Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1993. / The aim of this study was to give a general survey of the history of Umlazi Mission Station with particular emphasis on the land question between 1856 and 1948. The study highlights the fact that during these years, the Anglican Mission Station was characterised by many problems which aroused much controversy among various parties concerned. The numerous factors that led to the dispute among the parties can be broadly categorised as: (i) the inconsistent or erratic land policy of the Natal Colonial Government on mission stations which subsequently deprived the Blacks of Umlazi the right to own the land, (ii) ecclesiastical problems within the Anglican Church and the schism that emerged, (iii) interest shown by Whites and Indians in the mission station, (iv) the expansion of Durban as an industrial and commercial city, the dynamics of urbanisation and the proximity of Umlazi to Durban, (v) the pressure exerted by the Durban City Council to acquire Umlazi Mission for a black urban township and the resistance by black landowners at the mission station against incorporation, and (vi) Government intervention through the appointment of the Native Affairs Commission (1945) and the Broome Commission (1947 - 1948). The conclusion drawn is that Umlazi was a victim of many factors - geographic, religious, social, economic and political. The crucial period in the history of the mission station was 1942 -1948. The events during this period show how the geographic factor became the central issue in the dispute. The mission station had inevitably to be affected by the urbanisation process because of its proximity to the rapidly growing city. In addition to the above the industrial development in Durban was following a southward direction which brought the boundaries of the city close to Umlazi. Had the mission station been situated elsewhere in some remote part of the country, as with most mission stations in Natal, the development of the area would probably have taken a different course. This trend whereby rural areas situated close to fast growing urban areas are urbanised, is a world-wide phenomenon. However, one cannot overlook the fact that the Blacks were politically disadvantaged and without parliamentary power to veto the decision. This study shows, however, that much was done by the Smuts Government during the height of the controversy to treat the matter in an unbiased fashion by using commissions, consultations and open discussions from all parties concerned. All these events make the history of Umlazi Mission exceptional, fascinating and worthy of study.

Hidden, 12 km from Middelburg, lies the historic mission village Botshabelo. Named Botshabelo, meaning “place of refuge” in the Pedi language as a symbol of a place that became a refuge for the people who fled from Sekhukhune land because of their faith. Within 10 years of its establishment, Botshabelo was self sustainable and it served as a trading post throughout the surrounding farmlands. Education was also seen as one of the driving factors behind the success of Botshabelo, however, the education system was severely affected by the Bantu Education Act, implemented in the 1950s. The apartheid legislation had many negative effects on Botshabelo, whose population predominantly consisted of Bapedi and Bakopa people, and eventually led to the forced removal of 100 families from the site. The site was then turned into an open air museum. In 2005 the families who were forcibly removed won a land claim in relation to Botshabelo and since then the site has been unused and its future is still uncertain. This dissertation addresses the reintroduction of the Botshabelo Community Trust1 to the site, thereby creating a new narrative for the site, while evoking memories of the past. The intention of this project is to protect Botshabelo’s value for the future, while creating continuity of experience between the past, present and future by using its narrative as a research method. / Versteek 12km buite Middelburg lê die historiese sendingdorpie Botshabelo. Benoem “Botshabelo, plek van toevlug” ‘n simbool van ‘n plek van toevlug vir die mense wat van Sekhukhune-land gevlug het weens hul geloof oortuiging. Binne 10 jaar van sy vestiging was Botshabelo selfonderhoudend en het dit ‘n soort handelspos geword in die omliggende omgewing. Onderwys was ook gesien as een van die bestuursfaktore wat die sukses van Botshabelo behels, maar die onderwysstelsel is ernstig benadeel deur die Wet op Bantoe-onderwys, wat in die 1950’s geïmplementeer is. Die apartheidswetgewing het baie negatiewe gevolge vir Botshabelo gehad, waarvan die bevolking oorwegend bestaan uit die Bapedi- en Bakopa-mense, wat uiteindelik gelei het tot die gedwonge verwydering van 100 gesinne van die terrein. Die werf is daarna in ‘n opelugmuseum omskep, maar in 2005 het die gesinne wat tydens die Apartheid era verwyder is, ‘n grondeis in verband met Botshabelo gewen. Sedertdien is die terrein ongebruik en die toekoms daarvan is nog onseker. Hierdie proefskrif handel oor die hervestiging van die Botshabelo gemeenskap na die terrein, met die skep van ‘n nuwe narratief vir die terrein, wat herinneringe uit die verlede terugroep. Die bedoeling van hierdie projek is om Botshabelo se toekomstige waarde te beskerm. Deur gebruik te maak van n narratief navorsings metode is kontinuïteit van ervaring tussen die verlede, hede en toekoms geskep. / Mini Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Diss.--University of Namibia, 1994. / "July 1994." Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-59).

Diss.--University of Namibia, 1994. / "July 1994." Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-59).

In a culturally diverse South Africa, the debate concerning whose history to commemorate, is an increasingly controvertial issue. In light of this, a refreshing opportunity for the celebration of a shared memory has been identified in the forgotten Mpumalanga mission station, Botshabelo. It is remembered as a place of harmony between different cultures, the natural and man-made landscape, this once self-sustainable, flourishing settlement that now stands abandoned and in a state of decay (Langhan, 2000:25). This dissertation research focuses on design within sensitive heritage environments at various scales, through acts of layering. At the urban scale, the research investigates the possible mediation between heritage conservation and development for a returning local community. At a more detailed scale, the project focuses on the rediscovery of Botshabelo’s cultural precinct through layering of the old fabric with new ritual. And finally, at the precinct vision’s climax, Fort Merensky (which overlooks the Botshabelo valley) forms the dissertation’s site of design focus. Finally, through the reinterpretation of Fort Merensky as a device for ‘hiding’ and ‘revealing’, a cumulative moment is formed by which a (figurative and physical) vantage point for the unlocking and celebration of Botshabelo’s meaningful landscape is enabled. The project intends to create an architectural device for the safekeeping, showcasing and testing of ideas that mark Botshabelo’s memory, learning from it as a model for the development of South African self-sustainable, creative communities. / In ‘n kultuurryke Suid-Afrika, is die debat rondom wie se erfenis behoort gedenk te word ‘n kontroversiele onderwerp. ‘n Verfrissende geleentheid om ‘n gedeelde herinnering te vier is geïdentifiseer in die vergete Mpumlanga sendingstate, Botshabelo. Onthou as ‘n plek van harmonie tussen verskillende kulture, die natuurlike- en mensgemaakte landskap, word hierdie eens self-volhoubare, bloeiende nedersetting vandag bevind in ‘n verlate en vervalle toestand (Langhan, 2000:25). Die verhandelingnavorsing fokus op die tema van ontwerp binne sensitiewe erfenisomgewings op verskillende skale deur middel van gelaagtheid. Op die stedelike skaal ondersoek die navorsing die moontlike bemiddeling tussen erfenisbewaring en ontwikkeling van ‘n terugkerende plaaslike gemeenskap. Op ‘n meer gedetailleerde skaal, fokus die projek op die herontdekking van Botshabelo se kulturele gebied deur die ou stof met nuwe ritueel te laai. As hierdie gebied se klimakspunt, word Fort Merensky wat oor die Botshabelo-vallei uitkyk, die terrein van ontwerpfokus vir die skripsie. Deur die herinterpretasie van Fort Merensky as ‘n toestel om te ‘versteek’ en ‘onthul’, word ‘n kumulatiewe oomblik geskep waardeur ‘n (figuurlike en letterlike) uitkykpunt vir die ontsluiting en viering van Botshabelo se betekenisvolle landskap moontlik gemaak. Die projek beoog om ‘n argitektoniese toestel te skep vir die bewaring, uitstalling en toetsing van die idees wat Botshabelo se verlede kenmerk en sodoende daaruit te leer as ‘n model vir die ontwikkeling van Suid-Afrikaanse self-volhoubare, kreatiewe gemeenskappe. / Mini Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

This research examines present day urban Anglican churches in Zambia which are ethnically “homogeneous” in a heavily multi-ethnic environment. I give Attention to the understanding of the biblical, theological, and missiological background and seek to find a way to attract many ethnic groups into the churches. The research notes that the present scenario does not represent a healthy urban church. I argue that a biblical, theological and holistic Gospel proclamation, that is, in word and deeds, will attract other ethnic groups into the urban church and make it truly multi-ethnic and multi-cultural. / Thesis (MA (Missiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

This research examines present day urban Anglican churches in Zambia which are ethnically “homogeneous” in a heavily multi-ethnic environment. I give Attention to the understanding of the biblical, theological, and missiological background and seek to find a way to attract many ethnic groups into the churches. The research notes that the present scenario does not represent a healthy urban church. I argue that a biblical, theological and holistic Gospel proclamation, that is, in word and deeds, will attract other ethnic groups into the urban church and make it truly multi-ethnic and multi-cultural. / Thesis (MA (Missiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

This research report focuses on the origin and development of the Medingen Mission Station, near Ga-Kgapane in the Limpopo Province, and the provision of education at this station since its establishment in 1881. After an account of missionary endeavours in South Africa during the second half of the nineteenth century (with the emphasis on the activities of the Berlin Missionary Society), an explanation is provided of how missionaries became involved in the weal and woes of the Balobedu tribe. This is followed by an indication of how Reverend Fritz Reuter took the initiative to provide basic education to the inhabitants of Ga-Kgapane and how education provision developed at Medingen since then. Reasons are advanced for the prominence Medingen Primary School currently enjoys and the study concludes with the assertion that Medingen Mission Station can be regarded as an important, though not exclusive source of the Balobedu’s present-day identity. / Educational Foundations / M.Ed. (History of Education)

This research report focuses on the origin and development of the Medingen Mission Station, near Ga-Kgapane in the Limpopo Province, and the provision of education at this station since its establishment in 1881. After an account of missionary endeavours in South Africa during the second half of the nineteenth century (with the emphasis on the activities of the Berlin Missionary Society), an explanation is provided of how missionaries became involved in the weal and woes of the Balobedu tribe. This is followed by an indication of how Reverend Fritz Reuter took the initiative to provide basic education to the inhabitants of Ga-Kgapane and how education provision developed at Medingen since then. Reasons are advanced for the prominence Medingen Primary School currently enjoys and the study concludes with the assertion that Medingen Mission Station can be regarded as an important, though not exclusive source of the Balobedu’s present-day identity. / Educational Foundations / M.Ed. (History of Education)

This study discusses the contribution and influence of the Seventh-Day Adventist (SDA) Church to the development of post- secondary education in South Nyanza, Kenya. This has been done by focusing on the establishment and development of Kamagambo and Nyanchwa Adventist colleges whose history from 1971 to 2000 has been documented. This is a historical study which has utilized both the primary and secondary source of data. For better and clear insights into this topic, the study starts by discussing the coming of Christian missionaries to Africa. The missionaries who came to Africa introduced western education. The origin of the SDA church to Africa has also been documented. The SDA church was formed as a result of the Christian evangelical revivals in Europe. This called for the Christians to base their faith on the Bible. As people read various prophecies in the bible, they thought that what they read was to be fulfilled in their lifetime. From 1830s to 1840s preachers and lay people from widely different denominations United States of America around William Miller (1782-1849). This led to the establishment of the SDA Church in 1844. The study focuses on the coming of the SDA Missionaries to South-Nyanza. The efforts of the SDA Missionaries to introduce Western education in the said area, an endeavor which started at Gendia in 1906 has been discussed. From Gendia they established Wire mission and Kenyadoto mission in 1909. In 1912 Kamagambo and Nyanchwa, the subject of this study became mission and educational centres. The SDA mission, as was the case with other missionaries who evangelized South Nyanza, took the education of Africans as one of the most important goals for the process of African evangelization. The Adventist message penetrated the people of South Nyanza through their educational work. The conversion of the first converts can be ascribed to the desire for the education which accompanied the new religion. Kamagambo Adventist College became the first college in South Nyanza. Equally, Nyanchwa became the first college in the Gusii part of South Nyanza. The two colleges exercised a great influence on the local community especially in the socio-economic and educational fields. At the same time the colleges have also contributed enormously to the community’s development through the roles played by its alumni in society. Besides this, the study has also recommended some other pertinent areas for further study and research. / Educational Foundations / D. Ed. (History of Education)