, as estimated from regional geologic contraints, was around 1 to 2 km (circa 500 bars). Parageneses and textures observed in thin section in contact metamorphic rocks indicate that prograde metamorphism at this pressure reached a maximum temperature of 450 to 540 degrees C, with heat being transferred from the intrusive dominantly by fluids. The mole fraction of CO₂ in metamorphic fluids, increased By the liberation of CO₂ during prograde metamorphic reactions, was moderate. Large amounts of Fe, Mg, and possibly Si0₂, were added to the skarn. Retrograde metamorphism involved significant addition of water to the system, proven by the appearance of secondary epidote, chlorite, and, later, serpentine. Extensive retrograde metamorphism accompanied by large-scale migration of elements through syenite ended 206 ±15 Ma ago (syenite whole-rock isochron) and the last resetting event took place between 156 ± 5 Ma (K-Ar date on biotite-altered arfvedsonite) and 128 ± 25 Ma (syenite mineral isochron). Petrology, geochronometry, and rare earth element studies presented here have contributed to an understanding of the genesis of syenite, skarn, and mineralized dikes within the Guano-Guayes area. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Unknown

D.Phil. (History) / Silicosis as an occupational disease, has plagued the gold mining industry since its inception in 1886. This thesis attempts to describe the impact that silicosis had on the labour force of that industry from 1910 to 1946 and how all three participants, i.e. the state, industry and mine- workers became involved in attempting to combat this vital and dangerous problem, which was draining the health of a large and important sector of white and black workers within the South African community. This study focuses on two main themes, namely the cause and prevention of silicosis, which involves the development and use of advanced technology applied to mining operations and the compensation awarded to silicotic beneficiaries and their dependents. The disease not only became a health problem, but rapidly erupted into a sensitively politicised and emotional issue, which forms an important part of this thesis, involving all three parties. Another complex issue revolves around the question of contributions towards compensation to silicotic miners and who was liable for payment. This central problem only emerged after 1910, but continued throughout the period under discussion until 1946. In the process it became a highly controversial matter on which the state, industry and labour held widely divergent viewpoints. Also analysed are the attitudes and policies of the state and the mines towards white and black silicotics, the social responsibilities extended to each labour group and the effect racial relationships then current in South Africa had on the health problem as a whole.

Artisanal and/or illegal mining occurs throughout the African continent and is affected by government institutions and their policies, mining companies and their activities as well as the communities where it occurs. Mining companies, in particular, make significant investments in the communities around their mines via corporate social responsibility (CSR). Mining companies choose to either acknowledge that illegal miners are in fact a stakeholder in the community around the mine, and manage the relationship proactively, or they choose to accept that the activity is illegal and/or opt for the government and police to get involved in managing the relationship. The research explores the possibility of mining companies and illegal miners cooperating with each other, instead of competing, and the nature of the mining companies CSR and stakeholder engagement (SE) strategies that make for a more transformational relationship. The research establishes the environmental and organisational factors that drive this relationship. Ten interviews were conducted with CSR practitioners, sustainability managers, asset protection experts, consultants and geologists working for gold mining companies operating throughout Africa. Qualitative data was collected through the use of semistructured interviews and the data was analysed using content analysis. Through this research, a stakeholder identification and engagement tool has been developed for mining companies and their managers to use throughout their global operations. This tool can be used to report and manage the relationship with illegal miners globally, as the relationship is highly dependent on the country setting and context. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lmgibs2015 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / Unrestricted

The South African mining sector, once the bedrock of the economy, has been in decline this century while other countries have experienced growth in this sector. The mining sector in South Africa makes a significant contribution to the South African economy through direct and indirect jobs, taxes, royalties, skills development and foreign exchange revenue. The decline of this sector is concerning given its potential for employment, taxes and foreign exchange in a South Africa in great need of all three. Gold, PGMs1, coal and iron-­‐ore account for about 81% of South Africa’s mining output. The price, demand and production of these four commodities in the 21st century will be established as a benchmark and South Africa’s production will be tested against this. Mixed method research using secondary quantitative data and a qualitative survey will be utilised to test the hypotheses. Quantitative secondary data is used to establish price and production trends. A qualitative survey conducted with key stakeholders in the mining sector identifies opinions and reasons for the South African mining trends. This study confirms the important role of institutions in creating certainty and encouraging investment. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / zkgibs2015 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / Unrestricted